power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Power series of non linear operators, effectiveactions and some combinatorial illustrations
Krajewski Thomas
Centre de Physique Theorique, [email protected]
Conference Algebre combinatoire et ArbresLyon, May 2008
Rooted trees and power series of non linear operators
I Geometric and binomial series
I Postnikov’s hook length formula
Feynman diagrams and iterations of effective actions
I Some properties of the Tutte polynomial
I Loop decomposition of the Symanzik polynomial
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 2: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Power series of non linear operators, effectiveactions and some combinatorial illustrations
Krajewski Thomas
Centre de Physique Theorique, [email protected]
Conference Algebre combinatoire et ArbresLyon, May 2008
Rooted trees and power series of non linear operators
I Geometric and binomial series
I Postnikov’s hook length formula
Feynman diagrams and iterations of effective actions
I Some properties of the Tutte polynomial
I Loop decomposition of the Symanzik polynomial
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 3: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Power series of non linear operators, effectiveactions and some combinatorial illustrations
Krajewski Thomas
Centre de Physique Theorique, [email protected]
Conference Algebre combinatoire et ArbresLyon, May 2008
Rooted trees and power series of non linear operators
I Geometric and binomial series
I Postnikov’s hook length formula
Feynman diagrams and iterations of effective actions
I Some properties of the Tutte polynomial
I Loop decomposition of the Symanzik polynomial
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 4: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Power series of non linear operators, effectiveactions and some combinatorial illustrations
Krajewski Thomas
Centre de Physique Theorique, [email protected]
Conference Algebre combinatoire et ArbresLyon, May 2008
Rooted trees and power series of non linear operators
I Geometric and binomial series
I Postnikov’s hook length formula
Feynman diagrams and iterations of effective actions
I Some properties of the Tutte polynomial
I Loop decomposition of the Symanzik polynomial
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 5: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Power series of non linear operators, effectiveactions and some combinatorial illustrations
Krajewski Thomas
Centre de Physique Theorique, [email protected]
Conference Algebre combinatoire et ArbresLyon, May 2008
Rooted trees and power series of non linear operators
I Geometric and binomial series
I Postnikov’s hook length formula
Feynman diagrams and iterations of effective actions
I Some properties of the Tutte polynomial
I Loop decomposition of the Symanzik polynomial
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 6: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Power series of non linear operators, effectiveactions and some combinatorial illustrations
Krajewski Thomas
Centre de Physique Theorique, [email protected]
Conference Algebre combinatoire et ArbresLyon, May 2008
Rooted trees and power series of non linear operators
I Geometric and binomial series
I Postnikov’s hook length formula
Feynman diagrams and iterations of effective actions
I Some properties of the Tutte polynomial
I Loop decomposition of the Symanzik polynomial
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 7: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Power series of non linear operators, effectiveactions and some combinatorial illustrations
Krajewski Thomas
Centre de Physique Theorique, [email protected]
Conference Algebre combinatoire et ArbresLyon, May 2008
Rooted trees and power series of non linear operators
I Geometric and binomial series
I Postnikov’s hook length formula
Feynman diagrams and iterations of effective actions
I Some properties of the Tutte polynomial
I Loop decomposition of the Symanzik polynomial
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 8: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Perturbative solution of a differential equation
Expand the solution of differential equation
dx
ds= X (x), x(s0) = x0,
in powers of (s − s0) with
dx i
ds = X i
d2x i
ds2 =∑
j∂X i
∂x j X j
d3x i
ds3 =∑
j,k∂X i
∂x j∂X j
∂xk X k + ∂2X i
∂x j∂xk X jX k
d4x i
ds4 =∑
j,k,l∂X i
∂x j∂X j
∂xk∂X k
∂x l X l + 3 ∂2X i
∂x j∂xk∂X k
∂x l X jX l
+ ∂3X i
∂x j∂xk∂x l X jX kX l + ∂X i
∂x j∂2X j
∂xk∂x l X kX l
Each of these terms correspond to rooted trees with various weights.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 9: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Perturbative solution of a differential equation
Expand the solution of differential equation
dx
ds= X (x), x(s0) = x0,
in powers of (s − s0)
with
dx i
ds = X i
d2x i
ds2 =∑
j∂X i
∂x j X j
d3x i
ds3 =∑
j,k∂X i
∂x j∂X j
∂xk X k + ∂2X i
∂x j∂xk X jX k
d4x i
ds4 =∑
j,k,l∂X i
∂x j∂X j
∂xk∂X k
∂x l X l + 3 ∂2X i
∂x j∂xk∂X k
∂x l X jX l
+ ∂3X i
∂x j∂xk∂x l X jX kX l + ∂X i
∂x j∂2X j
∂xk∂x l X kX l
Each of these terms correspond to rooted trees with various weights.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 10: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Perturbative solution of a differential equation
Expand the solution of differential equation
dx
ds= X (x), x(s0) = x0,
in powers of (s − s0) with
dx i
ds = X i
d2x i
ds2 =∑
j∂X i
∂x j X j
d3x i
ds3 =∑
j,k∂X i
∂x j∂X j
∂xk X k + ∂2X i
∂x j∂xk X jX k
d4x i
ds4 =∑
j,k,l∂X i
∂x j∂X j
∂xk∂X k
∂x l X l + 3 ∂2X i
∂x j∂xk∂X k
∂x l X jX l
+ ∂3X i
∂x j∂xk∂x l X jX kX l + ∂X i
∂x j∂2X j
∂xk∂x l X kX l
Each of these terms correspond to rooted trees with various weights.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 11: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Perturbative solution of a differential equation
Expand the solution of differential equation
dx
ds= X (x), x(s0) = x0,
in powers of (s − s0) with
dx i
ds = X i
d2x i
ds2 =∑
j∂X i
∂x j X j
d3x i
ds3 =∑
j,k∂X i
∂x j∂X j
∂xk X k + ∂2X i
∂x j∂xk X jX k
d4x i
ds4 =∑
j,k,l∂X i
∂x j∂X j
∂xk∂X k
∂x l X l + 3 ∂2X i
∂x j∂xk∂X k
∂x l X jX l
+ ∂3X i
∂x j∂xk∂x l X jX kX l + ∂X i
∂x j∂2X j
∂xk∂x l X kX l
Each of these terms correspond to rooted trees with various weights.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 12: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Runge-Kutta methods
Numerical algorithm based on the Runge-Kutta method, given by asquare matrix (aij)1≤i,j≤n and a vector (bi )1≤i≤n of real numbers,
x(s1) = x(s0) + hn∑
i=1
biX (yi ),
where yi is determined by yi = x0 + h∑n
j=1 aijX (yj) and h = s1 − s0.
The method is of order n if it agrees with the exact expansion up toterms of order hn.
Runge-Kutta methods can be composed (Butcher’s B-series):
I compute x(s1) starting at x(s0) by a first method
I compute x(ss) starting at x(s1) by a second method
amounts to compute x(s2) starting at x(s0) by a third method.
This can be formalized using the Hopf algebra of rooted trees.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 13: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Runge-Kutta methods
Numerical algorithm based on the Runge-Kutta method, given by asquare matrix (aij)1≤i,j≤n and a vector (bi )1≤i≤n of real numbers,
x(s1) = x(s0) + hn∑
i=1
biX (yi ),
where yi is determined by yi = x0 + h∑n
j=1 aijX (yj) and h = s1 − s0.
The method is of order n if it agrees with the exact expansion up toterms of order hn.
Runge-Kutta methods can be composed (Butcher’s B-series):
I compute x(s1) starting at x(s0) by a first method
I compute x(ss) starting at x(s1) by a second method
amounts to compute x(s2) starting at x(s0) by a third method.
This can be formalized using the Hopf algebra of rooted trees.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 14: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Runge-Kutta methods
Numerical algorithm based on the Runge-Kutta method, given by asquare matrix (aij)1≤i,j≤n and a vector (bi )1≤i≤n of real numbers,
x(s1) = x(s0) + hn∑
i=1
biX (yi ),
where yi is determined by yi = x0 + h∑n
j=1 aijX (yj) and h = s1 − s0.
The method is of order n if it agrees with the exact expansion up toterms of order hn.
Runge-Kutta methods can be composed (Butcher’s B-series):
I compute x(s1) starting at x(s0) by a first method
I compute x(ss) starting at x(s1) by a second method
amounts to compute x(s2) starting at x(s0) by a third method.
This can be formalized using the Hopf algebra of rooted trees.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 15: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Runge-Kutta methods
Numerical algorithm based on the Runge-Kutta method, given by asquare matrix (aij)1≤i,j≤n and a vector (bi )1≤i≤n of real numbers,
x(s1) = x(s0) + hn∑
i=1
biX (yi ),
where yi is determined by yi = x0 + h∑n
j=1 aijX (yj) and h = s1 − s0.
The method is of order n if it agrees with the exact expansion up toterms of order hn.
Runge-Kutta methods can be composed (Butcher’s B-series):
I compute x(s1) starting at x(s0) by a first method
I compute x(ss) starting at x(s1) by a second method
amounts to compute x(s2) starting at x(s0) by a third method.
This can be formalized using the Hopf algebra of rooted trees.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 16: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Runge-Kutta methods
Numerical algorithm based on the Runge-Kutta method, given by asquare matrix (aij)1≤i,j≤n and a vector (bi )1≤i≤n of real numbers,
x(s1) = x(s0) + hn∑
i=1
biX (yi ),
where yi is determined by yi = x0 + h∑n
j=1 aijX (yj) and h = s1 − s0.
The method is of order n if it agrees with the exact expansion up toterms of order hn.
Runge-Kutta methods can be composed (Butcher’s B-series):
I compute x(s1) starting at x(s0) by a first method
I compute x(ss) starting at x(s1) by a second method
amounts to compute x(s2) starting at x(s0) by a third method.
This can be formalized using the Hopf algebra of rooted trees.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 17: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Runge-Kutta methods
Numerical algorithm based on the Runge-Kutta method, given by asquare matrix (aij)1≤i,j≤n and a vector (bi )1≤i≤n of real numbers,
x(s1) = x(s0) + hn∑
i=1
biX (yi ),
where yi is determined by yi = x0 + h∑n
j=1 aijX (yj) and h = s1 − s0.
The method is of order n if it agrees with the exact expansion up toterms of order hn.
Runge-Kutta methods can be composed (Butcher’s B-series):
I compute x(s1) starting at x(s0) by a first method
I compute x(ss) starting at x(s1) by a second method
amounts to compute x(s2) starting at x(s0) by a third method.
This can be formalized using the Hopf algebra of rooted trees.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 18: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Runge-Kutta methods
Numerical algorithm based on the Runge-Kutta method, given by asquare matrix (aij)1≤i,j≤n and a vector (bi )1≤i≤n of real numbers,
x(s1) = x(s0) + hn∑
i=1
biX (yi ),
where yi is determined by yi = x0 + h∑n
j=1 aijX (yj) and h = s1 − s0.
The method is of order n if it agrees with the exact expansion up toterms of order hn.
Runge-Kutta methods can be composed (Butcher’s B-series):
I compute x(s1) starting at x(s0) by a first method
I compute x(ss) starting at x(s1) by a second method
amounts to compute x(s2) starting at x(s0) by a third method.
