1

OVERVIEW OF EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND NATIONAL – LEVEL POLICIES IN INDIA

FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Dr. B. SenguptaMember Secretary

Central Pollution Control BoardMinistry of Environment & Forests

New DelhiEmail:bsg1951@yahoo.com

Website:http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb Paper presented at workshop on Urban Air Quality Management

Organised by the World Bank on 14th May 2002

2

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

APEX BODY IN INDIA FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL (AIR, WATER, NOISE, SOLID WASTE) POLLUTION.

TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC WING OF MOEF SET UP UNDER PARLIAMENT ACT ( WATER ACT 1974, AIR ACT 1981)SUPREME COURT/HIGH COURT EXPECTATIONSRESPONSIBLE FOR SETTING ALL STANDARD AND POLICIES FOR

CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BASED ON SCIENTIFIC STUDY.

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT, 1986 (SECTON 5, DELEGATED BY MOEF)

NEW RESPONSIBILITIES GIVEN UNDER VARIOUS RULES / ACTS

 

  NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL BIOMEDICAL RULES HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT EIA - NOTIFICATION FLY ASH MANAGEMENT COAL BENEFICIATION VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL

3

KEYWORDS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

PROGRAMMEPPM

PREVENTION

PROMOTION

MITIGATION

4

PREVENTION • Restriction on polluting technology

Example : Mercury Cell

• Restriction/ ban on polluting products

Example: Toxic Persistent Pesticides

• Restriction on sitting of polluting industries inside designated areas

Example: Coastal Zone/ Agra Trapezium Doon Valley

5

PROMOTION

• Clean Technologies/ process modification/ house keeping

(R&D/ Demonstration projects/ Incentives)

• Environment friendly products (ECOMARK)

• Compatible Industries Example: Waste of one industry could be raw

material for the other

• Common effluent treatment plants

6

MITIGATION

• Control at Source (In plant / add-on system)

• Reduction of Waste, Recovery & Recycling

• Restoration/ Reclamation

Example: GAP/ NRAP

7

1. Major Cities (Vehicular Air Pollution)

2. 24 – Critically polluted area (Industrial Air Pollution)

3. Indoor Air Pollution (Rural Area)

AIR POLLUTION ISSUES

8

AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM IN INDIA  

 I. MAJOR CITIES (DELHI, KOLKATA, MUMBAI, CHENNAI, AHMEDABAD, BANGALORE, HYDERABAD, PUNE, KANPUR).-----VEHICLES, SMALL/MEDIUM SCALE INDUSTRIES  II. PROBLEM AREA 

AREA   TYPE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES

SINGRAULI - POWER PLANTS, MINING, ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY.

KORBA - POWER PLANTS, ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY, MINING.

VAPI / ANKALESHWAR

- CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES.

GREATER COCHIN

- OIL REFINERIES, CHEMICAL, METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES

VISAKHAPATNAM - OIL REFINERY, CHEMICAL, STEEL PLANTS.

HOWRAH - FOUNDRY, REROLLING MILLS, VEHICLES.

DURGAPUR - CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, POWER PLANTS, STEEL PLANTS .

9

AREAS TYPE OF INDUSTRY

MANALI - OIL REFINERIES, CHEMICAL TAMIL NADU INDUSTRY, FERTILIZER

INDUSTRY.

CHEMBUR - REFINERIES, POWER PLANT, FERTILIZER INDUSTRY.

MANDI - SECONDARY STEEL GOBINDGARH INDUSTRY

DHANBAD - MINING, COKE OVEN.

PALI - COTTON TEXTILE, DYEING.

NAGAFGARH DRAIN - POWER PLANTS, VEHICLES.BASIN

ANGUL-TALCHER - MINING, ALUMINIUM PLANTS, THERMAL POWER PLANTS.

