powerpoint ® lecture prepared by gary a. beluzo the driving forces of environmental change 11
TRANSCRIPT
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PowerPoint® Lecture prepared by Gary A. Beluzo
The Driving Forces of Environmental Change
11
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Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
Figure CO11• Explain the terms that comprise the IPAT
equation.
• Identify examples that illustrate how technology can reduce or increase environmental impact.
• Describe the net effect that population growth, affluence, and technological change has had on gasoline use in the United States.
• Cite the reasons why firms prefer market-based incentives in environmental policy to command-and-control approaches.
• Explain how personal and cultural beliefs affect environmental change.
After reading this chapter, students will be able to
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The Smiths New Year’s Resolution
• Inventoried all the energy and materials they used and waste they produced
• More income = more consumerism
• Technology also has impact
• Growing income, family size, and technology choices determine consumerism
• So do attitudes, values, and beliefs
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The Root Causes of Environmental Impact
Impact (I) = Population (P) x Affluence (A) x Technology (T)
I = People x Economic Activity x Environmental Impact
People Economic Activity
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Land Conversion for Food Production
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Solid Waste Generation
• Population size
• Population density
• NYC fills 6,000 garbage trucks/day
• 67% exported to other states!
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Population and Gasoline Use
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Population and Water Quality
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Affluence and Solid Waste
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Poverty and Environmental HealthEnvironmental Justice?
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Technology
• Determines the types and quantities of resources extracted
• Determines nature of waste generated
• A double-edged sword. Why?
Technology RecipeCapital
Labor
Energy
Materials
Information
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Technology and Fuel Economy
• Rising gasoline prices in 1970s and Japanese competition decreased engine size
• But in the 1980s the rise of light trucks, minivans, and SUVs increased engine size!
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Feedlots and Land Use
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The IPAT for Gasoline Use
Gallons consumed = # vehicles x miles driven x gallons consumed
vehicle miles driven
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
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How Societies Choose Technologies• Most nations use the
market
• Firms maximize profits by minimizing cost of production
• But what about “wrong prices” and what causes them?• externalities
• subsidies
Figure 11.17
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Market Failures and the Environment• In 2005, gas was $2-4
• Included price to pump oil, refine it to gasoline, ship it to filling stations, and pay attendants
• Also taxes paid to government
• Cost did not include environmental impact• Loss of barrier islands
• Pipeline leaks
• Air pollution
• Global climate change
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Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Cultural Attitudes
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Cultural Beliefs
• Judeo-Christian tradition has led to Anthropocentric perspective of the environment. • Seeks to control nature for the purpose of satisfying human
needs.
• Has shaped technology for the past 200 years.
• No limit to levels of human population and affluence.
• Biocentric perspective holds that all living things have the right to exist.
• Ecocentric view holds that entire ecosystems have a right to exist.
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Environmental Policy
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Market-Based Incentives?An alternative to command and control
• Pollution Taxes
• Tradable Permits
• Cap and Trade System
Figure 11.20