This can be formalized using the Hopf algebra of rooted trees.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 19: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Runge-Kutta methods
Numerical algorithm based on the Runge-Kutta method, given by asquare matrix (aij)1≤i,j≤n and a vector (bi )1≤i≤n of real numbers,
x(s1) = x(s0) + hn∑
i=1
biX (yi ),
where yi is determined by yi = x0 + h∑n
j=1 aijX (yj) and h = s1 − s0.
The method is of order n if it agrees with the exact expansion up toterms of order hn.
Runge-Kutta methods can be composed (Butcher’s B-series):
I compute x(s1) starting at x(s0) by a first method
I compute x(ss) starting at x(s1) by a second method
amounts to compute x(s2) starting at x(s0) by a third method.
This can be formalized using the Hopf algebra of rooted trees.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 20: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Hopf algebra of rooted trees
HT = commutative algebra generated by all (isomorphism classes) ofrooted trees. Hopf algebra structure:
I coproduct
∆(t) = t ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ t +∑
c admissible cut
Pc(t)⊗ Rc(t) (1)
admissible cut : any path from any leaf to the root is cut at mostonceRc(t) = connected component of the rootPc(t) = product of remaining trees.
I counit: ε(t) = 0 unless t = 1
I antipode:
S(t) = −∑c cut
(−1)nc (t)Πc(t), (2)
nc(t) = number of cuts.
HT is graded by the number of vertices |t|.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 21: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hopf algebra of rooted trees
HT = commutative algebra generated by all (isomorphism classes) ofrooted trees. Hopf algebra structure:
I coproduct
∆(t) = t ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ t +∑
c admissible cut
Pc(t)⊗ Rc(t) (1)
admissible cut : any path from any leaf to the root is cut at mostonceRc(t) = connected component of the rootPc(t) = product of remaining trees.
I counit: ε(t) = 0 unless t = 1
I antipode:
S(t) = −∑c cut
(−1)nc (t)Πc(t), (2)
nc(t) = number of cuts.
HT is graded by the number of vertices |t|.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 22: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hopf algebra of rooted trees
HT = commutative algebra generated by all (isomorphism classes) ofrooted trees.
Hopf algebra structure:
I coproduct
∆(t) = t ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ t +∑
c admissible cut
Pc(t)⊗ Rc(t) (1)
admissible cut : any path from any leaf to the root is cut at mostonceRc(t) = connected component of the rootPc(t) = product of remaining trees.
I counit: ε(t) = 0 unless t = 1
I antipode:
S(t) = −∑c cut
(−1)nc (t)Πc(t), (2)
nc(t) = number of cuts.
HT is graded by the number of vertices |t|.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 23: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Hopf algebra of rooted trees
HT = commutative algebra generated by all (isomorphism classes) ofrooted trees. Hopf algebra structure:
I coproduct
∆(t) = t ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ t +∑
c admissible cut
Pc(t)⊗ Rc(t) (1)
admissible cut : any path from any leaf to the root is cut at mostonceRc(t) = connected component of the rootPc(t) = product of remaining trees.
I counit: ε(t) = 0 unless t = 1
I antipode:
S(t) = −∑c cut
(−1)nc (t)Πc(t), (2)
nc(t) = number of cuts.
HT is graded by the number of vertices |t|.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 24: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Hopf algebra of rooted trees
HT = commutative algebra generated by all (isomorphism classes) ofrooted trees. Hopf algebra structure:
I coproduct
∆(t) = t ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ t +∑
c admissible cut
Pc(t)⊗ Rc(t) (1)
admissible cut : any path from any leaf to the root is cut at mostonceRc(t) = connected component of the rootPc(t) = product of remaining trees.
I counit: ε(t) = 0 unless t = 1
I antipode:
S(t) = −∑c cut
(−1)nc (t)Πc(t), (2)
nc(t) = number of cuts.
HT is graded by the number of vertices |t|.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 25: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Hopf algebra of rooted trees
HT = commutative algebra generated by all (isomorphism classes) ofrooted trees. Hopf algebra structure:
I coproduct
∆(t) = t ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ t +∑
c admissible cut
Pc(t)⊗ Rc(t) (1)
admissible cut : any path from any leaf to the root is cut at mostonceRc(t) = connected component of the rootPc(t) = product of remaining trees.
I counit: ε(t) = 0 unless t = 1
I antipode:
S(t) = −∑c cut
(−1)nc (t)Πc(t), (2)
nc(t) = number of cuts.
HT is graded by the number of vertices |t|.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 26: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hopf algebra of rooted trees
HT = commutative algebra generated by all (isomorphism classes) ofrooted trees. Hopf algebra structure:
I coproduct
∆(t) = t ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ t +∑
c admissible cut
Pc(t)⊗ Rc(t) (1)
admissible cut : any path from any leaf to the root is cut at mostonceRc(t) = connected component of the rootPc(t) = product of remaining trees.
I counit: ε(t) = 0 unless t = 1
I antipode:
S(t) = −∑c cut
(−1)nc (t)Πc(t), (2)
nc(t) = number of cuts.
HT is graded by the number of vertices |t|.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 27: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Hopf algebra of rooted trees
HT = commutative algebra generated by all (isomorphism classes) ofrooted trees. Hopf algebra structure:
I coproduct
∆(t) = t ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ t +∑
c admissible cut
Pc(t)⊗ Rc(t) (1)
admissible cut : any path from any leaf to the root is cut at mostonceRc(t) = connected component of the rootPc(t) = product of remaining trees.
I counit: ε(t) = 0 unless t = 1
I antipode:
S(t) = −∑c cut
(−1)nc (t)Πc(t), (2)
nc(t) = number of cuts.
HT is graded by the number of vertices |t|.Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 28: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Lie groups and Lie algebras associated to HT
Characters of HT form a group GT for the convolution product
α ∗ β = (α⊗ β) ◦∆ (3)
with unit ε and inverse α−1 = α ◦ S .
Infinitesimal characters (derivations with values in the trivial bimoduleprovided by ε) define its Lie algebra GT .
I Lie bracket only involves single cuts (nc=1)
I exp∗(δ) =∑
nδ∗n
n! is a bijection between GT and GT
Powerful technique for proving general results.
GT is a projective limit of finite dimensional nilpotent Lie group G nT with
Lie algebra GnT both obtained by truncation at order n.
Results also valid for the more general graded and commutative Hopfalgebras based on Feynman diagrams.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 29: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Lie groups and Lie algebras associated to HT
Characters of HT form a group GT for the convolution product
α ∗ β = (α⊗ β) ◦∆ (3)
with unit ε and inverse α−1 = α ◦ S .
Infinitesimal characters (derivations with values in the trivial bimoduleprovided by ε) define its Lie algebra GT .
I Lie bracket only involves single cuts (nc=1)
I exp∗(δ) =∑
nδ∗n
n! is a bijection between GT and GT
Powerful technique for proving general results.
GT is a projective limit of finite dimensional nilpotent Lie group G nT with
Lie algebra GnT both obtained by truncation at order n.
Results also valid for the more general graded and commutative Hopfalgebras based on Feynman diagrams.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 30: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Lie groups and Lie algebras associated to HT
Characters of HT form a group GT for the convolution product
α ∗ β = (α⊗ β) ◦∆ (3)
with unit ε and inverse α−1 = α ◦ S .
Infinitesimal characters (derivations with values in the trivial bimoduleprovided by ε) define its Lie algebra GT .
I Lie bracket only involves single cuts (nc=1)
I exp∗(δ) =∑
nδ∗n
n! is a bijection between GT and GT
Powerful technique for proving general results.
GT is a projective limit of finite dimensional nilpotent Lie group G nT with
Lie algebra GnT both obtained by truncation at order n.
Results also valid for the more general graded and commutative Hopfalgebras based on Feynman diagrams.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 31: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Lie groups and Lie algebras associated to HT
Characters of HT form a group GT for the convolution product
α ∗ β = (α⊗ β) ◦∆ (3)
with unit ε and inverse α−1 = α ◦ S .
Infinitesimal characters (derivations with values in the trivial bimoduleprovided by ε) define its Lie algebra GT .
I Lie bracket only involves single cuts (nc=1)
I exp∗(δ) =∑
nδ∗n
n! is a bijection between GT and GT
Powerful technique for proving general results.
GT is a projective limit of finite dimensional nilpotent Lie group G nT with
Lie algebra GnT both obtained by truncation at order n.
Results also valid for the more general graded and commutative Hopfalgebras based on Feynman diagrams.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 32: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lie groups and Lie algebras associated to HT
Characters of HT form a group GT for the convolution product
α ∗ β = (α⊗ β) ◦∆ (3)
with unit ε and inverse α−1 = α ◦ S .
Infinitesimal characters (derivations with values in the trivial bimoduleprovided by ε) define its Lie algebra GT .
I Lie bracket only involves single cuts (nc=1)
I exp∗(δ) =∑
nδ∗n
n! is a bijection between GT and GT
Powerful technique for proving general results.
GT is a projective limit of finite dimensional nilpotent Lie group G nT with
Lie algebra GnT both obtained by truncation at order n.
Results also valid for the more general graded and commutative Hopfalgebras based on Feynman diagrams.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 33: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Lie groups and Lie algebras associated to HT
Characters of HT form a group GT for the convolution product
α ∗ β = (α⊗ β) ◦∆ (3)
with unit ε and inverse α−1 = α ◦ S .
Infinitesimal characters (derivations with values in the trivial bimoduleprovided by ε) define its Lie algebra GT .
I Lie bracket only involves single cuts (nc=1)
I exp∗(δ) =∑
nδ∗n
n! is a bijection between GT and GT
Powerful technique for proving general results.
GT is a projective limit of finite dimensional nilpotent Lie group G nT with
Lie algebra GnT both obtained by truncation at order n.
Results also valid for the more general graded and commutative Hopfalgebras based on Feynman diagrams.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 34: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Lie groups and Lie algebras associated to HT
Characters of HT form a group GT for the convolution product
α ∗ β = (α⊗ β) ◦∆ (3)
with unit ε and inverse α−1 = α ◦ S .
Infinitesimal characters (derivations with values in the trivial bimoduleprovided by ε) define its Lie algebra GT .
I Lie bracket only involves single cuts (nc=1)
I exp∗(δ) =∑
nδ∗n
n! is a bijection between GT and GT
Powerful technique for proving general results.
GT is a projective limit of finite dimensional nilpotent Lie group G nT with
Lie algebra GnT both obtained by truncation at order n.
Results also valid for the more general graded and commutative Hopfalgebras based on Feynman diagrams.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 35: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Lie groups and Lie algebras associated to HT
Characters of HT form a group GT for the convolution product
α ∗ β = (α⊗ β) ◦∆ (3)
with unit ε and inverse α−1 = α ◦ S .
Infinitesimal characters (derivations with values in the trivial bimoduleprovided by ε) define its Lie algebra GT .
I Lie bracket only involves single cuts (nc=1)
I exp∗(δ) =∑
nδ∗n
n! is a bijection between GT and GT
Powerful technique for proving general results.
GT is a projective limit of finite dimensional nilpotent Lie group G nT with
Lie algebra GnT both obtained by truncation at order n.
Results also valid for the more general graded and commutative Hopfalgebras based on Feynman diagrams.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 36: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Lie groups and Lie algebras associated to HT
Characters of HT form a group GT for the convolution product
α ∗ β = (α⊗ β) ◦∆ (3)
with unit ε and inverse α−1 = α ◦ S .
Infinitesimal characters (derivations with values in the trivial bimoduleprovided by ε) define its Lie algebra GT .
