4/1/2014

1

CLINICAL REASONING!!

• The Pew Health Commission's Profession Commission’s Final Report: Recreating Health

Professional Practice for a New Century(1998)

• The Commission on Accreditation of Physical Therapy Education Criteria (2011)

• The American Physical Therapy Association's Clinical Performance Instrument standards (2006)

Clinical Reasoning/

Problem Solving

Components include:

*Critical Thinking

*Reflection

Huhn et al, 2013

The active process of continous and deliberate thought relating to a belief or action.

“Reflection in Action”

(Schon)

4/1/2014

2

Reflection raises the maturity level of ethical decision making!!

(Jensen 2000, Purtillo 2000)

…So what’s a therapist to do??

• Put the patient’s best interests first.

• Be aware of & strive to uphold

Professional Duties

• Be aware of & strive to uphold Legal Duties

• Reflect upon & trust your instincts to do what’s right

Proverbs 11:3 “The integrity of the upright guides them.”

Why are YOU here?

Anything in practice

causing a feeling of

uneasiness/uncertainty?

4/1/2014

3

Ethical Distress????

• #1. Legal ?

• #2. Stench?

• #3. Front Page?

• #4. Mom?

• #5. Professional Violation?

Kidder RM. How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living. New York, NY: Fireside. 1995

Reflection “THE MORE FAITHFULLY YOU LISTEN TO

THE VOICE WITHIN YOU, THE BETTER YOU WILL HEAR WHAT IS SOUNDING OUTSIDE.” DAG HAMMARSKJOLD (1905-1961) SWEDISH DIPLOMAT, UN SECRETARY-GENERAL &

1961 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE

The Ethos of Practice

“Our contract with society”

Our credibility rests on our ability to make sound clinical judgment that includes ethical reasoning and decision making.

4/1/2014

4

PROFESSIONALISM IN PHYSICAL THERAPY: CORE VALUES BOD P05-04-02-03

Accountability

Altruism

Compassion/Caring

Excellence

Integrity

Professional Duty

Social Responsibility

“What is more, sir," his lordship went on, "I believe I have a good idea of what you mean by 'professionalism.' It appears to mean getting one's way by cheating and manipulating. It appears to mean serving the dictates of greed and advantage rather than those of goodness and the desire to see justice prevail in the world. If that is the 'professionalism' you refer to, sir, I don't care much for it and have no wish to acquire it.” ― Kazuo Ishiguro, The Remains of the Day

“Eagerness to do what is right with transparent motives”

Unknown

4/1/2014

5

Moral Distress in Physical Therapy

“..knew the right choice to make but did not have sufficient ____________ to make that choice”

Moral Potency

…bridge from moral thought to moral action

…the capacity to generate responsibility & motivation to take moral action in the face of adversity & persevere through challenges

Moral Potency

• Developed over time by experience

• Observing others whom one respects

• Enhanced by authentic & ethical leadership & the ethical culture of the organization

4/1/2014

6

Moral Potency Construct (Hannah, Avolio, &

Walumbwa 2011)

Three moral capacities that underpin moral potency:

1. Moral Ownership – capacity to feel & show a sense of responsibility to take action when faced with ethical issues.

2. Moral Efficacy – confidence in personal capabilities to develop solutions to ethical issue &/or confront peer or superior once has #1.

3. Moral Courage – to commit to personal moral principles in order to act ethically or resist pressure to act unethically as required to maintain those principles

EXAMPLE:

Moral ownership

Example:

Moral efficacy

4/1/2014

7

EXAMPLE:

Moral Courage

MORAL THRESHOLD

A bar below which one will NOT compromise.

To compromise below this is to compromise ones personal integrity.

Ethical decisions involve moral behavior that are:

Personal

Situational

…a “narrative process”

(Rest 1999)

4/1/2014

8

Situation

• Issue/Problem

• Dilemma

• Distress

• Temptation

• Silence

Issue/Problem

Important values are present & may be challenged

Dilemma

“Right versus right decision”

Two viable courses of action may be taken

Requires moral judgment & deliberation before taking action

4/1/2014

9

Distress

You know the right course of action but are not authorized or empowered to do so.

Often identified in the implementation phase of ethical decision-making (..”the doing”)

?Organizational/Societal barriers to doing what is “right”?

