powerpoint ® lecture slides prepared by janice meeking, mount royal college c h a p t e r...

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College

C H A P T E R

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Hyaline cartilages

Elastic cartilages

Fibrocartilages

Cartilages

Bones of skeleton

EpiglottisLarynx

TracheaCricoidcartilage Lung

Respiratory tube cartilagesin neck and thorax

ThyroidcartilageCartilage in

external earCartilages innose

ArticularCartilageof a jointCostalcartilage

Cartilage inIntervertebraldisc

Pubicsymphysis

Articular cartilageof a joint

Meniscus (padlikecartilage inknee joint)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3a-b

Proximalepiphysis

(b)

(a)

Epiphysealline

Articularcartilage

Periosteum

Spongy bone

Compact boneMedullarycavity (linedby endosteum)

Compact bone

Diaphysis

Distalepiphysis

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3c

(c)

Yellowbone marrow

Endosteum

Compact bone

Periosteum

Perforating(Sharpey’s) fibers

Nutrientarteries


Compactbone

Trabeculae

Spongy bone(diploë)


Structuresin thecentralcanal

Artery withcapillariesVeinNerve fiber

Lamellae

Collagenfibersrun indifferentdirections

Twistingforce

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3b

(b)

Lacunae

Lamellae

Nerve

Vein

Artery

Canaliculus

Osteocytein a lacuna

Centralcanal

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.7a-c

Endosteum lining bony canalsand covering trabeculae

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibersPeriosteal blood vesselPeriosteum

Lacuna (withosteocyte)

(a)

(b) (c)Lacunae

Lamellae

NerveVeinArteryCanaliculiOsteocytein a lacuna

Circumferentiallamellae

Osteon(Haversian system)

Central(Haversian) canal

Centralcanal

Interstitial lamellae

Lamellae

Compactbone

Spongy bone


Bone Development


Bone collarforms aroundhyaline cartilagemodel.

Cartilage in thecenter of thediaphysis calcifiesand then developscavities.

The periostealbud inavades theinternal cavitiesand spongy bonebegins to form.

The diaphysis elongatesand a medullary cavityforms as ossificationcontinues. Secondaryossification centers appearin the epiphyses inpreparation for stage 5.

The epiphysesossify. Whencompleted, hyalinecartilage remains onlyin the epiphysealplates and articularcartilages.

Hyalinecartilage

Area ofdeterioratingcartilage matrix

Epiphysealblood vessel

Spongyboneformation

Epiphysealplatecartilage

Secondaryossificationcenter

Bloodvessel ofperiostealbud

Medullarycavity

Articularcartilage

Childhood toadolescence

BirthWeek 9 Month 3

Spongybone

BonecollarPrimaryossificationcenter

1 2 3 4 5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 1

Bone collar forms aroundhyaline cartilage model.1

Hyaline cartilageWeek 9

Bone collar

Primaryossificationcenter


Cartilage in the centerof the diaphysis calcifiesand then develops cavities.

2

Area of deterioratingcartilage matrix


The periosteal bud inavadesthe internal cavities andspongy bone begins to form.

3

Spongyboneformation


Month 3


The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity formsas ossification continues. Secondary ossification centersappear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.

4

Epiphysealblood vessel Secondary

ossificationcenter

Medullarycavity

Birth


The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilageremains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.5

Epiphyseal platecartilage

Articular cartilage

Childhood to adolescence

Spongy bone


Bone collarforms aroundhyaline cartilagemodel.

Cartilage in thecenter of thediaphysis calcifiesand then developscavities.

The periostealbud inavades theinternal cavitiesand spongy bonebegins to form.

The diaphysis elongatesand a medullary cavityforms as ossificationcontinues. Secondaryossification centers appearin the epiphyses inpreparation for stage 5.

The epiphysesossify. Whencompleted, hyalinecartilage remains onlyin the epiphysealplates and articularcartilages.

Hyalinecartilage

Area ofdeterioratingcartilage matrix

Epiphysealblood vessel

Spongyboneformation

Epiphysealplatecartilage

Secondaryossificationcenter


Medullarycavity

Articularcartilage

Childhood toadolescence

BirthWeek 9 Month 3

Spongybone

BonecollarPrimaryossificationcenter

1 2 3 4 5


Bone growth Bone remodeling

Articular cartilage

Epiphyseal plate

Cartilagegrows here.

Cartilageis replacedby bone here.Cartilagegrows here.

Bone isresorbed here.

Bone isresorbed here.

Bone is addedby appositionalgrowth here. Cartilage

is replacedby bone here.


Factors in Bone Health

Factor EffectParathyroid hormone Stimulates osteoclasts, causes

bone resorption, increases blood calcium

Calcitonin Inhibits osteoclasts, builds bone, decreases blood calcium

Vitamin D Promotes calcium and phosphorous absorption in gut, decreases urinary loss of calcium

Sex hormones – testosterone, estrogens

Stimulate osteoblasts

Growth hormone Builds bone

Diet - protein, calcium, phosphorous, vitamins A, C, D,

Provides building blocks for bone, and helps metabolism

Weightbearing exercise Stresses bone, stimulate osteoblasts


Osteoclastsdegrade bonematrix and release Ca2+

into blood.

Parathyroidglands

Thyroidgland

Parathyroidglands releaseparathyroidhormone (PTH).

StimulusFalling bloodCa2+ levels

PTH

Calcium homeostasis of blood: 9–11 mg/100 mlBALANCEBALANCE


Kyphosis

www.hhs.gov/od/images/ NLS0601Zhangfig1.JPG

23


Which two hormones work in opposition to control homeostatic blood levels of calcium via bone remodeling?• Thyroid hormone and estrogen

• Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

• Calcitonin and estrogen

• Parathyroid hormone and estrogen

powerpoint ® lecture slides prepared by janice meeking, mount royal college c h a p t e r...

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