I Lie bracket only involves single cuts (nc=1)
I exp∗(δ) =∑
nδ∗n
n! is a bijection between GT and GT
Powerful technique for proving general results.
GT is a projective limit of finite dimensional nilpotent Lie group G nT with
Lie algebra GnT both obtained by truncation at order n.
Results also valid for the more general graded and commutative Hopfalgebras based on Feynman diagrams.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 37: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Power series of non-linear operators
Smooth map X raised to the power of the tree t:
X t =−→∏v∈t
X (nv )
X (n): nth order differential of X with nv the number of edges leaving v
Examples: X = X ′[X ′[X ]
], X = X ′′
[X ,X
].
Formal power series of non-linear operators:
Ψα(X ) =∑
t
α(t)X t
St, α ∈ GT .
with St the symmetry factor of t (cardinal of the automorphism group).
Composition law (B-series):
Ψα(X ) ◦Ψβ(X ) = Ψβ ∗α(X ), α, β ∈ GT .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 38: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Power series of non-linear operators
Smooth map X raised to the power of the tree t:
X t =−→∏v∈t
X (nv )
X (n): nth order differential of X with nv the number of edges leaving v
Examples: X = X ′[X ′[X ]
], X = X ′′
[X ,X
].
Formal power series of non-linear operators:
Ψα(X ) =∑
t
α(t)X t
St, α ∈ GT .
with St the symmetry factor of t (cardinal of the automorphism group).
Composition law (B-series):
Ψα(X ) ◦Ψβ(X ) = Ψβ ∗α(X ), α, β ∈ GT .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 39: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Power series of non-linear operators
Smooth map X raised to the power of the tree t:
X t =−→∏v∈t
X (nv )
X (n): nth order differential of X with nv the number of edges leaving v
Examples: X = X ′[X ′[X ]
], X = X ′′
[X ,X
].
Formal power series of non-linear operators:
Ψα(X ) =∑
t
α(t)X t
St, α ∈ GT .
with St the symmetry factor of t (cardinal of the automorphism group).
Composition law (B-series):
Ψα(X ) ◦Ψβ(X ) = Ψβ ∗α(X ), α, β ∈ GT .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 40: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Power series of non-linear operators
Smooth map X raised to the power of the tree t:
X t =−→∏v∈t
X (nv )
X (n): nth order differential of X with nv the number of edges leaving v
Examples: X = X ′[X ′[X ]
], X = X ′′
[X ,X
].
Formal power series of non-linear operators:
Ψα(X ) =∑
t
α(t)X t
St, α ∈ GT .
with St the symmetry factor of t (cardinal of the automorphism group).
Composition law (B-series):
Ψα(X ) ◦Ψβ(X ) = Ψβ ∗α(X ), α, β ∈ GT .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 41: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Power series of non-linear operators
Smooth map X raised to the power of the tree t:
X t =−→∏v∈t
X (nv )
X (n): nth order differential of X with nv the number of edges leaving v
Examples: X = X ′[X ′[X ]
], X = X ′′
[X ,X
].
Formal power series of non-linear operators:
Ψα(X ) =∑
t
α(t)X t
St, α ∈ GT .
with St the symmetry factor of t (cardinal of the automorphism group).
Composition law (B-series):
Ψα(X ) ◦Ψβ(X ) = Ψβ ∗α(X ), α, β ∈ GT .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 42: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Geometric series
If α is the character that takes the value −1 on the tree with one vertexand 0 otherwise, α−1 = α ◦ S takes the value 1 on all trees and definesthe geometric series
(id− X )−1 =∑
t
X t
St
Perturbative solution of the fixed point equation
x = x0 + X (x) → x = (id− X )−1(x0)
Applications:I solution of differential equations written in integral form,I counting trees (X (x) = x2 and x0 = 1 → Catalan numbers),I resummation of tree-like structures (example: planar diagrams)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 43: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Geometric series
If α is the character that takes the value −1 on the tree with one vertexand 0 otherwise, α−1 = α ◦ S takes the value 1 on all trees and definesthe geometric series
(id− X )−1 =∑
t
X t
St
Perturbative solution of the fixed point equation
x = x0 + X (x) → x = (id− X )−1(x0)
Applications:I solution of differential equations written in integral form,I counting trees (X (x) = x2 and x0 = 1 → Catalan numbers),I resummation of tree-like structures (example: planar diagrams)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 44: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Geometric series
If α is the character that takes the value −1 on the tree with one vertexand 0 otherwise, α−1 = α ◦ S takes the value 1 on all trees and definesthe geometric series
(id− X )−1 =∑
t
X t
St
Perturbative solution of the fixed point equation
x = x0 + X (x) → x = (id− X )−1(x0)
Applications:I solution of differential equations written in integral form,I counting trees (X (x) = x2 and x0 = 1 → Catalan numbers),I resummation of tree-like structures (example: planar diagrams)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 45: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Geometric series
If α is the character that takes the value −1 on the tree with one vertexand 0 otherwise, α−1 = α ◦ S takes the value 1 on all trees and definesthe geometric series
(id− X )−1 =∑
t
X t
St
Perturbative solution of the fixed point equation
x = x0 + X (x) → x = (id− X )−1(x0)
Applications:
I solution of differential equations written in integral form,I counting trees (X (x) = x2 and x0 = 1 → Catalan numbers),I resummation of tree-like structures (example: planar diagrams)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 46: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Geometric series
If α is the character that takes the value −1 on the tree with one vertexand 0 otherwise, α−1 = α ◦ S takes the value 1 on all trees and definesthe geometric series
(id− X )−1 =∑
t
X t
St
Perturbative solution of the fixed point equation
x = x0 + X (x) → x = (id− X )−1(x0)
Applications:I solution of differential equations written in integral form,
I counting trees (X (x) = x2 and x0 = 1 → Catalan numbers),I resummation of tree-like structures (example: planar diagrams)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 47: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Geometric series
If α is the character that takes the value −1 on the tree with one vertexand 0 otherwise, α−1 = α ◦ S takes the value 1 on all trees and definesthe geometric series
(id− X )−1 =∑
t
X t
St
Perturbative solution of the fixed point equation
x = x0 + X (x) → x = (id− X )−1(x0)
Applications:I solution of differential equations written in integral form,I counting trees (X (x) = x2 and x0 = 1 → Catalan numbers),
I resummation of tree-like structures (example: planar diagrams)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 48: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Geometric series
If α is the character that takes the value −1 on the tree with one vertexand 0 otherwise, α−1 = α ◦ S takes the value 1 on all trees and definesthe geometric series
(id− X )−1 =∑
t
X t
St
Perturbative solution of the fixed point equation
x = x0 + X (x) → x = (id− X )−1(x0)
Applications:I solution of differential equations written in integral form,I counting trees (X (x) = x2 and x0 = 1 → Catalan numbers),I resummation of tree-like structures (example: planar diagrams)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 49: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Tree ordered products
Pertubative solution of a non-linear time dependent differential equation
dx
ds= Xs(x), x(s0) = x0,
as Rs,s0 (x0) with
Rs,s0 =∑
t
1
st
∫I ts,s0
d |t|s−→∏v∈t
X(nv )sv .
I ts,s0⊂ R|t| is a treeplex (generalization of a simplex) obtained by
assigning real numbers sv to the vertices in decreasing order from theroot to the leaves, with s root ≤ s and s leaf ≥ s0.
For a time independent equation we the tree factorial t!∫I ts,s0
d |t|s =1
t!.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 50: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Tree ordered products
Pertubative solution of a non-linear time dependent differential equation
dx
ds= Xs(x), x(s0) = x0,
as Rs,s0 (x0) with
Rs,s0 =∑
t
1
st
∫I ts,s0
d |t|s−→∏v∈t
X(nv )sv .
I ts,s0⊂ R|t| is a treeplex (generalization of a simplex) obtained by
assigning real numbers sv to the vertices in decreasing order from theroot to the leaves, with s root ≤ s and s leaf ≥ s0.
For a time independent equation we the tree factorial t!∫I ts,s0
d |t|s =1
t!.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 51: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Tree ordered products
Pertubative solution of a non-linear time dependent differential equation
dx
ds= Xs(x), x(s0) = x0,
as Rs,s0 (x0) with
Rs,s0 =∑
t
1
st
∫I ts,s0
d |t|s−→∏v∈t
X(nv )sv .
I ts,s0⊂ R|t| is a treeplex (generalization of a simplex) obtained by
assigning real numbers sv to the vertices in decreasing order from theroot to the leaves, with s root ≤ s and s leaf ≥ s0.
For a time independent equation we the tree factorial t!∫I ts,s0
d |t|s =1
t!.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 52: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Tree ordered products
Pertubative solution of a non-linear time dependent differential equation
dx
ds= Xs(x), x(s0) = x0,
as Rs,s0 (x0) with
Rs,s0 =∑
t
1
st
∫I ts,s0
d |t|s−→∏v∈t
X(nv )sv .
I ts,s0⊂ R|t| is a treeplex (generalization of a simplex) obtained by
assigning real numbers sv to the vertices in decreasing order from theroot to the leaves, with s root ≤ s and s leaf ≥ s0.
For a time independent equation we the tree factorial t!∫I ts,s0
d |t|s =1
t!.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 53: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Geometric interpretation of the coproduct
Comparing both sides of Rs2,s1 ◦ Rs1,s0 = Rs2,s0 yields a disjoint union
I ts2,s0
=⋃
c admissible cut
Sc
(It′1s1,s0 × · · · × I tn
s1,s0× I t′′
s2,s1
)(4)
with Pc(t) = t ′1 . . . t′n and Rc(t) = t ′′ and Sc a permutation of the labels
preserving the ordering of the tree.
Example:
∆( )
= 1⊗ + ⊗ 1 + 2 ⊗ + ⊗ .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 54: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Geometric interpretation of the coproduct
Comparing both sides of Rs2,s1 ◦ Rs1,s0 = Rs2,s0 yields a disjoint union
I ts2,s0
=⋃
c admissible cut
Sc
(It′1s1,s0 × · · · × I tn
s1,s0× I t′′
s2,s1
)(4)
with Pc(t) = t ′1 . . . t′n and Rc(t) = t ′′ and Sc a permutation of the labels
preserving the ordering of the tree.
Example:
∆( )
= 1⊗ + ⊗ 1 + 2 ⊗ + ⊗ .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 55: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The binomial series
Expanding (α)a = (ε+ α− ε)a for α the character that takes the value 1on the tree with one vertex and vanishes otherwise, we obtain thebinomial series for a non linear operator
(id + X )a =∑
t
|t|∑n=dt
N(n, t)a(a− 1) · · · (a− n + 1)
n!
X t
St
where N(n, t) is the number of surjective maps from the vertices of t to{1, · · · , n}, strictly increasing from the root to the leaves (heaps) and dt
is the height of the tree, i.e. the length of the longest path from the rootto the leaves.
Square root of a diffeomorphism close to the identity
√id + X = id 1
2 X − 18 X ′[X ] + 1
16 X ′[X ′[X ]]− 5128 X ′[X ′[X ′[X ]]]
+ 1128 X ′′[X ,X ′[X ]]− 1
2·64 X ′[X ′′[X ,X ]] + 16·64 X ′′′[X ,X ,X ] + · · ·
which fulfills√
id + X ◦√
id + X = id + X up to terms of fifth order.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 56: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The binomial series
Expanding (α)a = (ε+ α− ε)a for α the character that takes the value 1on the tree with one vertex and vanishes otherwise, we obtain thebinomial series for a non linear operator
(id + X )a =∑
t
|t|∑n=dt
N(n, t)a(a− 1) · · · (a− n + 1)
n!
