pp siklus nutrien 10
TRANSCRIPT
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BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING
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All organisms require the six elements :CHNOPS
Depending on whether the local environmentis aerobic or anaerobic, the exact chemicalform of any of these elements may changequickly and drastically.
Example: If a soil becomes water logged andanaerobic, sulfate may be converted intohydrogen sulfide and nitrate into nitrogen gas
or ammonia (via anaerobic respiration). Aswater recedes and the soil becomes aerobicagain, the remaining ammonia is oxidizedback to nitrate in stages.
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All of this (and many other processes) occurlargely because of the activities of soilmicrobes. Without these microbes, life as weknow it would not occur, because necessaryelements would remain tied up in unusablechemical forms and gradually be removed by
sedimentation.
Cycling and transfer of nutrients among allliving organisms :
biological and chemical processes involved rocks/soil -- atmosphere -- water
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OXYGEN CYCLE
Photosynthesis
Respiration
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CARBON CYCLE
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The Chemical Cycles of
The Carbon Cycle
Siklus C : alur C antara living organisms
and the non-living environment.
Siklus C terdapat di alam sebagai gas(CO2).Di atmospher bumi 0,04% CO2, pd living
organisme 18% C.
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C masuk ke dunia biotik oleh peran dari
autotroph :
1.Photoautotroph (tanaman dan algae)
konversi CO2mjd bahan organik selama
fotosintesis.2. Chemoautotroph(bakteri dan archae)
oksidasi molekul dalam substrat.
C kembali ke atm dan air melalui :1. respirasi2. pembakaran3. penguraian (CO2atau CH4)
The major cycling of C :
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CO2
Primary
producersConsumers
Organic comp.Via organismsWithin Food chain
respiration
Photosinthesis and
chemosynthesis
CH4
Respiration &
mineralization
aerobic
anaerobic
CO2
exchange
Primary
producersConsumers
Organic comp. acetatVia organisms
Within Food chain
Photosinthesys
Anaerob
respiration &
fermentation
Methane
oxidation
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NITROGEN CYCLE
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Animal eat plants
N2
OrganicN (plants,microrganisms)
Nitrogen
fixation
(symbiotic
nonsymbiotic
Organic animal
NH3
DecompositionAmmonification
(microrganisms)
Chemical fixation
(Harber-Bosch)
NO2 Nitrification(Nit rosomonas)
NO3-
Nitrification
(Nitrobacter)
Denitrification
(Bacteria)
SinarMatahari
Utilization
of nitrate
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Key processes :
Nitrogen fixation: N2--> NH3
only carried out by certain bacterial genera: Rhizobium(rootnodule symbionts), Azotobacter(free-living soil bacteria),
others.
aerobic or anaerobic; ~ 60% on land; 40% in oceans
Nitrogen fixers :(i) Azotobacter spp.- soil bacteria; occur in oxic environments
(ii)Klebsiella spp.- soil bacteria, can live in the presence or
absence of oxygen
(iii) Cyanobacteria(e.g. Anabeana spp., Nostoc) - water
bacteria; occur in oxic environments
(iv) Rhizobium spp.- plant symbionts; responsible forsignificant fixation.
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Nitrogenase Protection
How do organisms living in oxic environmentsprotect their nitrogenase from oxygen ?(i) Azotobacter mempunyai laju respirasi sgt
tinggi.
(ii) The facultative aerobe Klebsiella mengfiksasi Nhanya jk lingkungan bebas dari O2.
(iii) Filamentous cyanobacteria mempunyai sel
heterocysts yg dpt mengfiksasi N, difusi O2lwt sel
ini rendah.
(iv) Rhizobia mempunyai leghemoglobin
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Decomposition / ammonification: organic N
--> NH4+
carried out by chemoorganotrophs, both
aerobes and anaerobes
some recycled into organic N in soil; some
into atmosphere excretion of extra nitrogen is often in some
compound containing -NH2groups, which
quickly form ammonia (NH3
) once they are
liberated into the environment.
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Nitrification: NH4+--> nitrite, nitrate
mostly chemolithotrophs; some
chemoorganotrophs in acidic areas aerobic conditions; mostly well-drained
soils at neutral pH
nitrate leached from soil by rainfall; water
runoff from fertilized areas can become
rich in nitrites, dangerous for animal
health
inhibitors are sometimes added tofertilizers. E.g., nitrapyrin - inhibits NH3
-->
nitrite (1st step); decreases pollution of
waterways
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Step of nitrification :
1. First Step: Ammonium Oxidation
by ammonia oxidizers (ammonia-oxidizing
bacteria) : Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira,
Nitrosococcus, Nitrosolobus
Biochemical Oxidation :
NH4++ 1/2 O2-------> NH2OH + H
+
Enzyme: Ammonia Monooxygenase
NH2OH + O2---------> NO2- + HOH + H+
Overall Reaction:
NH2++ 1 1/2 O2----> NO2
-+ HOH + 2H+.
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2. Second step: Nitrite OxidationMikroorganisme (nitrate-oxidizing
bacteria) : Nitrobacter
Biochemical Oxidation :
NO2-+ 1/2 O2-----> NO3
-.
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Denitrification: nitrate--> N2or NH3
chemoorganotrophs (anaerobic respiration)
Reduksi (NO3-) menjadi nitrogen gas atau Norganik.
NO3- -----> NO2- -----> NO -----> N2O -----> N2gas
Major Denitrifiers:* Pseudomonas spp.
* Bacillus spp.
Assimilatory nitrate reduction: nitrate -->organic nitrogen many organisms can carry this out
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aerobic
anaerobic
NH3
N2
CyanobacteriaRhizobium
Azotobacter
NO2-
NH2 Groups of
proteinNO3
-
assimilation
deamination
Nit rosomonasNitrification
Nitrobacter
assimilation
NO2- NH2 Groups of
protein
assimilation
deamination
NO3 &N2O
N2denitrification
Pseudomonas,
other facultatif
anaerobs
N Fixation
Clost r id ium
pasteur iumPhototrophic
bacteria
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PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
PO43-
mineralize
immobilize
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H2S
Organic S
(Animal)
Organic S
(plants &
microrganisms)
SO42-
S0
H2S oxidation
(Photosynthetic &
non photosynthetic
sulfur bacteria)
H2S oxidation
(Photosynthetic &
non photosynthetic
sulfur bacteria)
Decomposition
(microorganisms
Animal eat
plants
Sinar
MatahariSulfat reduction bacteria
Sinar
Matahar
i
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Some major steps in the sulfur cycle include:
Assimilative reductionof sulfate (SO4=) into -SH
groups in proteins. Release of -SHto form H2S during excretion,
decomposition, and desulfurylation.
Oxidation of H2Sby chemolithotrophsto form
sulfur (S0) and sulfate (SO4=)
Dissimilative reductionof sulfate (SO4=) by
anaerobic respiration of sulfate-reducing bacteria.
Anaerobic oxidationof H2
S and S by anoxygenicphototrophic bacteria(purple and green bacteria)
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SULFUR CYCLE
Oxidized
spontan
eous
S0
Oxidized by sulfur
bacteria