10

AREAS TYPE OF INDUSTRY

BHADRAVATI - IRON & STEEL, PAPER INDUSTRYKARNATAKA

DIGBOI - OIL REFINERY

JODHPUR - COTTON TEXTILE, DYE

KALA-AMB - PAPER, ELECTROPLATING

NAGDA-RATLAM - VISCOSE RAYON, CAUSTIC, DYESDISTILLERY

NORTH ARCOT - TANNERIES

PARWANOO - FOOD PROCESSING UNITELECTROPLATING

PATANCHERU- - ORGANIC CHEMICAL, PAINTSBOLLARAM PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

TARAPUR - CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

11

PROBLEM AREAS IN INDIA

Najafgarh Drain Basin

ParwanooKala Amb

Gobind Garh

Jodhpur

Pali

Nagda Ratlam

Ankaleshwar

Vapi

TarapurChembur

Korba

DhanbadDurgapur

HowrahTalchar

VisakhapatnamPatencheru - Bolaram

BadrawatiManali

North Arcot

Greator Cochin

12

REASONS FOR HIGH AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA 

     POOR QUALITY OF FUEL (COAL, DIESEL, PETROL , FUEL OIL)

      OLD PROCESS TECHNOLOGY (SPECIALLY IN S.S.I.)

     WRONG SITING OF INDUSTRIES

  NO POLLUTION PREVENTIVE STEP TAKEN (EARLY STAGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION )

     POOR VEHICLE DESIGN (2-STROKE)

  UNCONTROLLED GROWTH OF VEHICLE POPULATION IN ALL MAJOR CITIES/TOWNS.

   NO POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM IN SMALL/MEDIUM SCALE INDUSTRY. (S.M.S)

    POOR COMPLIANCE OF STANDARD IN S.M.S

 

13

VEHICULAR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN INDIA

High vehicle density in Indian urban centers

Older vehicles predominant in vehicle vintage

Inadequate inspection & maintenance facilities

Predominance of two stroke two wheelers

Adulteration of fuel & fuel products

Improper traffic management system & road conditions

High levels of pollution at traffic intersections

Absence of effective mass rapid transport system & intra-city railway networks

High population exodus to the urban centers

14

AIR QUALITY MONITORING

IN INDIA

15

National Air Quality MonitoringStarted in 1984 - 7 Station ( Manual Station)

By 2000 - Increased to 295 Stations (Operated and Maintained by SPCB/CPCB/ Universities, etc. and funded by CPCB)

     Monitoring in Delhi ·       2 Continuous AQMS (set up under GTZ assistance )·       1 Continuous AQMS (CPCB)·       2 Mobile Vans (with GTZ assistance)·       6 Manual AQMS    Monitoring by Industry/Universities/ Other Institutes          200 Stations (approx.)

 

16

28 5384

106

150

220

260290 295

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Num

ber o

f Mon

itorin

g St

atio

ns

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992-99 2000-2001

Years

Growth of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations under N.A.M.P.

17

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JAMMU

DAMTAL

JALANDHARLUDHIANA

NANGALSHIMLA

GOBINDGARHCHANDIGARH

PARWANOO

YAMUNANAGARDEHRADUN

PAONTA-SAHIB

MODI-NAGARGAJRAULA

MORADABAD

KHURJANOIDAFARIDABAD

GHAZIABADDELHI

AGRAFIROZABAD

LUCKNOWKANPUR

ALWAR

JODHPURJAIPUR

KOTACHITTAURGARH

UDAIPUR

AHMADABAD

RAJKOTVADODARA

NAGDA

INDOREBHOPAL JABALPUR

SATNA

KORBA

RAIPUR

VARANASI

NAGPUR

CHANDRAPURAURANGABADNASHIK

BHILAIROURKELA

PUNESOLAPUR

PONDA

MYSORE

BANGALORE

HYDERABAD

RAICHUR

VISAKHAPATNAM

RAYAGADA

MADRAS

PONDICHERRY

TUTICORIN

KOTTAYAMCOCHIN

COIMBATOREKOZHIKODE

VASCO

MANGALORE

TRIVANDRUM

ANGULTALCHER

PATNABARAUNI

DURGAPUR

DHANBAD

JAMSHEDPUR CALCUTTA

HALDIAHOWRAH

BONGAIGAONGUWAHATI KOHIMA

IMPHAL

AIZAWLAGARTALA

ITANAGAR

"A Monitoring Locations

Mumbai

National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network

18

Air Quality Monitoring  Parameters Monitored   Criteria Pollutants - SPM, SO2, RSPM/PM10, NOx,

CO, Pb   Specific Pollutants- Poly aromatic Hydrocarbons        Benzene / Xylene / Toluene         Ground level ozone   (24 hourly, 8 hourly, 1 hourly)  

19

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)  