X t
St
where N(n, t) is the number of surjective maps from the vertices of t to{1, · · · , n}, strictly increasing from the root to the leaves (heaps) and dt
is the height of the tree, i.e. the length of the longest path from the rootto the leaves.
Square root of a diffeomorphism close to the identity
√id + X = id 1
2 X − 18 X ′[X ] + 1
16 X ′[X ′[X ]]− 5128 X ′[X ′[X ′[X ]]]
+ 1128 X ′′[X ,X ′[X ]]− 1
2·64 X ′[X ′′[X ,X ]] + 16·64 X ′′′[X ,X ,X ] + · · ·
which fulfills√
id + X ◦√
id + X = id + X up to terms of fifth order.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 57: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The binomial series
Expanding (α)a = (ε+ α− ε)a for α the character that takes the value 1on the tree with one vertex and vanishes otherwise, we obtain thebinomial series for a non linear operator
(id + X )a =∑
t
|t|∑n=dt
N(n, t)a(a− 1) · · · (a− n + 1)
n!
X t
St
where N(n, t) is the number of surjective maps from the vertices of t to{1, · · · , n}, strictly increasing from the root to the leaves (heaps) and dt
is the height of the tree, i.e. the length of the longest path from the rootto the leaves.
Square root of a diffeomorphism close to the identity
√id + X = id 1
2 X − 18 X ′[X ] + 1
16 X ′[X ′[X ]]− 5128 X ′[X ′[X ′[X ]]]
+ 1128 X ′′[X ,X ′[X ]]− 1
2·64 X ′[X ′′[X ,X ]] + 16·64 X ′′′[X ,X ,X ] + · · ·
which fulfills√
id + X ◦√
id + X = id + X up to terms of fifth order.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 58: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Combinatorial applications of the binomial series
If β takes the value 1 on all trees, expanding (β)−a = (ε− α)a yields
(id− X )−a =∑
t
|t|∑n=dt
N(n, t)a(a− 1) · · · (a− n + 1)
n!
X t
St
with N(n, t) the number of surjective maps from the vertices of t to{1, · · · , n}, non decreasing from the root to the leaves.
Equating (id− X )a with a binomial series we get identities between
N(n, t) and N(n, t). For instance, for a = 1, 2
1 =∑|t|
n=dt(−1)n+|t|N(n, t)
N(2, t) =∑|t|
n=dt(−1)n+|t|(n − 1)N(t, n)
Computing the exponential as eX = limn→∞(id + X
n
)nwe obtain a
combinatorial formula for the tree factorial
|t|!t!
= N(|t|, t).
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 59: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Combinatorial applications of the binomial series
If β takes the value 1 on all trees, expanding (β)−a = (ε− α)a yields
(id− X )−a =∑
t
|t|∑n=dt
N(n, t)a(a− 1) · · · (a− n + 1)
n!
X t
St
with N(n, t) the number of surjective maps from the vertices of t to{1, · · · , n}, non decreasing from the root to the leaves.
Equating (id− X )a with a binomial series we get identities between
N(n, t) and N(n, t). For instance, for a = 1, 2
1 =∑|t|
n=dt(−1)n+|t|N(n, t)
N(2, t) =∑|t|
n=dt(−1)n+|t|(n − 1)N(t, n)
Computing the exponential as eX = limn→∞(id + X
n
)nwe obtain a
combinatorial formula for the tree factorial
|t|!t!
= N(|t|, t).
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 60: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Combinatorial applications of the binomial series
If β takes the value 1 on all trees, expanding (β)−a = (ε− α)a yields
(id− X )−a =∑
t
|t|∑n=dt
N(n, t)a(a− 1) · · · (a− n + 1)
n!
X t
St
with N(n, t) the number of surjective maps from the vertices of t to{1, · · · , n}, non decreasing from the root to the leaves.
Equating (id− X )a with a binomial series we get identities between
N(n, t) and N(n, t). For instance, for a = 1, 2
1 =∑|t|
n=dt(−1)n+|t|N(n, t)
N(2, t) =∑|t|
n=dt(−1)n+|t|(n − 1)N(t, n)
Computing the exponential as eX = limn→∞(id + X
n
)nwe obtain a
combinatorial formula for the tree factorial
|t|!t!
= N(|t|, t).
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 61: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Combinatorial applications of the binomial series
If β takes the value 1 on all trees, expanding (β)−a = (ε− α)a yields
(id− X )−a =∑
t
|t|∑n=dt
N(n, t)a(a− 1) · · · (a− n + 1)
n!
X t
St
with N(n, t) the number of surjective maps from the vertices of t to{1, · · · , n}, non decreasing from the root to the leaves.
Equating (id− X )a with a binomial series we get identities between
N(n, t) and N(n, t). For instance, for a = 1, 2
1 =∑|t|
n=dt(−1)n+|t|N(n, t)
N(2, t) =∑|t|
n=dt(−1)n+|t|(n − 1)N(t, n)
Computing the exponential as eX = limn→∞(id + X
n
)nwe obtain a
combinatorial formula for the tree factorial
|t|!t!
= N(|t|, t).
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 62: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Postnikov’s hook length formula
In his study of the permutohedron, Postnikov’s introduced the followingformula ∑
plane binary treesof order n
∏v
(1 +
1
hv
)= (n + 1)n−1 2n
n!
where the hook length hv is the number of vertices below v (v included).
Since∏
v1hv
= 1t! , this correspond to a geometric series evaluated at 1
for the functional operator
X [f ](s) = sf 2(s) +
∫ s
0
ds ′f 2(s ′).
The associated differential equation is solved by f (s) satisfyingf (s) = e2sf (s) whose power expansion is computed using the Lagrangeinversion formula.
Combinatorial intepretation:
1|t|!∏
v
(1 + 1
hv
)= N(t, |t|)
∏v (1 + hv )
= #{
tree ordered lists of paths from vertices to leaves}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 63: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Postnikov’s hook length formula
In his study of the permutohedron, Postnikov’s introduced the followingformula ∑
plane binary treesof order n
∏v
(1 +
1
hv
)= (n + 1)n−1 2n
n!
where the hook length hv is the number of vertices below v (v included).
Since∏
v1hv
= 1t! , this correspond to a geometric series evaluated at 1
for the functional operator
X [f ](s) = sf 2(s) +
∫ s
0
ds ′f 2(s ′).
The associated differential equation is solved by f (s) satisfyingf (s) = e2sf (s) whose power expansion is computed using the Lagrangeinversion formula.
Combinatorial intepretation:
1|t|!∏
v
(1 + 1
hv
)= N(t, |t|)
∏v (1 + hv )
= #{
tree ordered lists of paths from vertices to leaves}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 64: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Postnikov’s hook length formula
In his study of the permutohedron, Postnikov’s introduced the followingformula ∑
plane binary treesof order n
∏v
(1 +
1
hv
)= (n + 1)n−1 2n
n!
where the hook length hv is the number of vertices below v (v included).
Since∏
v1hv
= 1t! , this correspond to a geometric series evaluated at 1
for the functional operator
X [f ](s) = sf 2(s) +
∫ s
0
ds ′f 2(s ′).
The associated differential equation is solved by f (s) satisfyingf (s) = e2sf (s) whose power expansion is computed using the Lagrangeinversion formula.
Combinatorial intepretation:
1|t|!∏
v
(1 + 1
hv
)= N(t, |t|)
∏v (1 + hv )
= #{
tree ordered lists of paths from vertices to leaves}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 65: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Postnikov’s hook length formula
In his study of the permutohedron, Postnikov’s introduced the followingformula ∑
plane binary treesof order n
∏v
(1 +
1
hv
)= (n + 1)n−1 2n
n!
where the hook length hv is the number of vertices below v (v included).
Since∏
v1hv
= 1t! , this correspond to a geometric series evaluated at 1
for the functional operator
X [f ](s) = sf 2(s) +
∫ s
0
ds ′f 2(s ′).
The associated differential equation is solved by f (s) satisfyingf (s) = e2sf (s) whose power expansion is computed using the Lagrangeinversion formula.
Combinatorial intepretation:
1|t|!∏
v
(1 + 1
hv
)= N(t, |t|)
∏v (1 + hv )
= #{
tree ordered lists of paths from vertices to leaves}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 66: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Wilsonian effective action
Path integral in quantum field theory:
Z =
∫[Dφ] e−
12χ·A
−1Λ0·χ+S0[φ]
A−1Λ0
implements the integration over field whose Fourier transform vanishfor momenta above the cut-off Λ0 and S0 is the bare action.
Wilsonian renormalization:Introduce a lower cut-off Λ and first integrate over fields with momentabetween Λ and Λ0 to obtain an effective action SΛ
Z =
∫[Dφ] e−
12φ·A
−1Λ ·φ+SΛ[φ] with SΛ[φ] = log
∫[Dχ] e−
12χ·A
−1Λ,Λ0·χ+SΛ[φ+χ]
Polchinski’s equation:Differential equation for SΛ that generate Feynman diagrams
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 67: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Wilsonian effective action
Path integral in quantum field theory:
Z =
∫[Dφ] e−
12χ·A
−1Λ0·χ+S0[φ]
A−1Λ0
implements the integration over field whose Fourier transform vanishfor momenta above the cut-off Λ0 and S0 is the bare action.
Wilsonian renormalization:Introduce a lower cut-off Λ and first integrate over fields with momentabetween Λ and Λ0 to obtain an effective action SΛ
Z =
∫[Dφ] e−
12φ·A
−1Λ ·φ+SΛ[φ] with SΛ[φ] = log
∫[Dχ] e−
12χ·A
−1Λ,Λ0·χ+SΛ[φ+χ]
Polchinski’s equation:Differential equation for SΛ that generate Feynman diagrams
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 68: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Wilsonian effective action
Path integral in quantum field theory:
Z =
∫[Dφ] e−
12χ·A
−1Λ0·χ+S0[φ]
A−1Λ0
implements the integration over field whose Fourier transform vanishfor momenta above the cut-off Λ0 and S0 is the bare action.
Wilsonian renormalization:Introduce a lower cut-off Λ and first integrate over fields with momentabetween Λ and Λ0 to obtain an effective action SΛ
Z =
∫[Dφ] e−
12φ·A
−1Λ ·φ+SΛ[φ] with SΛ[φ] = log
∫[Dχ] e−
12χ·A
−1Λ,Λ0·χ+SΛ[φ+χ]
Polchinski’s equation:Differential equation for SΛ that generate Feynman diagrams
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 69: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Wilsonian effective action
Path integral in quantum field theory:
Z =
∫[Dφ] e−
12χ·A
−1Λ0·χ+S0[φ]
A−1Λ0
implements the integration over field whose Fourier transform vanishfor momenta above the cut-off Λ0 and S0 is the bare action.
