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PPPL and Princeton demonstrate novel technique that may have applicability to future nuclear disarmament talks By John Greenwald September 20, 2016 Graduate student Sébastien Philippe who led the zero-knowledge protocol experiment. (Photo by Elle Starkman/Office of Communications) A system that can compare physical objects while potentially protecting sensitive information about the objects themselves has been demonstrated experimentally at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). This work, by researchers at Princeton University and PPPL, marks an initial confirmation of the application of a powerful cryptographic technique in the physical world.

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Page 1: PPPL and Princeton demonstrate novel technique that … … ·  · 2016-10-25PPPL and Princeton demonstrate novel technique that may have applicability to future nuclear disarmament

PPPLandPrincetondemonstratenoveltechniquethatmayhaveapplicabilitytofuturenucleardisarmamenttalksByJohnGreenwaldSeptember20,2016

GraduatestudentSébastienPhilippewholedthezero-knowledgeprotocolexperiment.(PhotobyElleStarkman/OfficeofCommunications)AsystemthatcancomparephysicalobjectswhilepotentiallyprotectingsensitiveinformationabouttheobjectsthemselveshasbeendemonstratedexperimentallyattheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’s(DOE)PrincetonPlasmaPhysicsLaboratory(PPPL).Thiswork,byresearchersatPrincetonUniversityandPPPL,marksaninitialconfirmationoftheapplicationofapowerfulcryptographictechniqueinthephysicalworld.

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“Thisisthefirstexperimentaldemonstrationofaphysicalzero-knowledgeproof,”saidSébastienPhilippe,agraduatestudentintheDepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineeringatPrincetonUniversityandleadauthorofthepaper.“Wehavetranslatedamajormethodofmoderncryptographydevisedoriginallyforcomputationaltasksintouseforaphysicalsystem.”Cryptographyisthescienceofdisguisinginformation.Thisresearch,supportedbyfundingfromtheDOE’sNationalNuclearSecurityAdministrationthroughtheConsortiumforVerificationTechnology,marksapromisingfirstexperimentalsteptowardatechniquethatcouldproveusefulinfuturedisarmamentagreements,pendingtheresultsoffurtherdevelopment,testingandevaluation.Whileimportantquestionsremain,thetechnique,firstproposedinapaperpublishedin2014inNature(linkisexternal)magazine,mighthavepotentialapplicationtoverifythatnuclearwarheadspresentedfordisarmamentwereinfacttruewarheads.SupportforthisworkcamealsofromtheJohnD.andCatherineT.MacArthurFoundationandtheCarnegieFoundationofNewYork.Theresearch,outlinedinapaperinNatureCommunicationsonSeptember20,2016,wasconductedonasetof2-inchsteelandaluminumcubesarrangedindifferentcombinations.Researchersfirstorganizedthecubesintoadesignated“true”patternandthenintoanumberof“false”ones.Next,theybeamedhigh-energyneutronsintoeacharrangementandrecordedhowmanypassedthroughtobubbleneutrondetectorsproducedbyYaleUniversity,ontheotherside.Whenaneutroninteractswithasuperheateddropletinthedetector,itcreatesastablemacroscopicbubble.Toavoidrevealinginformationaboutthecompositionandconfigurationofthecubes,bubblescreatedinthismannerwereaddedtothosealreadypreloadedintothedetectors.Thepreloadwasdesignedsothatifavalidobjectwerepresented,thesumofthepreloadandthesignaldetectedwiththeobjectpresentwouldequalthecountproducedbyfiringneutronsdirectlyintothedetectors–withnoobjectinfrontofthem.Theexperimentfoundthatthecountforthe“true”patternequaledthesumofthepreloadandtheobjectwhenneutronswerebeamedwithnothinginfrontofthem,whilethecountforthesignificantlydifferent“false”arrangementsclearlydidnot.“Thiswasanextremelyimportantexperimentaldemonstration,”saidRobertGoldston,afusionscientistandcoauthorofthepaperwhoisformerdirectorofPPPLandaPrincetonprofessorofastrophysicalsciences.“Wehadatheoreticalideaandhavenowprovidedaprovenpracticalexample.”JoininghimascoauthorsareAlexGlaser,associateprofessorinPrinceton’sWoodrowWilsonSchoolofPublicandInternationalAffairsandtheDepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering;andFrancescod’Errico,seniorresearchscientistattheYaleSchoolofMedicineandprofessorattheUniversityofPisa,Italy.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCOMMS12890
Page 3: PPPL and Princeton demonstrate novel technique that … … ·  · 2016-10-25PPPL and Princeton demonstrate novel technique that may have applicability to future nuclear disarmament