Pollutant 

 Time WeightedAverage

Concentration in Ambient Air Method of Measurement

Industrial Area

Residential, Rural and

other Areas

Sensitive Area

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Annual Average*

80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 1. Improved West and Gaeke Method2. Ultraviolet Fluorescence

24 Hours Average**

120 µg/m3

80 µg/m3 30 µg/m3

Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2

Annual Average*

80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 1. Jacob & Hochheiser modified (NaOH-NaAsO2) Method2. Gas Phase Chemiluminiscence24 Hours

Average**120

µg/m380 µg/m3 30 µg/m3

Suspended ParticulateMatter (SPM)

Annual Average*

360 µg/m3

140 µg/m3 70 µg/m3 High Volume Sampling (Average flow rate not less than 1.1m3/minute)

24 Hours Average**

500 µg/m3

200 µg/m3 100 µg/m3

Respirable Particulate Matter (Size less than 10µm) (RPM)

Annual Average*

120 µg/m3

60 µg/m3 50 µg/m3  Respirable Particulate Matter Sampler24 Hours

Average**150

µg/m3100 µg/m3 75 µg/m3

Lead (Pb) Annual Average*

1.0 µg/m3

0.75 µg/m3 0.50 µg/m3 AAS Method after sampling using EPM 2000or equivalent filter paper24 Hour

Average**1.5

µg/m31.0 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

8 Hours Average**

5.0 mg/m3

2.0 mg/m3 1.0 mg/m3  Non dispersive Infrared Spectroscopy

1 Hour Average 10.0mg/m3

4.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3

Ammonia (NH3) Annual Average*

0.1 mg/m3 -

24 Hour Average**

0.4 mg/m3

 * Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. NOTE1.       National Ambient Air Quality Standard : The levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property.2.       Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigations.3.       The State Government / State Board shall notify the sensitive and other areas in the respective states within a period of six months from the date of notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

20

Sensitive areas – sensitive area may include the following: 1) 10 kms all around the periphery of health resorts so notified by State Pollution Control Boards in consultation with department of public health of the concerned state. 2) 10 kms all around the periphery of biosphere reserves, sanctities and national parks, so notified by Ministry of Environment and Forest or concerned states. 3) 5 kms all around the periphery of an archeological monument declared to be of national importance or otherwise so notified A.S.I. in consultation with State Pollution Control Boards. 4) Areas where some delicate or sensitive to air pollution crops/important to the agriculture/horticulture of that area are grown so notified by State Pollution Control Boards in consultation with department of agriculture/horticulture of concerned state.  5) 5 kms around the periphery of centers of tourism and/or pilgrim due to their religious, historical, scenic or other attractions, so notified by department of tourism of the concerned state with State Pollution Control Boards. 

21

Non-attainment Areas Observed Annual Mean Concentration of

a Criterion PollutantExceedence = ---------------------------------------------------------Factor Annual Standard for the Respective Pollutant and Area Class

The Four Air Quality Categories are:

Critical Pollution (C): When EF is more than 1.5; High Pollution (H): When EF is between 1.0 - 1.5; Moderate Pollution (M): When EF is between 0.5 - 1.0; Low Pollution (L): When the EF is less than 0.5.

22

STATE / CITY SO2 NO2 SPM AREA CLASS I R I R I R Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad L L L M H H Vishakhapatnam L L L L L C Bihar Dhanbad M H M M H C Jamshedpur M M M M M C Patna - L - L - C Delhi Delhi L L M M C H Gujarat Ahmedabad L L L M H C Goa Ponda - L - L - H Vasco L - L - L - Himachal Pradesh Shimla - L - L - L Damtal - L - L - C Parwanoo L L L L M C Paonta Sahib L - L - L -

Air Quality Category in Some Cities during 1999

23

STATE / CITY SO2 NO2 SPM AREA CLASS I R I R I R Haryana Yamuna Nagar - - - - M - Karnataka Bangalore L M M M L H Mysore L - L - L - Kerala Cochin L L L L L H Kottayam L L L L L L Kozhikode L L L L L M Thiruvananthapuram

L L L L L M

Maharashtra Mumbai L L L L M C Chanderpur L M M M L H Dombivali L M L M L L Nagpur L L L M L C Nashik L M L L L M Pune M M M H M H