Wilsonian renormalization:Introduce a lower cut-off Λ and first integrate over fields with momentabetween Λ and Λ0 to obtain an effective action SΛ
Z =
∫[Dφ] e−
12φ·A
−1Λ ·φ+SΛ[φ] with SΛ[φ] = log
∫[Dχ] e−
12χ·A
−1Λ,Λ0·χ+SΛ[φ+χ]
Polchinski’s equation:Differential equation for SΛ that generate Feynman diagrams
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 70: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Feynman diagram expansion
Feynman rules for the perturbed Gaußian integral
S ′[φ] = log{∫
[Dχ] e−12χ·A
−1·χ eS[φ+χ]}
=∑
γ connected diagram
Aγ(S)
Sγ[φ]
I associate a matrix element Aij to edges
I associate ∂nS∂φj1···∂φjn
(φ) to vertices of valence n
I sum over all free indices
I divide by the symmetry factor Sγ
A simple example:
1
12
∑i1,i2,i3j1,j2,j3
∂3S
∂φi1∂φi2∂φi3
[φ] Ai1,j1 Ai2, j2 Ai3, j3
∂3S
∂φj1∂φj2∂φj3
[φ]
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 71: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Feynman diagram expansion
Feynman rules for the perturbed Gaußian integral
S ′[φ] = log{∫
[Dχ] e−12χ·A
−1·χ eS[φ+χ]}
=∑
γ connected diagram
Aγ(S)
Sγ[φ]
I associate a matrix element Aij to edges
I associate ∂nS∂φj1···∂φjn
(φ) to vertices of valence n
I sum over all free indices
I divide by the symmetry factor Sγ
A simple example:
1
12
∑i1,i2,i3j1,j2,j3
∂3S
∂φi1∂φi2∂φi3
[φ] Ai1,j1 Ai2, j2 Ai3, j3
∂3S
∂φj1∂φj2∂φj3
[φ]
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 72: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Feynman diagram expansion
Feynman rules for the perturbed Gaußian integral
S ′[φ] = log{∫
[Dχ] e−12χ·A
−1·χ eS[φ+χ]}
=∑
γ connected diagram
Aγ(S)
Sγ[φ]
I associate a matrix element Aij to edges
I associate ∂nS∂φj1···∂φjn
(φ) to vertices of valence n
I sum over all free indices
I divide by the symmetry factor Sγ
A simple example:
1
12
∑i1,i2,i3j1,j2,j3
∂3S
∂φi1∂φi2∂φi3
[φ] Ai1,j1 Ai2, j2 Ai3, j3
∂3S
∂φj1∂φj2∂φj3
[φ]
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 73: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Feynman diagram expansion
Feynman rules for the perturbed Gaußian integral
S ′[φ] = log{∫
[Dχ] e−12χ·A
−1·χ eS[φ+χ]}
=∑
γ connected diagram
Aγ(S)
Sγ[φ]
I associate a matrix element Aij to edges
I associate ∂nS∂φj1···∂φjn
(φ) to vertices of valence n
I sum over all free indices
I divide by the symmetry factor Sγ
A simple example:
1
12
∑i1,i2,i3j1,j2,j3
∂3S
∂φi1∂φi2∂φi3
[φ] Ai1,j1 Ai2, j2 Ai3, j3
∂3S
∂φj1∂φj2∂φj3
[φ]
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 74: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Feynman diagram expansion
Feynman rules for the perturbed Gaußian integral
S ′[φ] = log{∫
[Dχ] e−12χ·A
−1·χ eS[φ+χ]}
=∑
γ connected diagram
Aγ(S)
Sγ[φ]
I associate a matrix element Aij to edges
I associate ∂nS∂φj1···∂φjn
(φ) to vertices of valence n
I sum over all free indices
I divide by the symmetry factor Sγ
A simple example:
1
12
∑i1,i2,i3j1,j2,j3
∂3S
∂φi1∂φi2∂φi3
[φ] Ai1,j1 Ai2, j2 Ai3, j3
∂3S
∂φj1∂φj2∂φj3
[φ]
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 75: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Feynman diagram expansion
Feynman rules for the perturbed Gaußian integral
S ′[φ] = log{∫
[Dχ] e−12χ·A
−1·χ eS[φ+χ]}
=∑
γ connected diagram
Aγ(S)
Sγ[φ]
I associate a matrix element Aij to edges
I associate ∂nS∂φj1···∂φjn
(φ) to vertices of valence n
I sum over all free indices
I divide by the symmetry factor Sγ
A simple example:
1
12
∑i1,i2,i3j1,j2,j3
∂3S
∂φi1∂φi2∂φi3
[φ] Ai1,j1 Ai2, j2 Ai3, j3
∂3S
∂φj1∂φj2∂φj3
[φ]
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 76: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Feynman diagram expansion
Feynman rules for the perturbed Gaußian integral
S ′[φ] = log{∫
[Dχ] e−12χ·A
−1·χ eS[φ+χ]}
=∑
γ connected diagram
Aγ(S)
Sγ[φ]
I associate a matrix element Aij to edges
I associate ∂nS∂φj1···∂φjn
(φ) to vertices of valence n
I sum over all free indices
I divide by the symmetry factor Sγ
A simple example:
1
12
∑i1,i2,i3j1,j2,j3
∂3S
∂φi1∂φi2∂φi3
[φ] Ai1,j1 Ai2, j2 Ai3, j3
∂3S
∂φj1∂φj2∂φj3
[φ]
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 77: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Hopf algebra of connected diagrams
HF free commutative algebra generated by all connected Feynmandiagrams with vertices of arbirary valence and coproduct
∆(Γ) = Γ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ Γ +∑
γi∩γj =∅
γ1 · · · γn ⊗ Γ/(γ1 · · · γn),
I sum over all possible mutually disjoint connected subdiagrams,I subdiagram = subset lines and vertices related to them.I reduced diagram Γ/(γ1 · · · γn) obtained by shrinking all γi to single
vertices in Γ.
HT is bigraded by the number of internal lines (edges) and loops (cycles).
Any α ∈ GT define the weights of the diagram in the expansion
S ′ = Ψα(S) =∑γ
α(γ)Aγ(S)
Sγ
Composition law analogous to B-series:
Ψα ◦Ψβ︸ ︷︷ ︸composition
= Ψβ ∗α︸ ︷︷ ︸convolution
α, β ∈ GF .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 78: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Hopf algebra of connected diagrams
HF free commutative algebra generated by all connected Feynmandiagrams with vertices of arbirary valence and coproduct
∆(Γ) = Γ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ Γ +∑
γi∩γj =∅
γ1 · · · γn ⊗ Γ/(γ1 · · · γn),
I sum over all possible mutually disjoint connected subdiagrams,I subdiagram = subset lines and vertices related to them.I reduced diagram Γ/(γ1 · · · γn) obtained by shrinking all γi to single
vertices in Γ.
HT is bigraded by the number of internal lines (edges) and loops (cycles).
Any α ∈ GT define the weights of the diagram in the expansion
S ′ = Ψα(S) =∑γ
α(γ)Aγ(S)
Sγ
Composition law analogous to B-series:
Ψα ◦Ψβ︸ ︷︷ ︸composition
= Ψβ ∗α︸ ︷︷ ︸convolution
α, β ∈ GF .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 79: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Hopf algebra of connected diagrams
HF free commutative algebra generated by all connected Feynmandiagrams with vertices of arbirary valence and coproduct
∆(Γ) = Γ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ Γ +∑
γi∩γj =∅
γ1 · · · γn ⊗ Γ/(γ1 · · · γn),
I sum over all possible mutually disjoint connected subdiagrams,
I subdiagram = subset lines and vertices related to them.I reduced diagram Γ/(γ1 · · · γn) obtained by shrinking all γi to single
vertices in Γ.
HT is bigraded by the number of internal lines (edges) and loops (cycles).
Any α ∈ GT define the weights of the diagram in the expansion
S ′ = Ψα(S) =∑γ
α(γ)Aγ(S)
Sγ
Composition law analogous to B-series:
Ψα ◦Ψβ︸ ︷︷ ︸composition
= Ψβ ∗α︸ ︷︷ ︸convolution
α, β ∈ GF .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 80: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Hopf algebra of connected diagrams
HF free commutative algebra generated by all connected Feynmandiagrams with vertices of arbirary valence and coproduct
∆(Γ) = Γ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ Γ +∑
γi∩γj =∅
γ1 · · · γn ⊗ Γ/(γ1 · · · γn),
I sum over all possible mutually disjoint connected subdiagrams,I subdiagram = subset lines and vertices related to them.
I reduced diagram Γ/(γ1 · · · γn) obtained by shrinking all γi to singlevertices in Γ.
HT is bigraded by the number of internal lines (edges) and loops (cycles).
Any α ∈ GT define the weights of the diagram in the expansion
S ′ = Ψα(S) =∑γ
α(γ)Aγ(S)
Sγ
Composition law analogous to B-series:
Ψα ◦Ψβ︸ ︷︷ ︸composition
= Ψβ ∗α︸ ︷︷ ︸convolution
α, β ∈ GF .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 81: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Hopf algebra of connected diagrams
HF free commutative algebra generated by all connected Feynmandiagrams with vertices of arbirary valence and coproduct
∆(Γ) = Γ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ Γ +∑
γi∩γj =∅
γ1 · · · γn ⊗ Γ/(γ1 · · · γn),
I sum over all possible mutually disjoint connected subdiagrams,I subdiagram = subset lines and vertices related to them.I reduced diagram Γ/(γ1 · · · γn) obtained by shrinking all γi to single
vertices in Γ.
HT is bigraded by the number of internal lines (edges) and loops (cycles).
Any α ∈ GT define the weights of the diagram in the expansion
S ′ = Ψα(S) =∑γ
α(γ)Aγ(S)
Sγ
Composition law analogous to B-series:
Ψα ◦Ψβ︸ ︷︷ ︸composition
= Ψβ ∗α︸ ︷︷ ︸convolution
α, β ∈ GF .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 82: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Hopf algebra of connected diagrams
HF free commutative algebra generated by all connected Feynmandiagrams with vertices of arbirary valence and coproduct
∆(Γ) = Γ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ Γ +∑
γi∩γj =∅
γ1 · · · γn ⊗ Γ/(γ1 · · · γn),
I sum over all possible mutually disjoint connected subdiagrams,I subdiagram = subset lines and vertices related to them.I reduced diagram Γ/(γ1 · · · γn) obtained by shrinking all γi to single
vertices in Γ.
HT is bigraded by the number of internal lines (edges) and loops (cycles).
Any α ∈ GT define the weights of the diagram in the expansion
S ′ = Ψα(S) =∑γ
α(γ)Aγ(S)
Sγ
Composition law analogous to B-series:
Ψα ◦Ψβ︸ ︷︷ ︸composition
= Ψβ ∗α︸ ︷︷ ︸convolution
α, β ∈ GF .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 83: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Hopf algebra of connected diagrams
HF free commutative algebra generated by all connected Feynmandiagrams with vertices of arbirary valence and coproduct
∆(Γ) = Γ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ Γ +∑
γi∩γj =∅
γ1 · · · γn ⊗ Γ/(γ1 · · · γn),
I sum over all possible mutually disjoint connected subdiagrams,I subdiagram = subset lines and vertices related to them.I reduced diagram Γ/(γ1 · · · γn) obtained by shrinking all γi to single
vertices in Γ.
HT is bigraded by the number of internal lines (edges) and loops (cycles).
Any α ∈ GT define the weights of the diagram in the expansion
S ′ = Ψα(S) =∑γ
α(γ)Aγ(S)
Sγ
Composition law analogous to B-series:
Ψα ◦Ψβ︸ ︷︷ ︸composition
= Ψβ ∗α︸ ︷︷ ︸convolution
α, β ∈ GF .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 84: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Hopf algebra of connected diagrams
HF free commutative algebra generated by all connected Feynmandiagrams with vertices of arbirary valence and coproduct
∆(Γ) = Γ⊗ 1 + 1⊗ Γ +∑
γi∩γj =∅
γ1 · · · γn ⊗ Γ/(γ1 · · · γn),
I sum over all possible mutually disjoint connected subdiagrams,I subdiagram = subset lines and vertices related to them.I reduced diagram Γ/(γ1 · · · γn) obtained by shrinking all γi to single
vertices in Γ.