Temptation

Involves a choice between a “right” and a “wrong” course of action

Often involves benefitting from doing the wrong thing

No need to weigh the merits of two alternative actions when one is clearly wrong

Silence Ethical values are challenged but no one is

openly expressing this

May be the course of someone experiencing Ethical Distress

4/1/2014

10

Implementing the RIPS Model:

Step 1. Recognize & Define the Issues: “quick screen” of the situation at hand

Step 2. Reflect: interpretation of facts and the significance & implications of such Step 3. Decide the right thing to do: resolution of issues at hand (involves ethical approaches to solving when dilemma present)

Step 4. Implement, evaluate, re-assess:

Dialogue!! (Swisher 2005)

Components of the RIPS Model

Realm Individual Situation Process

Individual Moral Sensitivity Issue/Problem

Organizational/Institutional Moral Judgment Dilemma

Societal Moral Motivation Distress

Moral Courage Temptation

Silence

Case Examination

--Informal Poll of DCE/ACCE’s from PT & PTA programs in Kansas, Oklahoma, Missouri & Arkansas Clinical Education

Consortium

--March 2014

N = 18 people providing 37 examples of:

“situations which created ethical distress for a student &/or yourself once you learned of it via a student…”

4/1/2014

11

POLL SUMMARY:

#1. Fraudulent Billing Practices (10)

#2. Inappropriate Utilization of Personnel (8)

#3. HIPPA Violations including social media (7)

#4. Inappropriate CI behaviors with students (6)

#5. Student supervision (5)

#6. Questionable clinical judgment resulting in fracture (1)

CASE EXAMINATION

APTA 2010 Code of Ethics

The Principles/Standards can be divided into the following categories:

Principle/Standard 1 - Duty to all individuals Principle/Standard 2 - Duty to patients/clients Principle/Standard 3 - Accountability for sound judgments Principle/Standard 4 - Integrity in relationships Principle/Standard 5 - Fulfilling legal and professional obligations Principle/Standard 6 - Lifelong acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities Principle/Standard 7 - Organizational behaviors and business practices Principle/Standard 8 - Meeting health needs of people FAQs: 2010 Updates to the 'Code' and 'Standards’. Available at: http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Ethics_and_Legal_Issues1&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=64208 Accessed 2/22/14

4/1/2014

12

Reflection raises the maturity level of ethical decision making!!

(Jensen 2000, Purtillo 2000)

…So what’s a therapist to do??

• Put the patient’s best interests first.

• Be aware of & strive to uphold

Professional Duties

• Be aware of & strive to uphold Legal Duties

• Reflect upon & trust your instincts to do what’s right

Proverbs 11:3 “The integrity of the upright guides them.”

THANK YOU!!!

Peggy DeCelle Newman, PT, MHR

Peggy-newman@occc.edu

#405-682-1611 x7749

4/1/2014

13

“We must adjust to changing times & still hold to unchanging

principles.” Jimmy Carter

References:

American Physical Therapy Association. Professionalism in Physical Therapy: Core Values. American Physical

Therapy Association, Alexandria, VA; August 2003

(www.apta.org/documents/public/education/professionalism.pdf)

Carey JR, Ness KK: Erosion of professional behaviors in physical therapy. Journal of PT Education. 2001; 15

(3): 20-22.

Check D, Conroy C. Development of critical thinking in physical therapy education: challenging assumptions, while increasing inductive and deductive clinical reasoning skills. Physiother. 2007;93(S1):S410.

Code of Ethics. American Physical TherapyAssociation. Available at

http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section_Ethics_and_Legal_Issues1&Template_/CM/Contet-

Display.cfm&ContentID_63686. Accessed 2/22/14.

Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education. Evaluative criteria for accreditation on education programs for the preparation of physical therapists. In: CAPTE Accreditation Handbook. Alexandria, VA: APTA; 2011

Glaser JW. Three Realms of Ethics: Individual, Institutional, Societal. Lanhan, MD: Rowman & Littlefield: 1994

Hannah,S, Avolino B: Moral potency: building the capacity for character-based leadership. Consulting

Psychology Journal: Practice & Research. 2010; 62(4):291-310.

Jensen G, Resnik L, Haddad A. Expertise and clinical reasoning`. In: Higgs J, Jones M, Loftus S, Christensen N, eds. Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professions. 3rd ed. London: Elsevier; 2008: 123 - 133. Kidder RM. How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living. New York,

NY. Fireside, 1995.

Kirsch N, Hinton C: Managing Ethical & Legal Issues in Education: I know what I saw, now what do I do? APTA

CSM Presentation, Las Vegas, 2/4/14.

Kish-Ghephart, Harrison, Trevino: Bad Apples, bad cases & bad barrels: meta-analytical evidence about

sources of unethical decisions at work. Journal of Applied Psychology. 95(1):1-31, 2010.

O’Neil EH, and the Pew Health Professions Commission. San Francisco, CA: Pew Health Professions Commission. December 1998.

Roach KE, Frost JS, Francis NJ et al. Validation of the revised physical therapist clinical performance instrument (PT CPI). Version 2006. Phys Ther. 2012;92(3):416-428.

Swisher LL, Arslanian L, Davis C: The RIPS Model of Ethical Decision-Making. HPT Resource. 2005; 5 (3) 3-8.