24

STATE / CITY SO2 NO2 SPM AREA CLASS I R I R I R Solapur - L - M - C Thane L L L L L L Madhya Pradesh Bhilai L M L M M C Bhopal L L L L M C Indore L L L L H C Jabalpur - M - L - H Korba - L - L - H Nagda L L L L L C Satna L L L L M H Raipur L L L M M C Punjab Ludhiana L L L M H C Jalandhar L L L M M C Orissa Angul L L L L M M Talcher L - L - L - Rourkela L L L L H M

25

STATE / CITY SO2 NO2 SPM AREA CLASS I R I R I R Rajasthan Alwar L L M H M C Jaipur L L M M M C Jodhpur L L L L M C Kota L L L L L C Udaipur - M - C - C Tamil Nadu Coimbatore L L L L L L Chennai L L L L L L Tuticorin - L - L - M Uttar Pradesh Agra L L L L M C Renusagar M - M - H - Dehradun L L L L M H Gajroula L L L L M H Kanpur L L L M H C Varanasi - - - - - C Lucknow L L L L H C Ghaziabad L - L - M - West Bengal Kolkata M M L L H C Chandigarh L L L L M H Pondicherry - L - M - M

26

S.no. City Type of Area 1999 2000 Residential & Other Areas C C 1. Hyderabad Industrial C H Residential C H 2. Visakhapatnam Industrial M L Residential & Other Areas

C C 3 Ahmedabad

Industrial C C Residential & Other Areas

C C 4 Cochin

Industrial M M 5 Nagpur Residential & Other

Areas C C

Residential & Other Areas

C C 6 Mumbai

Industrial M M Residential C C 7 Solapur Industrial H C Residential & Other Areas

H C 8 Chennai

Industrial M M Residential & Other Areas

C C 9 Kanpur

Industrial C C Residential C C 10 Dehradun Industrial H H Residential & Other Areas

C C 11 Kolkata

Industrial H C Residential & Other Areas

C C 12. Jaipur

Industrial H C 13 Bangalore Residential & Other

Areas N.A. C

Industrial N.A. L

Air Quality w.r.t. RSPM

27

TRENDS IN MEGA CITIES

28

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Cities

Con

cent

ratio

n

(µg/

m3 )

1995 1996 1997 19981999 2000 2001 NAAQS

SO2 ( RESIDENTIAL AREAS)

29

010203040506070

Cities

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g/m

3 )1995 1996 1997 19981999 2000 2001 NAAQS

NO2 ( RESIDENTIAL AREAS)

30

0

50

100

150

200

Cities

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g/m

3 )

1999 2000 2001 NAAQS

RSPM ( RESIDENTIAL AREAS)

31

050

100150200250

Cities

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g/m

3 )

1999 2000 2001 NAAQS

RSPM ( INDUSTRIAL AREAS)

32

050

100150200250300350400

Cities

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g/m

3 )

1999 2000 2001 NAAQS

SPM ( RESIDENTIAL AREAS)

33

Monthly Average of RSPM at Various Locations in Kolkata During January 2001.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dunl

op B

ridge

Coss

ipor

e

Shya

mba

zar

Colle

ge S

treet

Bele

ghat

a

Mou

lali

Salt

Lake

Ulta

dang

a

How

rah

Brid

ge

Lalb

azar

Rajb

haba

n

Min

to P

ark

Hazr

a

Mom

inpu

r

Hyde

Roa

d

Tara

tala

Beha

la C

how

rast

a

Tolly

gung

e

Gar

ia

Bais

hnab

ghat

a

Jada

vpur

Kasb

a

Bond

el G

ate

Taps

ia

E.M

. Bye

pass

& B

. M. R

d. X

'ing

Locations

Con

cent

ratio

ns (µ

g/m

3 )NAAQS (24-Hourly for Res. & Other Areas) NAAQS (24- Hourly for Ind. Areas)

Source:- West Bengal Pollution Control Board, Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal, Website - http://www.wbpcb.gov.in/html/airqua.htm

34

12.416.5

14

28.4

32.9

2830.9

40.9

30.9

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1991 1995 2001 1991 1995 2001 1991 1995 2001SO2 NO2 SPM

15.1

24.1

13.5

24.9

36.5

29.5

34.9

40.3

35.8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1991 1995 2001 1991 1995 2001 1991 1995 2001SO2 NO2 SPM

42

15

66 67

45.247.6

55.87

41.97

19.1 18

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1995 2001 1995 2001 1995 2001 1995 2001 1998 2001

RESIDENTIAL INDUSTRIAL

SO2 NO2 SPM

TRAFFIC

19.2325.75

36 35.543.7

74.2

113.5122.3

56.8

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1991 1995 2001 1991 1995 2001 1991 1995 2001Vehicle Nos. Gasoline ConsumptionDiesel consumption

Vehicle Population&

Fuel Consumption

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY TRENDS IN DELHI (1991-2001)

All pollutants are in ug/m3, SPM & RSPM in X10 ug/m3, Vehicles in LakhsFuel Consumption in X10 TMT.and CO X100 ug/m3.