HT is bigraded by the number of internal lines (edges) and loops (cycles).
Any α ∈ GT define the weights of the diagram in the expansion
S ′ = Ψα(S) =∑γ
α(γ)Aγ(S)
Sγ
Composition law analogous to B-series:
Ψα ◦Ψβ︸ ︷︷ ︸composition
= Ψβ ∗α︸ ︷︷ ︸convolution
α, β ∈ GF .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 85: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Ordered diagrams
Ordered diagram= diagram with a hierarchy of boxes drawn on thesubdiagrams s.t.
I boxes are either nested or disjoint,
I boxes differ from their followers by one internal line.
Ordered diagram generate a commutative Hopf algebra Hord
F withcoproduct similar to HF except that it has to preserve the box structure.
Examples (with ∆′ the non trivial part of ∆):
Hopf algebra morphisms:
I ordered diagrams → trees: γord → t,
I diagrams → ordered diagrams: γSγ→
∑orders on γ
γord
Sord
γ
.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 86: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Ordered diagrams
Ordered diagram= diagram with a hierarchy of boxes drawn on thesubdiagrams s.t.
I boxes are either nested or disjoint,
I boxes differ from their followers by one internal line.
Ordered diagram generate a commutative Hopf algebra Hord
F withcoproduct similar to HF except that it has to preserve the box structure.
Examples (with ∆′ the non trivial part of ∆):
Hopf algebra morphisms:
I ordered diagrams → trees: γord → t,
I diagrams → ordered diagrams: γSγ→
∑orders on γ
γord
Sord
γ
.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 87: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Ordered diagrams
Ordered diagram= diagram with a hierarchy of boxes drawn on thesubdiagrams s.t.
I boxes are either nested or disjoint,
I boxes differ from their followers by one internal line.
Ordered diagram generate a commutative Hopf algebra Hord
F withcoproduct similar to HF except that it has to preserve the box structure.
Examples (with ∆′ the non trivial part of ∆):
Hopf algebra morphisms:
I ordered diagrams → trees: γord → t,
I diagrams → ordered diagrams: γSγ→
∑orders on γ
γord
Sord
γ
.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 88: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Ordered diagrams
Ordered diagram= diagram with a hierarchy of boxes drawn on thesubdiagrams s.t.
I boxes are either nested or disjoint,
I boxes differ from their followers by one internal line.
Ordered diagram generate a commutative Hopf algebra Hord
F withcoproduct similar to HF except that it has to preserve the box structure.
Examples (with ∆′ the non trivial part of ∆):
Hopf algebra morphisms:
I ordered diagrams → trees: γord → t,
I diagrams → ordered diagrams: γSγ→
∑orders on γ
γord
Sord
γ
.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 89: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Ordered diagrams
Ordered diagram= diagram with a hierarchy of boxes drawn on thesubdiagrams s.t.
I boxes are either nested or disjoint,
I boxes differ from their followers by one internal line.
Ordered diagram generate a commutative Hopf algebra Hord
F withcoproduct similar to HF except that it has to preserve the box structure.
Examples (with ∆′ the non trivial part of ∆):
Hopf algebra morphisms:
I ordered diagrams → trees: γord → t,
I diagrams → ordered diagrams: γSγ→
∑orders on γ
γord
Sord
γ
.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 90: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Ordered diagrams
Ordered diagram= diagram with a hierarchy of boxes drawn on thesubdiagrams s.t.
I boxes are either nested or disjoint,
I boxes differ from their followers by one internal line.
Ordered diagram generate a commutative Hopf algebra Hord
F withcoproduct similar to HF except that it has to preserve the box structure.
Examples (with ∆′ the non trivial part of ∆):
Hopf algebra morphisms:
I ordered diagrams → trees: γord → t,
I diagrams → ordered diagrams: γSγ→
∑orders on γ
γord
Sord
γ
.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 91: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Ordered diagrams
Ordered diagram= diagram with a hierarchy of boxes drawn on thesubdiagrams s.t.
I boxes are either nested or disjoint,
I boxes differ from their followers by one internal line.
Ordered diagram generate a commutative Hopf algebra Hord
F withcoproduct similar to HF except that it has to preserve the box structure.
Examples (with ∆′ the non trivial part of ∆):
Hopf algebra morphisms:
I ordered diagrams → trees: γord → t,
I diagrams → ordered diagrams: γSγ→
∑orders on γ
γord
Sord
γ
.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 92: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Ordered diagrams
Ordered diagram= diagram with a hierarchy of boxes drawn on thesubdiagrams s.t.
I boxes are either nested or disjoint,
I boxes differ from their followers by one internal line.
Ordered diagram generate a commutative Hopf algebra Hord
F withcoproduct similar to HF except that it has to preserve the box structure.
Examples (with ∆′ the non trivial part of ∆):
Hopf algebra morphisms:
I ordered diagrams → trees: γord → t,
I diagrams → ordered diagrams: γSγ→
∑orders on γ
γord
Sord
γ
.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 93: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Ordered diagrams
Ordered diagram= diagram with a hierarchy of boxes drawn on thesubdiagrams s.t.
I boxes are either nested or disjoint,
I boxes differ from their followers by one internal line.
Ordered diagram generate a commutative Hopf algebra Hord
F withcoproduct similar to HF except that it has to preserve the box structure.
Examples (with ∆′ the non trivial part of ∆):
Hopf algebra morphisms:
I ordered diagrams → trees: γord → t,
I diagrams → ordered diagrams: γSγ→
∑orders on γ
γord
Sord
γ
.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 94: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Deletion/contraction of edges
In the Lie algebra of GT define the infinitesimal characters such thatδtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = 1 and vanish otherwise.
α = exp∗ {sa δtree + sb δloop} (γ) = s IγaIγ−LγbLγ obeys the differentialequation
dα
ds= (aδtree ∗ α + bδloop) ∗ α
Any δ ∈ GT defines two derivations f C δ = (δ ⊗ Id) ◦∆(f ) andδ B f = (Id⊗ δ) ◦∆(f ).Deletion/contraction interpretation:
I δtree B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cutting abridge.
I δloop B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cuttinga line which is not a bridge.
I γ C δloop is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a self-loop with one edge.
I γ C δtree is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a line which is not a self-loop.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 95: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Deletion/contraction of edges
In the Lie algebra of GT define the infinitesimal characters such thatδtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = 1 and vanish otherwise.
α = exp∗ {sa δtree + sb δloop} (γ) = s IγaIγ−LγbLγ obeys the differentialequation
dα
ds= (aδtree ∗ α + bδloop) ∗ α
Any δ ∈ GT defines two derivations f C δ = (δ ⊗ Id) ◦∆(f ) andδ B f = (Id⊗ δ) ◦∆(f ).Deletion/contraction interpretation:
I δtree B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cutting abridge.
I δloop B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cuttinga line which is not a bridge.
I γ C δloop is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a self-loop with one edge.
I γ C δtree is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a line which is not a self-loop.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 96: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Deletion/contraction of edges
In the Lie algebra of GT define the infinitesimal characters such thatδtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = 1 and vanish otherwise.
α = exp∗ {sa δtree + sb δloop} (γ) = s IγaIγ−LγbLγ obeys the differentialequation
dα
ds= (aδtree ∗ α + bδloop) ∗ α
Any δ ∈ GT defines two derivations f C δ = (δ ⊗ Id) ◦∆(f ) andδ B f = (Id⊗ δ) ◦∆(f ).Deletion/contraction interpretation:
I δtree B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cutting abridge.
I δloop B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cuttinga line which is not a bridge.
I γ C δloop is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a self-loop with one edge.
I γ C δtree is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a line which is not a self-loop.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 97: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Deletion/contraction of edges
In the Lie algebra of GT define the infinitesimal characters such thatδtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = 1 and vanish otherwise.
α = exp∗ {sa δtree + sb δloop} (γ) = s IγaIγ−LγbLγ obeys the differentialequation
dα
ds= (aδtree ∗ α + bδloop) ∗ α
Any δ ∈ GT defines two derivations f C δ = (δ ⊗ Id) ◦∆(f ) andδ B f = (Id⊗ δ) ◦∆(f ).
Deletion/contraction interpretation:
I δtree B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cutting abridge.
I δloop B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cuttinga line which is not a bridge.
I γ C δloop is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a self-loop with one edge.
I γ C δtree is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a line which is not a self-loop.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 98: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Deletion/contraction of edges
In the Lie algebra of GT define the infinitesimal characters such thatδtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = 1 and vanish otherwise.
α = exp∗ {sa δtree + sb δloop} (γ) = s IγaIγ−LγbLγ obeys the differentialequation
dα
ds= (aδtree ∗ α + bδloop) ∗ α
Any δ ∈ GT defines two derivations f C δ = (δ ⊗ Id) ◦∆(f ) andδ B f = (Id⊗ δ) ◦∆(f ).Deletion/contraction interpretation:
I δtree B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cutting abridge.
I δloop B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cuttinga line which is not a bridge.
I γ C δloop is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a self-loop with one edge.
I γ C δtree is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a line which is not a self-loop.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 99: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Deletion/contraction of edges
In the Lie algebra of GT define the infinitesimal characters such thatδtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = 1 and vanish otherwise.
α = exp∗ {sa δtree + sb δloop} (γ) = s IγaIγ−LγbLγ obeys the differentialequation
dα
ds= (aδtree ∗ α + bδloop) ∗ α
Any δ ∈ GT defines two derivations f C δ = (δ ⊗ Id) ◦∆(f ) andδ B f = (Id⊗ δ) ◦∆(f ).Deletion/contraction interpretation:
I δtree B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cutting abridge.
I δloop B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cuttinga line which is not a bridge.
I γ C δloop is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a self-loop with one edge.
I γ C δtree is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a line which is not a self-loop.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 100: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Deletion/contraction of edges
In the Lie algebra of GT define the infinitesimal characters such thatδtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = 1 and vanish otherwise.
α = exp∗ {sa δtree + sb δloop} (γ) = s IγaIγ−LγbLγ obeys the differentialequation
dα
ds= (aδtree ∗ α + bδloop) ∗ α
Any δ ∈ GT defines two derivations f C δ = (δ ⊗ Id) ◦∆(f ) andδ B f = (Id⊗ δ) ◦∆(f ).Deletion/contraction interpretation:
I δtree B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cutting abridge.
I δloop B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cuttinga line which is not a bridge.
I γ C δloop is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a self-loop with one edge.
I γ C δtree is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a line which is not a self-loop.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 101: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Deletion/contraction of edges
In the Lie algebra of GT define the infinitesimal characters such thatδtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = 1 and vanish otherwise.
α = exp∗ {sa δtree + sb δloop} (γ) = s IγaIγ−LγbLγ obeys the differentialequation
dα
ds= (aδtree ∗ α + bδloop) ∗ α
Any δ ∈ GT defines two derivations f C δ = (δ ⊗ Id) ◦∆(f ) andδ B f = (Id⊗ δ) ◦∆(f ).Deletion/contraction interpretation:
I δtree B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cutting abridge.
I δloop B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cuttinga line which is not a bridge.
