• Qualitative Observations describes behavior and contexts. Quantitative Observations count behavior

• Unaided (live) observations are not enhanced. Aided observations require equipment to measure or sense behavior.

• An observation is Obtrusive when the person being observed knows it.

• An observation is Unobtrusive when the person being observed is unable of the observation.

• Contrived observations occur in pre-arranged situations or contexts.

• Naturalistic observations occur in situations that have not been contrived.

Definitions of Behavior

• Topography is how the behavior is performed• Function is why the behavior is performed.

Characteristics of Behavior

• Duration. How long a behavior lasts• Latency. How long it takes for a behavior to

begin.• Frequency. How often a behavior occurs.• Amplitude. How strong or intense a behavior

is.

Sampling Behavior• Contexts – settings and conditions• Times – – Continuous recording – Whole interval sampling– Partial interval sampling– Momentary time sampling

• Behavior– Harmful– Stereotypic– Infrequent desirable – Normal but inappropriate contexts

Conducting Systematic Observations

• Define target behavior• Select contexts• Select observation schedule• Develop recording procedures• Select means of observation

Gather Data

• Avoid random error– Be familiar with recording system– Allow sufficient time to record– Maintain concentration

• Avoid systematic error– Prevent unintended changes– Desensitize those being observed– Minimize observer expectancies– Motivate observers

Data Summarization

• Rates• Means and standard deviations• Frequencies and totals

Evaluating Observed Performances

• Absolute criteria• Social comparison• Social tolerance• Progress toward goal