CO RSPM

35

183

135 136160

191

118139

107123 110

188

113

0

50

100

150

200

250

Ashok Vihar Sirifort Janakpuri Nizamuddin ShahzadaBagh

Shahdara

200

191

180

216

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

1998 1999 2000 2001

ITO Intersection

Trends of RSPM in all monitoring stations of Delhi

All values are in ug/m3.

159

137

125130135140145150155160165

2000 2001All site Average

2000 2001

36

0

5

10

15

20

25

Con

cent

ratio

n (n

g/m

3)

Siri Fort Nizamuddin Shahdara

Monitoring Locations

Total PAHs (ng/m3) in Delhi During 2000-2001

37

Benzene Levels in Delhi

05

10152025303540

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g/m

3 )

Monitoring Locations

38

HEALTH EFFECTS OF

AIR POLLUTION

39

Health Effects Due to Pollution in India

Lead in School Children of Delhi Earlier (1980’s) : 15 - 50 µg/dl (Ref: BARC)Present : 8 -15 µg/dl (Ref: AIIMS)Safe Limit : 10 µg/dl

CO in Blood of Exposed PopulationCO -Hb : 3 - 5.3 % (Ref: NIOH)Safe Limit : 2%

Benzopyrene Level in Ambient Air: Proven Carcinogen26 ng/m3 (Delhi) 56 ng/m3 (Mumbai)21 ng/m3 (Kolkata) (Ref: NEERI)Safe Limit : 10 ng/m3

Benzene in Air of Metro CitiesProved CarcinogenSafe Limit : 1 µg/m3

40

Average Concentration Levels of Air Pollutants in the Study on Exposure Assessment

  Pollutants (Units)

Personal Exposure

Occupati-onal

Exposure

Residential Exposure

Ambient Air Quality

NAAQS India

PM (µg/m3) 330 ± 175 (RPMS)

358 ± 187 (RPMS)

308 ± 225 (RPMS)

140 ±102 PM10 100 PM 10

NOx (ppb) 33.3 ±16.1 29.9 ±14.1 33.3 ± 16.3 21 ± 12 43

CO (ppm) 2.4 3.4 2.0 BDL 3.2

Pb (µg/m3) 2.32 ±1.28 2.6 ± 2.5 2.47 ± 2.16 0.34 ±0.25 1.0

K (µg/m3) 7.7 ± 6.9 7.9 ±10.71 6.32 ± 2.74 0.54 ±0.42 -

Mn (µg/m3) 0.33 ±0.41 0.55 ±0.64 0.12 ± 0.13 0.15 ±0.18 -

Cd (µg/m3) 0.15 ±0.16 0.27 ±0.35 0.06 ± 0.35 0.017±0.027 -

PAH (µg/m3) 23.83 42.36 5.2 21.2 -

B (a)P µg/m3) 2.69 4.89 0.48 1.4 - © Personal Exposure (PE) vs Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) levels Personal Exposure Values for all the pollutants (RPM, NO2, CO and Aerosol Chemical Species) are uniformly greator than the corresponding Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) values. For e.g.. Paired samples for RPM between PE and AAQ show that former is greator than the later on an average by a factor of 2.4. This supports the argument the AAQ measurements are not a good indicator of health risk and population is actually exposed to higher concentration than that measured at the fixed monitoring stations.