I γ C δloop is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a self-loop with one edge.
I γ C δtree is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a line which is not a self-loop.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 102: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Deletion/contraction of edges
In the Lie algebra of GT define the infinitesimal characters such thatδtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = 1 and vanish otherwise.
α = exp∗ {sa δtree + sb δloop} (γ) = s IγaIγ−LγbLγ obeys the differentialequation
dα
ds= (aδtree ∗ α + bδloop) ∗ α
Any δ ∈ GT defines two derivations f C δ = (δ ⊗ Id) ◦∆(f ) andδ B f = (Id⊗ δ) ◦∆(f ).Deletion/contraction interpretation:
I δtree B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cutting abridge.
I δloop B γ is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ by cuttinga line which is not a bridge.
I γ C δloop is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a self-loop with one edge.
I γ C δtree is a sum over all the diagrams obtained from γ bycontracting a line which is not a self-loop.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 103: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
The Tutte polynomial
The Tutte polynomial is a two variable polynomial attached to graphs
Pγ(x , y) =∑A⊂E
(y − 1)n(A)(x − 1)r(E)−r(A),
where the sum runs over all subsets of the set of edges E of γ. In theQFT language, the nullity and the rank of a connected diagram can beexpressed in terms of the number of internal lines and loopsn(γ) = Iγ − Lγ and r(γ) = Lγ .
Therefore, it can be expressed as the evaluation at s = 1 of the character
α = exp∗ s {δtree + (y − 1) δloop} ∗ exp∗ s {(x − 1) δtree + δloop} ,
solution of the differential equation with boundary condition α(0) = ε,
dα
ds= x α ∗ δtree + y δloop ∗ α + [δtree, α]∗ − [δloop, α]∗ .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 104: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
The Tutte polynomial
The Tutte polynomial is a two variable polynomial attached to graphs
Pγ(x , y) =∑A⊂E
(y − 1)n(A)(x − 1)r(E)−r(A),
where the sum runs over all subsets of the set of edges E of γ. In theQFT language, the nullity and the rank of a connected diagram can beexpressed in terms of the number of internal lines and loopsn(γ) = Iγ − Lγ and r(γ) = Lγ .
Therefore, it can be expressed as the evaluation at s = 1 of the character
α = exp∗ s {δtree + (y − 1) δloop} ∗ exp∗ s {(x − 1) δtree + δloop} ,
solution of the differential equation with boundary condition α(0) = ε,
dα
ds= x α ∗ δtree + y δloop ∗ α + [δtree, α]∗ − [δloop, α]∗ .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 105: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
The Tutte polynomial
The Tutte polynomial is a two variable polynomial attached to graphs
Pγ(x , y) =∑A⊂E
(y − 1)n(A)(x − 1)r(E)−r(A),
where the sum runs over all subsets of the set of edges E of γ. In theQFT language, the nullity and the rank of a connected diagram can beexpressed in terms of the number of internal lines and loopsn(γ) = Iγ − Lγ and r(γ) = Lγ .
Therefore, it can be expressed as the evaluation at s = 1 of the character
α = exp∗ s {δtree + (y − 1) δloop} ∗ exp∗ s {(x − 1) δtree + δloop} ,
solution of the differential equation with boundary condition α(0) = ε,
dα
ds= x α ∗ δtree + y δloop ∗ α + [δtree, α]∗ − [δloop, α]∗ .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 106: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Universality of the Tutte polynomial
Consider a four variable graph polynomial Qγ(x , y , a, b) that ismultiplicative on disjoint unions and one vertex unions and obeys thefollowing contraction/deletion rules
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = x Qγ−e(x , y , a, b) if e is a bridge
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = y Qγ/e(x , y , a, b) if e is a self-loop
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = a Qγ−e(x , y , a, b, ) + b Qγ/e(x , y , a, b)if e is neither a bridge nor a self-loop
The character β(γ) = s Iγ Qγ(x , y , a, b) obeys the differential equation
dβ
ds= x β ∗ δtree + y δloop ∗ β + a [δtree, β]∗ − b [δloop, β]∗ .
Acting with the automorphism ϕa−1,b−1 (γ) = a−(Iγ−Lγ)b−Lγ γ, we obtainthe Tutte polynomial differential equation with modified parameters x
aand y
b , so that
Qγ(x , y , a, b) = aIγ−LγbLγPγ(x
a,
y
b
)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 107: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Universality of the Tutte polynomial
Consider a four variable graph polynomial Qγ(x , y , a, b) that ismultiplicative on disjoint unions and one vertex unions and obeys thefollowing contraction/deletion rules
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = x Qγ−e(x , y , a, b) if e is a bridge
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = y Qγ/e(x , y , a, b) if e is a self-loop
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = a Qγ−e(x , y , a, b, ) + b Qγ/e(x , y , a, b)if e is neither a bridge nor a self-loop
The character β(γ) = s Iγ Qγ(x , y , a, b) obeys the differential equation
dβ
ds= x β ∗ δtree + y δloop ∗ β + a [δtree, β]∗ − b [δloop, β]∗ .
Acting with the automorphism ϕa−1,b−1 (γ) = a−(Iγ−Lγ)b−Lγ γ, we obtainthe Tutte polynomial differential equation with modified parameters x
aand y
b , so that
Qγ(x , y , a, b) = aIγ−LγbLγPγ(x
a,
y
b
)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 108: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Universality of the Tutte polynomial
Consider a four variable graph polynomial Qγ(x , y , a, b) that ismultiplicative on disjoint unions and one vertex unions and obeys thefollowing contraction/deletion rules
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = x Qγ−e(x , y , a, b) if e is a bridge
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = y Qγ/e(x , y , a, b) if e is a self-loop
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = a Qγ−e(x , y , a, b, ) + b Qγ/e(x , y , a, b)if e is neither a bridge nor a self-loop
The character β(γ) = s Iγ Qγ(x , y , a, b) obeys the differential equation
dβ
ds= x β ∗ δtree + y δloop ∗ β + a [δtree, β]∗ − b [δloop, β]∗ .
Acting with the automorphism ϕa−1,b−1 (γ) = a−(Iγ−Lγ)b−Lγ γ, we obtainthe Tutte polynomial differential equation with modified parameters x
aand y
b , so that
Qγ(x , y , a, b) = aIγ−LγbLγPγ(x
a,
y
b
)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 109: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Universality of the Tutte polynomial
Consider a four variable graph polynomial Qγ(x , y , a, b) that ismultiplicative on disjoint unions and one vertex unions and obeys thefollowing contraction/deletion rules
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = x Qγ−e(x , y , a, b) if e is a bridge
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = y Qγ/e(x , y , a, b) if e is a self-loop
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = a Qγ−e(x , y , a, b, ) + b Qγ/e(x , y , a, b)if e is neither a bridge nor a self-loop
The character β(γ) = s Iγ Qγ(x , y , a, b) obeys the differential equation
dβ
ds= x β ∗ δtree + y δloop ∗ β + a [δtree, β]∗ − b [δloop, β]∗ .
Acting with the automorphism ϕa−1,b−1 (γ) = a−(Iγ−Lγ)b−Lγ γ, we obtainthe Tutte polynomial differential equation with modified parameters x
aand y
b , so that
Qγ(x , y , a, b) = aIγ−LγbLγPγ(x
a,
y
b
)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 110: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Universality of the Tutte polynomial
Consider a four variable graph polynomial Qγ(x , y , a, b) that ismultiplicative on disjoint unions and one vertex unions and obeys thefollowing contraction/deletion rules
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = x Qγ−e(x , y , a, b) if e is a bridge
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = y Qγ/e(x , y , a, b) if e is a self-loop
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = a Qγ−e(x , y , a, b, ) + b Qγ/e(x , y , a, b)if e is neither a bridge nor a self-loop
The character β(γ) = s Iγ Qγ(x , y , a, b) obeys the differential equation
dβ
ds= x β ∗ δtree + y δloop ∗ β + a [δtree, β]∗ − b [δloop, β]∗ .
Acting with the automorphism ϕa−1,b−1 (γ) = a−(Iγ−Lγ)b−Lγ γ, we obtainthe Tutte polynomial differential equation with modified parameters x
aand y
b , so that
Qγ(x , y , a, b) = aIγ−LγbLγPγ(x
a,
y
b
)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 111: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Universality of the Tutte polynomial
Consider a four variable graph polynomial Qγ(x , y , a, b) that ismultiplicative on disjoint unions and one vertex unions and obeys thefollowing contraction/deletion rules
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = x Qγ−e(x , y , a, b) if e is a bridge
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = y Qγ/e(x , y , a, b) if e is a self-loop
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = a Qγ−e(x , y , a, b, ) + b Qγ/e(x , y , a, b)if e is neither a bridge nor a self-loop
The character β(γ) = s Iγ Qγ(x , y , a, b) obeys the differential equation
dβ
ds= x β ∗ δtree + y δloop ∗ β + a [δtree, β]∗ − b [δloop, β]∗ .
Acting with the automorphism ϕa−1,b−1 (γ) = a−(Iγ−Lγ)b−Lγ γ, we obtainthe Tutte polynomial differential equation with modified parameters x
aand y
b , so that
Qγ(x , y , a, b) = aIγ−LγbLγPγ(x
a,
y
b
)
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 112: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Universality of the Tutte polynomial
Consider a four variable graph polynomial Qγ(x , y , a, b) that ismultiplicative on disjoint unions and one vertex unions and obeys thefollowing contraction/deletion rules
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = x Qγ−e(x , y , a, b) if e is a bridge
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = y Qγ/e(x , y , a, b) if e is a self-loop
I Qγ(x , y , a, b) = a Qγ−e(x , y , a, b, ) + b Qγ/e(x , y , a, b)if e is neither a bridge nor a self-loop
The character β(γ) = s Iγ Qγ(x , y , a, b) obeys the differential equation
dβ
ds= x β ∗ δtree + y δloop ∗ β + a [δtree, β]∗ − b [δloop, β]∗ .
Acting with the automorphism ϕa−1,b−1 (γ) = a−(Iγ−Lγ)b−Lγ γ, we obtainthe Tutte polynomial differential equation with modified parameters x
aand y
b , so that
Qγ(x , y , a, b) = aIγ−LγbLγPγ(x
a,
y
b
)Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 113: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Composition of effective actions and the Tutte polynomial
The Tutte polynomial is obtained by a composition of effective actioncomputations starting with a universal action S [φ] = eφ that generateall diagrams.
I To generate vLγ , we weight loops by h = v (with v = y − 1),
S ′[φ] = v log
{∫[Dχ] e−
12v χ
2
eS[φ+χ]
v
}I To generate uIγ−Lγ , we weight internal lines by u (with u = x − 1)
and loops by 1u , so that
S ′′[ψ] =1
ulog
{∫[Dφ] e−
12φ
2
euS[ψ+φ]
}.
I Then, we substitute S ′ into the expression of S ′′ and evaluate atψ = 0,
GTutte(u, v) =1
ulog I =
1
ulog
{∫[Dφ] e−
12φ
2
(∫[Dχ] e−
12v χ
2
eS[φ+χ]
v
)q}with q = uv .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 114: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Composition of effective actions and the Tutte polynomial
The Tutte polynomial is obtained by a composition of effective actioncomputations starting with a universal action S [φ] = eφ that generateall diagrams.
