powerpointanatomifisiologisistemsaraf-090224201540-phpapp02
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Anatomi & FisiologiSistem Saraf
Nama ahli-ahli :Afiq Basil
Suzan June Junas
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• Sistem saraf berfungsi untuk menyelaras dan mengawal sistem-sistem tubuh.
• Sistem saraf terbahagi kepada dua, iaitu:-– Sistem Saraf Pusat– Sistem Saraf Periferi
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• Komponen saraf pusat:
– Otak - Brain– Saraf Tunjang – Spinal Chord
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• Otak berfungsi sebagai tempat untuk mentafsir maklumat.
• Terbahagi kepada:1. Serebrum2. Serebelum3. Medula Oblongata
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Pandangan Dorsal
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• Berfungsi sebagai:– Tempat kawalan saraf / impuls dan tafsir impuls.
– Pusat intelek, ingatan dan kewarasan.– Pusat kawalan pergerakan.– Pusat kawalan deria (sentuhan, penglihatan, bau,
pendengaran).– Mengawal tindakan terkawal.
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• Berfungsi sebagai tempat:–Menyelaras pergerakan badan.–Mengawal keseimbangan badan.
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• Medula Oblongata adalah penyambung saraf tunjang ke otak.
• Ianya berfungsi :– Mengawal tindakan luar kawalan.– Kadar denyutan jantung.– Kadar repirasi (pernafasan).– Kadar peristalsis (pergerakan salur esofagus).– Pengembangan dan pengecutan salur darah.– Bersih, batuk, muntah.
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• Hipotalamus berfungsi :
– Mengawal suhu badan.– Keseimbangan air dalam badan.– Tekanan darah dan emosi.– Penguraian karbohidrat dan lemak (lipid).
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• Fungsi talamus :
– Pusat integrasi maklumat.– Terlibat dalam persepsi kesakitan dan
keseronokan.– Menerima maklumat daripada serebrum dan
bahagian otak lain yang mengawal emosi.
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• Bermula dari Medula Oblongata hingga ke hujung ruangan tulang belakang.
• Saraf tunjang bukan sebahagian tulang vertebrata.
• Bahagian dalam saraf tunjang terdiri daripada jirim kelabu (badan sel).
• Bahagian luar saraf tunjang terdiri daripada jirim putih (gentian saraf).
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• Di sepanjang saraf tunjang terdapat 31 pasang saraf spina.
• Saraf spina terbahagi kepada dua:– Akar dorsal– Akar ventral
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• Fungsi saraf tunjang:
–Menghubungkan otak ke seluruh badan.–Pusat tindakan pantulan.
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• Sistem saraf terdiri daripada berjuta-juta sel saraf yang dikenali sebgai neuron.
• Maklumat atau utusan dibawa oleh neuron dalam bentuk impuls.
• Impuls saraf merupakan isyarat bioelektrik yang bergerak dengan pantas.
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Neoron Motor & deria (Eferen & Aferen)
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(Interneuron)
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Pengaliran Impuls saraf dari reseptor ke efektor
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• Setiap neuron mengandungi badan sel.
• Badan sel mengandungi satu nukleus dengan sitoplasma.
• Unjuran sitoplasma disebut dendrit.
• Dendrit berfungsi menerima impuls dari neuron dan menghantar ke badan sel.
• Salah satu dihujung badan sel, terdapat satu sitoplasma yang panjang dan dikenali sebagai akson.
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• Akson berfungsi membawa keluar impuls dari badan sel ke neuron lain atau ke efektor.
• Neuron disaluti lapisan lemak yang dikenali sebagai salut meilin.
• Salut meilin berfungsi:– mempercepatkan penghantaran impuls.– melindungi neuron daripada kecederaan.– sebagai penebat kepada impuls elektrik.
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• Jenis-jenis neuron:
–Neuron aferen (deria)–Neuron eferen (motor)–Interneuron (perantaraan)
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• Membawa impuls dari organ deria ke sistem saraf pusat.
• Dendrit menerima impuls dari sel reseptor dan menghantarnya ke arah badan sel.
• Impuls dialirkan dari badan sel melalui akson ke neuron berikutnya.
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• Gentian neuron yang terdapat dalam sistem saraf pusat.
• Sebagai penghubung neuron aferen dengan neuron eferen.
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• Gentian neuron yang terdapat di luar sistem saraf pusat.
• Menerima impuls dari interneuron.
• Membawa impuls dari sistem saraf pusat ke efektor.
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1. Sistem saraf Autonomi 2. Sistem saraf Somatik1.1 Sistem saraf simpatetik 1.2 Sistem saraf Parasimpatetik
1.3a Sistem saraf Kranial1.2a Sistem saraf Spina1.1a Sistem saraf Spina
2.1 Urat Saraf Otak/Kranial
2.2 Urat Saraf Tunjang/Spina
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1. Sistem saraf Autonomi- Mengawal tindakan luar kawalan badan manusia.• Merupakan sistem saraf luar kawal seperti peristalsis (pergerakan kembang kuncup otot secara beritma untuk menolak makanan sepanjang salur pencernaan) & rembesan kelenjar (Bahan kimia yang dihasilkan oleh kelenjar organ pencernaan bagi melakukan fungsi tertentu).
Contoh gambar :Peristalsis
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Kesan Ransangan AutonomikOrgan Simpatetik ParasempatetikKelenjar peluh Rembes peluh Tiada kesanKelenjar air liur Mukus (Pekat) Serous (Cair)Otot iris mata Pupil (anak mata) membesar Pupil (anak mata) mengecilOtot jantung Denyutan menaik Denyutan menurunOtot saluran darah menguncup MembesarKelenjar pencernaan -Tiada rembesan-- menahankan peristalsis-Ada rembesan-- meransangkan peristalsisOtot bronkus Saiz membesar Saiz mengecilOtot pundi kencing Relaks Mengecut
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2. Sistem Somatik- Mengawal tindakan terkawal dalam badan manusia.• Urat Saraf otak/Kranial
Cth : 1. Olfactory Jenis : Deria Taburan : Mukus membran hidung (Bau) 2. Optic Jenis : Deria Taburan : retina mata (Penglihatan) 3. Abducens Jenis : motor Taburan : otot rectartor & lat.rectus mata.
• Urat Saraf Tunjang/SpinaTerdiri daripada :- Servikum (Cervical)- Toraks (Thoracic)- Lumbar (Lower back)- Sakrum (Sacral)- Kauda (Coccygeal)
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Fungsi Deria Umum1) Kulit Fungsi : - Melindungi kulit daripada kecederaan dan sinaran
ultra ungu- Mencegah kehilangan air- Mencegah kemasukan mikroorganisma- Mengawal suhu badan- Organ perkumuhan- Penghasil vitamin D
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2) HidungFungsi : Sebagai organ deria bau
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3) LidahFungsi : Organ deriarasa.
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4) Telinga
Fungsi :- Pendengaran- Keseimbangan badan
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5) MataBahagian :a) KonjuktivaFungsi : Melindungi korneab) KorneaFungsi : Memfokuskan cahaya di atas retinac) Lapisan skleraFungsi : Melindungi dan mengekalkan bentuk matad) Lapisan koroidFungsi : Membekalkan oksigen dan makanan,menyerapkan cahaya dan
mengurangkan pantulan cahayae) RetinaFungsi: Mengesan rangsangan cahaya dan menghantar impuls ke otakf) Anak mataFungsi : Mengawal jumlah cahaya yang masuk ke dalam matag) IrisFungsi : Mengawal cahaya yang masuk dengan mengawal saiz anak
mata
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• Sekian dan Terima kasih