• Bullae

Akkadian Empire

Akkadian Empire:

Rise of Sargon of Agade 2350-2160 BC

Spoke Semitic Akkadian

Migrated from the west, north, and east

Rise of Sargon the Great

Many legendary stories

Probably a cupbearer to the King of Kish and usurped his

throne

Consolidated power and unified Mesopotamia

Tore down walls

Replaced Sumerian kings with his governors

Trade influence to Africa, India, and Egypt with ethical weights

Culture stayed the same-only language changed

Fall of Akkad

After Sargon’s grandson failed to unifiy the area,

invaders came.

Gutians and Syrian Semites

Elam and Sumer revolted

The Third Dynasty of Ur:

The Sumerians Rule Once Again

2100-2000

Reign of Ur-Nammu

Governor of Ur

Usurped the throne of Uruk

Last Sumerian Revival

Cultural Flowering

Great Ziggurat of Ur

Better government and record keeping

Communication system in Sumerian

Official calendar and weights

The Code of Ur-Nammu

Fall of Ur:

Chaos 2000-1800 BC

The Semitic Amorites had gained influence during the

Akkadian Empire and the 3rd Dynasty of Ur

Came from Northern Syria

Ruled Northern Mesopotamia

Elamites: Major enemies of the Sumerian people

from the east

Came from Susa to the east of Ur

Ruled Mesopotamia in the South

Assyria makes an appearance

Amorites take them over and rule from Assyria and make

Babylon a vassal

Early Assyria

2300-911 BC

City of Assur existed by 2,300 BC

(2350 BC-2000 BC) Ruled by Akkad and 3rd Dynasty of Ur

By 2,000 Assyria fairly independent

Established major trade posts in Asia Minor.

(1760-1365 BC) Taken over by the Amorites and then by the

Old Babylonians, Kassites, and Mitanni Empires

(1365-1200)King Assur-uballit I: freed Assyria from Kassites for a

few years and

Collapsed with Mesopotamia in 1200

OLD BABYLONIAN EMPIRE

Old Babylonian Empire

◦ 1792-1595 BC

◦ Amorites: began ruling in Assyrian cities

◦ Vassal king of Babylon, Hammurabi, takes control. FIRST king of Old Babylonian Empire◦ 1792-1750 BC

◦ Reunification of Mesopotamia◦ Extended his control from the Persian Gulf to the

southern border of Assyria

◦ Sumerian fairly dead. Akkadian only used.

The Code of Hammurabi◦ Collection of legal decisions

◦ Most comprehensive collection

◦ Not comprehensive; covers only personal exceptions

◦ Divine Sanction

◦ The code was “authorized” by the gods

◦ see picture

◦ The Text

◦ Three hundred “laws”

◦ Prologue: celebrates the great justice of the king

◦ Epilogue: which gives blessing and curses

The Code of Hammurabi

◦ The subjects of the Code and the use of the death penalty

◦ Crimes arranged by subject

◦ Most guilty crimes were punished by death if the crime was against the state

◦ Judged or suffered an ordeal

◦ Punishment: hanging, burning, drowning, impalement

◦ Penalties of bodily injuries differed.

◦ Nobles harming a noble:

◦ Lex Talionis: Eye for an eye

◦ Nobles harming a slave/dependent

◦ Noble paid money to the slave

◦ Slave harming a noble:

◦ Body harm to the slave

◦ Slave harming another slave:

◦ Pay the other slave money

The End of Babylonian Rule

◦ After Hammurabi, the Empire weakened and lost control over its territories.

◦ Hittites:

◦ Indo-European speaking people

◦ swept down from Anatolia and destroyed Babylon around 1595

◦ Babylon was too weak to defend itself and fell to the Kassites next

◦ Kassites

◦ People from the Zagros mountains

◦ Ruled from 1595-1160

Who were the Hittites?

Indo-Europeans who settle in

the Anatolia region possibly

during 2200 BC (end of Akkad

and Old Kingdom).

Nesites who conquered Hatti

Early Beginnings of Anatolian History

Old Hittite Empire 1800- 1600 BCOld Babylonia and Second Intermediate Period

Pithana and Anitta: kings who began Hittite expansion

Hattusili and Mursili: first major kings

Attacked Old Babylon and brought it to an end around 1595 BCAttempt to put the Kassites in power to weaken the

Hurrians and Babylon

Hittites weaken and Babylon falls. Kassites rule in Mesopotamia 1600-1200 BC

1595-1500 BC internal strife and Mittaniinvasions

Kassites

Pages 112-114

Rule in Mesopotamia from 1600-1200 BC after the Hittites ally with them to weaken the Mitanni and

Babylonian powers

Assume Babylonian custom and unify the lower half of Babylon. Mesopotamia is unified for the fist time.

Assyria in the north and Babylon in the south.

Literature:

Enuma Elish and the Epic of Gilgamesh are created into their final forms

Years were counted

Innovations in architecture: molded bricks used for façade enhancement

Light War Chariot: development and enhancement

Food

Overhunting certain animalsSheep, goats, pigsPastoralism (Milk products)Method:Domestication of animals and plantsUse animals to hunt

• Nobles:• Priests, Kings, and royal family.• Clients farmed for them

• Commoners: • Government officials, wealthy merchants,

farmers, and artisans• Farmed for themselves; about 50% of the

population• Clients:

• (Serfs) Those who farmed for the wealthy.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynjHvlJSByg