Phonetics and PhonologyWeek 2 - Articulation and Acoustics

NCTU FLL. Prof. Yuwen LaiFeb. 26th 2013

1

Phoneticians

• General

• Pathological speech

• Voice training on accent

• Artificial intelligence

2 Voca

l tra

ct

nasal cavity

pharynx

oral cavity

larynx/voice box3

lip

teeth

palatevelum

uvula

alveolar ridge

pharynx

larynxTB p. 84

front

trachea/windpipe

cricoid

thyroid

5 Graphs from “Gray’s Anatomy” 35th Edition6

Larynx

7

Tracheotomy

8

Where do you think they make the cut?

A

B

D

C

9

Tracheotomy�����

Intubation

10

http://784svg.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/jan_08_jems_intubation101.jpg

��

Speech production mechanism

Airstream process 11

Speech production mechanism

Phonation process

12

Speech production mechanism

Oro-nasal process

13

Consonant• A speech sound produced with some

constriction of the air stream

Vowel• A speech sound produced without

significant constriction of the air flowing through the oral cavity

14

Speech Sounds

Consonants

Vowels

Voicing

place of articulation (POA)

manner of articulation (MOA)

height

backness

roundness

tenseness15

Speech Sounds

C

V

Voicing

POA

MOA

height

backness

roundness

vocal folds vibrationnarrowest place in oral cavityhow air travels through oral cavity

height of tongue peak

position of tongue peak

lip rounding

muscle activitytenseness16

Consonant

• Voicing

• Place of articulation (POA)

• Manner of articulation (MOA)

• Soft palate status - Oral or nasal

•Central or lateral

17

Vocal folds in action

voiced voiceless18

Vocal Folds

“In the case of voiced sounds, the vibrating vocal fold chop up the stream of lung air so that pulses of relatively high pressure alternate

with moments of lower pressure.”

Video

19

Manner of Articulation

• Stop - oral or nasal

• Fricative

• Approximant

TB p. 13

• Trill

• Tap

• Affricate

20

Sibilants

• “The higher-pitched sounds with a more obvious hiss, such as those in sigh, shy, are sometimes called sibilants.” TB p.15

21

Place of Articulation• Bilabial

• Labiodental

• Dental

• Alveolar

• Retroflex (rye, row, ray)

• Palato-Alveolar (post-alveolar)

• Palatal

• Velar

• & Others

TB p.1222

Source-filter theory

Lasagna, spaghetti, fettucini, thick egg noodles, angel hair pasta, ravioli

23

Vowel features

• tongue height

• tongue part involved

• lip shape

• tongue muscle

• high, mid-high, mid-low, low

• front, central, and back

• rounded and unrounded

• tense and lax

24

Lip rounding

[ i ] [ u ]

unrounded rounded

25

Height and Backness

height - y axisbackness - x axis

26

Tenseness

• Overall tightening of vocal tract muscles

• Greater tongue muscle activity in tense vowels

• Tense vowels longer and more peripheral than lax vowels

27

Vowel chart

high

low

mid-high

mid-low

28

Backness

Front Back

29 30 31 32

33 34 35 36

Video about the nodule

Video

0-4:14 Vocal folds4:15 Nodules

37

What do you think?

• “it’s slightly like the atonal palate of a deaf person because the soft palate goes, the tonal variation goes, the tongue loses its elasticity so it’s very vowelly, the consonants go. It’s like me when I’m very very hungover, really.”

38

Benedict Cumberbatch in the role of Stephen Hawking

Video

in 2008

39

Link Video