Whenfurtherdevelopedforapossiblearmscontrolapplication,thetechniquewouldaddbubblesfromirradiationofaputativewarheadtothosealreadypreloadedintodetectorsbythewarhead’sowner.Ifthetotalforthenewandpreloadedbubblesequaledthecountproducedbybeamingneutronsintothedetectorswithnothinginfrontofthem,theputativeweaponwouldbeverifiedtobeatrueone.Butifthetotalcountforthepreloadpluswarheadirradiationdidnotmatchtheno-objectcount,theinspectedweaponwouldbeexposedasaspoof.Priortothetest,theinspectorwouldrandomlyselectwhichpreloadeddetectorstousewithwhichputativewarhead,andwhichpreloadtousewithawarheadthatwas,forexample,selectedfromtheowner’sactiveinventory.Inasensitivemeasurement,suchasoneinvolvingarealnuclearwarhead,thepropositionisthatnoclassifieddatawouldbeexposedorsharedintheprocess,andnoelectroniccomponentsthatmightbevulnerabletotamperingorsnoopingwouldbeused.Evenstatisticalnoise—orrandomvariationinneutronmeasurement—wouldconveynodata.Indeed,“Forthezero-knowledgepropertytobeconserved,neitherthesignalnorthenoisemaycarryinformation,”theauthorswrite.Anecessaryfuturestepistoassessthispropositionfully,andtodevelopandreviewaconceptofoperationsindetailtodetermineactualviabilityandinformationsensitivity.Importantquestionsyettoberesolvedincludethedetailsofobtainingandconfirmingatargetwarheadduringthezero-knowledgemeasurement;specificsofestablishingandmaintainingthepre-loadeddetectorsinawaythatensuresinspectingpartyconfidencewithoutrevealinganydataconsideredsensitivebytheinspectedparty;andfeasibilityquestionsassociatedwithsafelydeployingactiveinterrogationmeasurementtechniquesonactualnuclearwarheadsinsensitivephysicalenvironments,inawaythatprovidesconfidencetoboththeinspectedandinspectingparties.Glaser,GoldstonandBoazBarak,aprofessorofcomputerscienceatHarvardUniversityandformerPrincetonassociateprofessor,firstlaunchedtheconceptforazero-knowledgeprotocolforwarheadverificationinthe2014paperinNaturemagazine.ThatpaperledForeignPolicymagazinetonametheauthorsamongits“100LeadingGlobalThinkersof2014,”andpromptedotherresearchcenterstoembarkonsimilarprojects.“Wearehappytoseethisimportantfieldofresearchgainnewmomentumandcreatenewopportunitiesforcollaborationbetweennationallaboratoriesanduniversities,”Glasersaid.SeedmoneyfortheoriginalworkcametoPrincetonfromTheSimonsFoundationofVancouver,Canada,throughanonprofitcalledGlobalZero,andfromtheU.S.DepartmentofStateVerificationAssetsFund.Clickheretoseevideo

https://youtu.be/GptHIy-mwOI
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PPPL,onPrincetonUniversity'sForrestalCampusinPlainsboro,N.J.,isdevotedtocreatingnewknowledgeaboutthephysicsofplasmas—ultra-hot,chargedgases—andtodevelopingpracticalsolutionsforthecreationoffusionenergy.ResultsofPPPLresearchhaverangedfromaportablenuclearmaterialsdetectorforanti-terroristusetouniversallyemployedcomputercodesforanalyzingandpredictingtheoutcomeoffusionexperiments.TheLaboratoryismanagedbyPrincetonUniversityfortheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sOfficeofScience,whichisthelargestsinglesupporterofbasicresearchinthephysicalsciencesintheUnitedStates,andisworkingtoaddresssomeofthemostpressingchallengesofourtime.Formoreinformation,pleasevisitscience.energy.gov.EstablishedbyCongressin2000,NNSAisasemi-autonomousagencywithintheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyresponsibleforenhancingnationalsecuritythroughthemilitaryapplicationofnuclearscience.NNSAmaintainsandenhancesthesafety,security,andeffectivenessoftheU.S.nuclearweaponsstockpilewithoutnuclearexplosivetesting;workstoreduceglobaldangerfromweaponsofmassdestruction;providestheU.S.Navywithsafeandeffectivenuclearpropulsion;andrespondstonuclearandradiologicalemergenciesintheU.S.andabroad.Visitnnsa.energy.govformoreinformation.Gallery:

Gallery1SetupoftheexperimentinaPPPLlaboratory(credit:ElleStarkman)

http://science.energy.gov/
http://www.nnsa.energy.gov/
Page 5: PPPL and Princeton demonstrate novel technique that … … ·  · 2016-10-25PPPL and Princeton demonstrate novel technique that may have applicability to future nuclear disarmament

Gallery2RobertGoldston(credit:ElleStarkman)

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Gallery3AlexGlaser(photocourtesyofPrincetonUniversity)

Page 7: PPPL and Princeton demonstrate novel technique that … … ·  · 2016-10-25PPPL and Princeton demonstrate novel technique that may have applicability to future nuclear disarmament

Gallery4Francescod’Errico(photocourtesyofYaleUniversity)


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