41

INVENTORY OF INDUSTRIAL

EMISSIONS IN THE COUNTRY

42

Emission Estimates

Share of Suspended Particulate Matter Load (tonnes/day) by Different Categories of

Industries (With Control Device), Total Load = 5365 tonnes/day

Sugar10%

Thermal Power Plants82%

Others 1%

Cement7%

43

Share of Sulphur Dioxide Load ( tonnes/day) by Different Categories of Industries

(Total Load = 3715 tonnes/day)

Steel5%

Thermal Power Plants89%

Sulphuric Acid Plants

2%Oil Refineries

3% Others1%

44

Yearwise Progress in Reduction of Number of Defaulters in 17 Categories

540

319252 203 166 165 147

67 250

100200300400500600

Year

No.

of D

efau

lters

45

ESTIMATED AIR POLLUTION LOAD IN MAJOR CITIES

CITY POLLUTION LOAD

(TONNES/DAY)

NUMBER OF ON-ROAD VEHICLES

(LAKHS)

Delhi 2686 34.25

Mumbai 885 8.4

Bangalore 971 12.4

Kolkata 449 6.6

Chennai 786 11.5

Ahmedabad 638 7.8

Hyderabad - Secunderabad

1123 10.99

46

8%20%

72%

Domestic Industrial Vehicular

CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS SECTORS TO AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES

47

FUEL SHARE IN INDIA

GASOLINE DIESEL CNG LPG/ELEC

48

280065

541098

70915 126782

706998

1268103

336671 300841

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

MUMBAI DELHI KOLKATA CHENNAI

MET

RIC

TO

NN

ES

MS HSD CNG

FUEL CONSUMPTION IN METRO CITIES(1999-2000)

49

1990

1st set norms notified

1995

Emission norms forcatalytic vehicles

1996

2nd set normsnotified

2000/01

Euro-I equivalent (Country)Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros) 2005

Euro-II (Country)Euro-III (7 megacities) 2010

Euro-III (Country)Euro-IV (metros)

VEHICLE EMISSION NORM SCHEDULE IN INDIA

50

1915221374

2350725505

2766030287

3385037231

43159

4824053100

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Num

bers

in T

hous

and

GROWTH OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN INDIA

51

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

Y ear

Num

ber o

f Veh

icle

sEXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF TWO WHEELERS IN DELHI

52

DIESEL SPECIFICATIONS & SCHEDULEPARAMETER SPECIFICATIONS

YEAR 1996 2000 2005 2010

Cetane No, Min

45 48 48 51

Sulphur %W/w, Max

0.50 0.250.05

(METRO)

0.05 0.035

DistillationT95

- 370 370 360

Polyaromatic - - - 11

53

GASOLINE BENZENE REDUCTION PRORAMME IN INDIA

Before 1996

No Specifications

5 %

April 1996

April 2000

3% in Metro cities

Nov. 2000

1 % in NCT & Mumbai

GASOLINE LEAD PHASE-OUT PROGRAMME IN INDIA

June 1994

0.15 g/l (4 metro) April

1995

Unleaded4 metros

Low leadedEntire Country

Jan1997

Jan1999

UnleadedNCR

Feb2000

UnleadedCountry

54

DIESEL SULPHUR REDUCTION PROGRAMME IN INDIA

August 1997

Sulphur 0.25%Delhi & Taj

April 1998

Sulphur 0.25%Metro cities

Jan 2000

Sulphur 0.25%Entire Country

Jan 2001

Sulphur 0.05%Mumbai

June 2001

Sulphur 0.05%NCR

Sulphur 0.05%Chennai & Kolkata

July 2001

April 1996

Sulphur 0.50 % 4 metros & Taj

55

Steps taken to control Air Pollution in India- Evolved National Ambient Air Quality Standards based on health impact- Emission standards for Air Polluting Industries developed for the major air polluting industries- Implementation of standards in 17 categories of Highly Polluting Industries and other small/medium scale industries (stone crushers, brick kill, re-rolling mills, etc.)- Fuel Quality improvement for Pollution Control- Action Plan for 24 problem areas- Vehicular Pollution Control

- Improvement in Vehicular Technology (Euro-I, Euro-II, CNG Vehicles, 4 stroke engines, etc.)

- Improvement in Fuel quality - Diesel with low sulfur content (0.25 in whole country and 0.05 in NCR & Mumbai)

- Gasoline - Lead Phased-out throughout the country from 1.2.2000.

- Low Sulfur content (0.1% in whole country and 0.05% in NCR and Mumbai)

- Low Benzene content (1% in NCR).- CNG - All commercial vehicles to operate on CNG by

30.09.2001.- Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate for all vehicles every 3

months- Coal benefication/clean coal technology – notification regarding use of beneficiated coal- Pollution control in Taj Trapezium Zones (gas to foundries, monitoring of air

quality, etc.- Air Quality Monitoring at National Level (295 stations spread over 93 cities)- Air Quality Index for public Information- Air Quality Data on TV channels and daily news papers for Public awareness.

