ppe introduction
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POWER PLANT
ENGINEERING
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INTRODUCTION
1 kg of Uranium U235 releases as much energy as theburning of 4,500 tonnes of coal or 2000 tonnes of oil.
Power generated in India :1947 1360 MW
2007 4,25,000 MW
Total energy consumption in the world :
Coal accounts for 32.5 %
Oil accounts for 38.3 %
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INTRODUCTION
Sources of energy:
Primary energy sources Secondary energy sources
Coal, Oil, Nuclear fuels, Water Electricity
Wood Heat
Candles, Oil lamps Light
Conventional sources of energy Non-renewable sources of energy
Non-conventional sources of energy Renewable sources of energy
Fossil fuels Coal, Oil, Natural gas
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Classification of Power plants
Power plants using
conventional (non-
renewable) sources of energy
Steam power plant
Nuclear(Atomic) power plant
Diesel power plant
Gas turbine power plant
Power plants using Non-conventional(renewable)
sources of energy
Hydro electric(Hydel) powerplant
Solar thermal power plant
Wind powered
Wave power plant
Tidal power plant
Geothermal power plant
Bio-mass power plant
Ocean thermal power plant
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Existing Generating Capacity- March 2008
Fuel wise break-up
(MW)
(Excluding captive capacity of 14636 MW connected to grid)
Thermal 92,426 63.8%
Hydro 36,033 24.9%
Nuclear 4,120 2.8%
Renewable 12,194 8.5%
TOTAL 144,773 100.0%
Sector wise break-up (MW)
State
Sector
52%
Private
Sector
14%
Central
Sector
34%
Total generation in 2007-08 704.45 BU
(All figures provisional from CEA)
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CAPACITY ADDITION EXPECTED DURING 11th PLAN (2007-12) (Conventional) 78,520 MW
Thermal 59,513MW( Coal 51,890 MW, Gas- 5343 MW, Lignite- 2280 MW)
Additional capacity expected : New Renewables 14,000 MW
: Captive
12,000 MW
NUCLEAR,
3,380MW, 4%
THERMAL,
59,5130MW,
75%
HYDRO,
15,627MW,
21%
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11TH PLAN PROGRAMME (2007-2012)
(Thermal+Hydro+Nuclear)
Proposed : 78,577 MW
Expected : 78,520MW
9,263 MW capacity already commissioned
60,214 MW (77%) under construction
10,950 MW - Letter of awards yet to be placed
Fuel Availability for 96% of coal based stations tied up
88% hydro capacity under construction /commissioned
All gas based projects under execution or gas tied up fromlocal sources
Additional 13,000 MW gas based projects identified
subject to gas availability
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Installed Capacity (as on 31.03.2008)- 11125 MW
11th Plan target- 14,000 MW consisting of
Wind Power - 10,500 MW Biomass Power
BaggasseCo-generation - 2,100 MW
Small Hydro(up to 25 MW) - 1,400 MW
11TH PLAN PROGRAMME
NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY PLANTS
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Installed Capacity (as on 31.03.2008)- 11125 MW
11th Plan target- 14,000 MW consisting of
Wind Power - 10,500 MW Biomass Power
BaggasseCo-generation - 2,100 MW
Small Hydro(up to 25 MW) - 1,400 MW
11TH PLAN PROGRAMME
NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY PLANTS
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Classification of Power plants
Power plants using
conventional (non-
renewable) sources of energy
Steam power plant
Nuclear(Atomic) power plant
Diesel power plant
Gas power plant
Power plants using Non-conventional(renewable)
sources of energy
Hydro electric(Hydel) powerplant
Solar thermal power plant
Wind powered
generation(aerogeneration)
Wave power plant
Tidal power plant
Geothermal power plant
Bio-mass power plant
Oceanthermal power plant13 April 2012 10
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Simple Steam Power Plant Layout
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Steam (Thermal) Power Plant
Fuel : Coal or Oil
Main parts : Boiler, Turbine,
Generator
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Steam (Thermal) Power Plant
Coal and Ash circuit
Pulverised coal from the storage area
(called stack) is taken to the boiler by
means of coal handling equipment such as
belt conveyors, bucket elevators etc.
Note : A thermal power plant of 400 MW
capacity requires 5000 to 6000 tonnes of
coal per day. After the pulverised coal is burnt at 15000C
to 20000C by combustion it gets collected
in the ash pit.
It is removed from the ash pit by ash
handling systems like belt conveyors, screw
conveyors etc.
Note : A thermal power plant of 400 MW
capacity requires 10 hectares area per year
if ash is damped to a height of 6.5 metres.
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Steam (Thermal) Power Plant
Air and flue gas circuit
The air from the atmosphere gets heated in
the air preheater. The air receives its heat
from the hot flue gases passing to the
chimney.
The hot air enters the boiler and helps in
combustion of fuel in the boiler.
The flue gases, after combustion in the boiler
furnace, pass around the boiler tubes, heating
the water present in the tubes.
The flue gases then pass through a dust
collector which removes any dust or solidparticles.
The filtered flue gas passes through the
economiser and preheater and is forced out
through the chimney by a draught fan.
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Steam (Thermal) Power Plant Feed water and steam circuit
The superheated steam from the boiler enters the
steam turbine. The superheated steam temperature
is about 6000C at a pressure of 30 Mpa(300kg/cm2)
The steam expands in the turbine causing the
turbine blades to rotate. After doing mechanical
work on the blades and loosing its energy, the
steam becomes wet and the pressure of steam
becomes less. The wet steam passes through a condenser where it
completely becomes water. The condensed water
that has a temperature of 300C to 400C is collected
in a tank called hot well.
The water from the hot well is fed into the boiler
through the economiser.
The economiser preheats the water before entering
the boiler. The economiser receives its heat from
the flue gases leaving the boiler .
Preheating the feed water in the economiser
increases the boiler efficiency and helps quicker
production of steam.
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Steam (Thermal) Power Plant
Cooling water circuit
Water is circulated around the condenser
to condense the steam coming out of the
turbine.Cooling water enters the condenser at
100C to 150C and leaves at 200C to 250C.
Plenty of water is required for
condensing the steam in the condenser.
The water may be taken from sourcessuch as river or lake.
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Steam (Thermal) Power Plant
Advantages of thermal power plant :
Low initial cost
Since located near the load centre, the cost of transmission and the losses
due to transmission are considerably reduced.
The construction and commissioning of thermal power plant takes lesser
period. Disadvantages of thermal power plant:
Fuel is a non-renewable source of energy.
Efficiency decreases with decreasing load.
Cost of power generation is high.
Smoke produced by burning the fuel causes air pollution.
Life of thermal power plant is 25 years. The efficiency decreases to less
than 10% after its life period.
Turbines has a high running speed of 3000 to 4000 rpm.
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