56

INSPECTION & CERTIFICATION SYSTEM Fitness certification is a statutory requirement for commercial

vehicles and public transport vehicles. Periodicity for certification is once in a Year.

For non-commercial passenger cars, fitness certification is required for renewal of registration, only after 15 years from the date of first registration. In case of two wheelers no such requirement exists.

Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificates are required to be obtained every three months for all categories of vehicles. In case of petrol vehicles idling CO measurements are taken and in case of diesel vehicles, free acceleration smoke is measured.

RTOs, filling stations & service stations are authorized to issue PUC certificates. There are more than 400 PUC centers in Delhi.

The agency for issue of Fitness Certificate is the Transport Department.

A fee of Rs. 150 per vehicle for heavy commercial vehicles and Rs. 50 for medium & light commercial vehicles is levied for obtaining PUC certificates.

57

INSPECTION & CERTIFICATION SYSTEM Fitness certification is a statutory requirement for commercial

vehicles and public transport vehicles. Periodicity for certification is once in a Year.

For non-commercial passenger cars, fitness certification is required for renewal of registration, only after 15 years from the date of first registration. In case of two wheelers no such requirement exists.

Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificates are required to be obtained every three months for all categories of vehicles. In case of petrol vehicles idling CO measurements are taken and in case of diesel vehicles, free acceleration smoke is measured.

RTOs, filling stations & service stations are authorized to issue PUC certificates. There are more than 400 PUC centers in Delhi.

The agency for issue of Fitness Certificate is the Transport Department.

A fee of Rs. 150 per vehicle for heavy commercial vehicles and Rs. 50 for medium & light commercial vehicles is levied for obtaining PUC certificates.

58

30694686545055873343CO (ug/m3)

-

-

34.0

43.0

31.67

41.69

27.96

-

23.72

-

Vehicle No.(Lac)

% Calm Wind

163191200--RSPM (ug/m3)

-101136312408Pb (ng/m3)

-59637566NO2 (ug/m3)

1618253542SO2 (ug/m3)

.All autos/taxis and buses to run on CNG.. At present 1600 buses, 11000 taxis and cars, 25000 autos on CNG.

. Buses more than 8 years old phased out. Replacement of pre-1990 autos/taxis with vehicles on clean fuels.Conversion of post-1990 autos to CNG initiated. Fuel testing lab established

.15 years oldcommercialvehicles banned.Pre-mix 2-T oil in retail outlets

.Govt. vehicles to run on CNG/Catalytic Converter.

-Other Measures

.Diesel with 0.05% sulphur throughout retail outlets in NCT.

.Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.05% in selected outlets..Gasoline Benzene reduced to 1%.Gasoline sulphur with 0.05% max.sulphur in all outlets..Low smoke 2-T oil introduced

.Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.25%.Gasoline Benzene reduced to 3%.Gasoline Lead phased out

.Fuel quality specifications notified under EPA for the first time.Pb (g/lit)=0.15Diesel S=0.5%Gasoline Benzene=5%

.Diesel S 1%

.Gasoline lead 0.56 g/l.Benzene no limit

Fuel Quality Improvement

CNG/LPG Norms finalized.

.Euro-I equivalent norms for all types of vehicles except passenger vehicles which are Euro-II equivalent.

.Emission norms for cat.converter fitted vehicles made stringent..Hot-start replaced by cold –start tests which gives less emissions.

.Emission norms made stringent as compared to 1991.

.Relaxed normsEmission Norms of Vehicles

2001 (Jan-Jun)2000199819961994

VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES TAKEN AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN DELHI

59

33.43

55.87 55.4

46.86

30.69

23.7227.96

31.67 34

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1994 1996 1998 2000 2001( CO

IN u

g/m

3X 1

00 /

VEH

ICLE

S IN

LA

KH

S)

CO VEHICLES

AMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFIC INTERSECTION IN DELHI

6675

6359

67

01020304050607080

1994 1996 1998 2000 2001

NO2 IN

ug/m3

NO2

4235

2518 15

100

50

25

5 50

20

40

60

80

100

120

1994 1996 1998 2000 2001SO2

IN u

g/m

3 /D

IESE

L S

IN 1

00

X p

pm

SO2 DIESEL S

60

AMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFIC INTERSECTION IN DELHI

40.8

31.2

13.610.1

56

15

1.3 1.30

10

20

30

40

50

60

1994 1996 1998 2000

LEA

D IN

10

X u

g/m

3 / P

TRL

Pb IN

mg/

l

LEAD PETRL Pb

20 19.1 18

25

5 5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1998 2000 2001RSP

M I

N 1

0 X

ug/

m3

/ D

IESE

L S

IN

10

0 X

ppm

RSPM DIESEL S

CORRELATION OF AMBIENT NO2 LEVEL WITH CALM CONDITIONS OF WIND IN DELHI

0

20

40

60

80

1 00

1 20

NO2 CALM

1997 1998 1999 2000

61

TypesLoad Th.t

CO(292.6)

HC(112.6)

NOX(63)

PM(14.4)

BENZENE(3.0)

BUTADINE(0.36)

O3 POTENCIAL(402)

BUS 1 1 23 15 <1 <1 1LCV 7 1 10 14 1 3 1MUVG 1 1 1 <1 1 2 <1MUVD 3 <1 6 13 1 3 <1PCG 36 17 35 6 41 49 16PCD <1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1 <1TAXIS <1 <1 1 1 <1 <1 <1TRUCKS

4 2 22 21 <1 1 2

3W 8 13 <1 4 18 7 134S/2W 2 2 1 1 2 3 22S/2W 38 63 1 24 36 32 65

% EMISSION LOAD CONTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT VEHICLES IN YEAR 2000 IN DELHI

62

370

336

289268

212199

188176

63 66 68 67 60 58 54.2 44.8

188

128

101 94 8574 65 64.7

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

u gm

/m3

CO NOX PM

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CO -STANDARD

NOX AND PM

STANDARD

CO=ugmX 10

2000 2005 2010 A 2010 B 2010 C 2010 D 2010 E 2010 F

F / VTA- 2000/2000B- 2000/2005C- 2005/2000D- 2005/2005E- EUROIII/EUROIIIF- EUROIV/EUROIV

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION & EMISSION EVALUATIONPRESENT & FUTURE PROJECTION FOR DELHI

63

TECHNOLOGY EVALUATED/DISSEMINATED TO INDUSTRY FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

Technologies evaluated / disseminated by Central Board are listed below:

1. Control of air pollution from coal fired reverberatory furnaces (with IIT-DELHI).

2. Development of control technology for suppression and prevention of dust emission from stone crushers (with NPC).

3. Optimization of combustion efficiency and control of emission from small (less than 2t/hr) boilers (with NPC).

4. Noise control system from stationary diesel generator sets (with IISC).

5. Disposal and utilization of red mud from aluminium industries (with JLNAR).

6. Technologies for removal of SO2 from flue gases (with CPRI).

64

7. Technologies for control of NOx emissions (with DCL).

8. Evaluation of technologies for different types of boilers (FBC, PFBC etc.) (with TERI)

9. Evaluation of clean coal technologies.

10. Characterization of fabric filter dust collector.

11. Design and operating parameters of electrostatic precipitators.

12. Utilization of fly ash in cement industry (with NCBM, UOR).

65

THRUST AREAS TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA

Source Attribution Study to be Carried out Systematically in all Major Cities and Critically Polluted Areas ( 7 cities and 24 Problem Areas)

Action Plan Preparation and Implementation in Following Areas

Reduction of Sulphur in Diesel. Premix 2T Oil for 2 Stroke Vehicles Phasing out of 2 Stroke Vehicles Particulate Trap in Diesel Vehicles More Use of Clean Transportation Vehicles

66

Effective I/M Programme for inuse Vehicles Reduction of Particulate Emission from Coal Based Power Plants ( Bag

filters, ...) Reduction of Sulphur in Furnace Oil Effective Pollution Control for from Stone Crusher, Lime Kiln, Brick Kiln,

Foundry, Small Boilers, Hot-Mix Plants, Secondary Lead Industry etc. Relocation of Polluting Industries Approved Fuel Usage in Major Cities Ban on Open Burning of Biomass DG sets (Both Stationery and Portable) Pollution Control Checking of Adulteration in Fuel Use of Beneficiated Coal in Thermal Power Plants Reduction of Emission from Ash Pond Continuous Monitoring of PM10, O3, NOx, HC etc. in Ambient Air

67

Thank you