I To generate vLγ , we weight loops by h = v (with v = y − 1),
S ′[φ] = v log
{∫[Dχ] e−
12v χ
2
eS[φ+χ]
v
}I To generate uIγ−Lγ , we weight internal lines by u (with u = x − 1)
and loops by 1u , so that
S ′′[ψ] =1
ulog
{∫[Dφ] e−
12φ
2
euS[ψ+φ]
}.
I Then, we substitute S ′ into the expression of S ′′ and evaluate atψ = 0,
GTutte(u, v) =1
ulog I =
1
ulog
{∫[Dφ] e−
12φ
2
(∫[Dχ] e−
12v χ
2
eS[φ+χ]
v
)q}with q = uv .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 115: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Composition of effective actions and the Tutte polynomial
The Tutte polynomial is obtained by a composition of effective actioncomputations starting with a universal action S [φ] = eφ that generateall diagrams.
I To generate vLγ , we weight loops by h = v (with v = y − 1),
S ′[φ] = v log
{∫[Dχ] e−
12v χ
2
eS[φ+χ]
v
}
I To generate uIγ−Lγ , we weight internal lines by u (with u = x − 1)and loops by 1
u , so that
S ′′[ψ] =1
ulog
{∫[Dφ] e−
12φ
2
euS[ψ+φ]
}.
I Then, we substitute S ′ into the expression of S ′′ and evaluate atψ = 0,
GTutte(u, v) =1
ulog I =
1
ulog
{∫[Dφ] e−
12φ
2
(∫[Dχ] e−
12v χ
2
eS[φ+χ]
v
)q}with q = uv .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 116: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Composition of effective actions and the Tutte polynomial
The Tutte polynomial is obtained by a composition of effective actioncomputations starting with a universal action S [φ] = eφ that generateall diagrams.
I To generate vLγ , we weight loops by h = v (with v = y − 1),
S ′[φ] = v log
{∫[Dχ] e−
12v χ
2
eS[φ+χ]
v
}I To generate uIγ−Lγ , we weight internal lines by u (with u = x − 1)
and loops by 1u , so that
S ′′[ψ] =1
ulog
{∫[Dφ] e−
12φ
2
euS[ψ+φ]
}.
I Then, we substitute S ′ into the expression of S ′′ and evaluate atψ = 0,
GTutte(u, v) =1
ulog I =
1
ulog
{∫[Dφ] e−
12φ
2
(∫[Dχ] e−
12v χ
2
eS[φ+χ]
v
)q}with q = uv .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 117: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Composition of effective actions and the Tutte polynomial
The Tutte polynomial is obtained by a composition of effective actioncomputations starting with a universal action S [φ] = eφ that generateall diagrams.
I To generate vLγ , we weight loops by h = v (with v = y − 1),
S ′[φ] = v log
{∫[Dχ] e−
12v χ
2
eS[φ+χ]
v
}I To generate uIγ−Lγ , we weight internal lines by u (with u = x − 1)
and loops by 1u , so that
S ′′[ψ] =1
ulog
{∫[Dφ] e−
12φ
2
euS[ψ+φ]
}.
I Then, we substitute S ′ into the expression of S ′′ and evaluate atψ = 0,
GTutte(u, v) =1
ulog I =
1
ulog
{∫[Dφ] e−
12φ
2
(∫[Dχ] e−
12v χ
2
eS[φ+χ]
v
)q}with q = uv .
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 118: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Generating function for the Tutte polynomial
When q is an integer, we introduce q independent fields χi
I =
∫[Dφ]
∫ ∏1≤i≤q
[Dχi ] e−12φ
2
e−1
2v
Pi (χi )
2
e1v
Pi S[χi +φ]
It is convenient to trade χi for ξi = χi + φ so that the integral over φ isGaußian and can be performed
I =
∫ ∏1≤i≤q
[Dξi ] e− 1
2v
n“Pi (ξi )
2− 1v(1+u) (
Pi ξi)
2”o× e
1v
Pi S[ξi ].
By expanding the integral over a multiplet of fields ξ = (ξi ) usingFeynman diagrams, we generate the Tutte polynomials,
GTutte(u, v) =1
ulog
{∫[Dξ] e−
12 ξ·A
−1ξ eV (ξ)
}with a q × q propagator A = v + M, where M is the q × q matrix whoseentries are all equal to 1, and an interaction V (ξ) = 1
v
∑i S(ξi ).
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 119: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Generating function for the Tutte polynomial
When q is an integer, we introduce q independent fields χi
I =
∫[Dφ]
∫ ∏1≤i≤q
[Dχi ] e−12φ
2
e−1
2v
Pi (χi )
2
e1v
Pi S[χi +φ]
It is convenient to trade χi for ξi = χi + φ so that the integral over φ isGaußian and can be performed
I =
∫ ∏1≤i≤q
[Dξi ] e− 1
2v
n“Pi (ξi )
2− 1v(1+u) (
Pi ξi)
2”o× e
1v
Pi S[ξi ].
By expanding the integral over a multiplet of fields ξ = (ξi ) usingFeynman diagrams, we generate the Tutte polynomials,
GTutte(u, v) =1
ulog
{∫[Dξ] e−
12 ξ·A
−1ξ eV (ξ)
}with a q × q propagator A = v + M, where M is the q × q matrix whoseentries are all equal to 1, and an interaction V (ξ) = 1
v
∑i S(ξi ).
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 120: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Generating function for the Tutte polynomial
When q is an integer, we introduce q independent fields χi
I =
∫[Dφ]
∫ ∏1≤i≤q
[Dχi ] e−12φ
2
e−1
2v
Pi (χi )
2
e1v
Pi S[χi +φ]
It is convenient to trade χi for ξi = χi + φ so that the integral over φ isGaußian and can be performed
I =
∫ ∏1≤i≤q
[Dξi ] e− 1
2v
n“Pi (ξi )
2− 1v(1+u) (
Pi ξi)
2”o× e
1v
Pi S[ξi ].
By expanding the integral over a multiplet of fields ξ = (ξi ) usingFeynman diagrams, we generate the Tutte polynomials,
GTutte(u, v) =1
ulog
{∫[Dξ] e−
12 ξ·A
−1ξ eV (ξ)
}with a q × q propagator A = v + M, where M is the q × q matrix whoseentries are all equal to 1, and an interaction V (ξ) = 1
v
∑i S(ξi ).
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 121: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Generating function for the Tutte polynomial
When q is an integer, we introduce q independent fields χi
I =
∫[Dφ]
∫ ∏1≤i≤q
[Dχi ] e−12φ
2
e−1
2v
Pi (χi )
2
e1v
Pi S[χi +φ]
It is convenient to trade χi for ξi = χi + φ so that the integral over φ isGaußian and can be performed
I =
∫ ∏1≤i≤q
[Dξi ] e− 1
2v
n“Pi (ξi )
2− 1v(1+u) (
Pi ξi)
2”o× e
1v
Pi S[ξi ].
By expanding the integral over a multiplet of fields ξ = (ξi ) usingFeynman diagrams, we generate the Tutte polynomials,
GTutte(u, v) =1
ulog
{∫[Dξ] e−
12 ξ·A
−1ξ eV (ξ)
}with a q × q propagator A = v + M, where M is the q × q matrix whoseentries are all equal to 1, and an interaction V (ξ) = 1
v
∑i S(ξi ).
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 122: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Relation to the Potts model partition function
The Feynman rules for this expansion are as follows:
I each vertex contributes to a factor 1v and is equipped with an index
i taking q values, because of the q independent fields in theinteraction;
I each line contributes a factor of 1 + v if it connects vertices withthe same index and a factor of 1 otherwise,
I sum over all the indices.
The evaluation of a graph γ is proportional to the q-state Potts modelpartition function on γ,
Z (β, J, γ) =∑σ
e−βH(σ)
where the sum runs over all states and β is such that v = e−βJ − 1. Astate σ is a assigment of spin in q element set to each vertex of thegraph and the Hamiltonian is
H(σ) = −# {edges joining identical spins}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 123: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Relation to the Potts model partition function
The Feynman rules for this expansion are as follows:
I each vertex contributes to a factor 1v and is equipped with an index
i taking q values, because of the q independent fields in theinteraction;
I each line contributes a factor of 1 + v if it connects vertices withthe same index and a factor of 1 otherwise,
I sum over all the indices.
The evaluation of a graph γ is proportional to the q-state Potts modelpartition function on γ,
Z (β, J, γ) =∑σ
e−βH(σ)
where the sum runs over all states and β is such that v = e−βJ − 1. Astate σ is a assigment of spin in q element set to each vertex of thegraph and the Hamiltonian is
H(σ) = −# {edges joining identical spins}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 124: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Relation to the Potts model partition function
The Feynman rules for this expansion are as follows:
I each vertex contributes to a factor 1v and is equipped with an index
i taking q values, because of the q independent fields in theinteraction;
I each line contributes a factor of 1 + v if it connects vertices withthe same index and a factor of 1 otherwise,
I sum over all the indices.
The evaluation of a graph γ is proportional to the q-state Potts modelpartition function on γ,
Z (β, J, γ) =∑σ
e−βH(σ)
where the sum runs over all states and β is such that v = e−βJ − 1. Astate σ is a assigment of spin in q element set to each vertex of thegraph and the Hamiltonian is
H(σ) = −# {edges joining identical spins}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 125: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Relation to the Potts model partition function
The Feynman rules for this expansion are as follows:
I each vertex contributes to a factor 1v and is equipped with an index
i taking q values, because of the q independent fields in theinteraction;
I each line contributes a factor of 1 + v if it connects vertices withthe same index and a factor of 1 otherwise,
I sum over all the indices.
The evaluation of a graph γ is proportional to the q-state Potts modelpartition function on γ,
Z (β, J, γ) =∑σ
e−βH(σ)
where the sum runs over all states and β is such that v = e−βJ − 1. Astate σ is a assigment of spin in q element set to each vertex of thegraph and the Hamiltonian is
H(σ) = −# {edges joining identical spins}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 126: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Relation to the Potts model partition function
The Feynman rules for this expansion are as follows:
I each vertex contributes to a factor 1v and is equipped with an index
i taking q values, because of the q independent fields in theinteraction;
I each line contributes a factor of 1 + v if it connects vertices withthe same index and a factor of 1 otherwise,
I sum over all the indices.
The evaluation of a graph γ is proportional to the q-state Potts modelpartition function on γ,
Z (β, J, γ) =∑σ
e−βH(σ)
where the sum runs over all states and β is such that v = e−βJ − 1. Astate σ is a assigment of spin in q element set to each vertex of thegraph and the Hamiltonian is
H(σ) = −# {edges joining identical spins}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 127: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Relation to the Potts model partition function
The Feynman rules for this expansion are as follows:
I each vertex contributes to a factor 1v and is equipped with an index
i taking q values, because of the q independent fields in theinteraction;
I each line contributes a factor of 1 + v if it connects vertices withthe same index and a factor of 1 otherwise,
I sum over all the indices.
The evaluation of a graph γ is proportional to the q-state Potts modelpartition function on γ,
Z (β, J, γ) =∑σ
e−βH(σ)
where the sum runs over all states and β is such that v = e−βJ − 1. Astate σ is a assigment of spin in q element set to each vertex of thegraph and the Hamiltonian is
H(σ) = −# {edges joining identical spins}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 128: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Tree level Feynman diagrams and Postnikov’s formula
By Cayley’s formula, the number of labelled non rooted trees τ with|τ | = n edges is (n + 1)n−1. Accordingly,∑
|τ |=n
(2s)n
Sτ=
(n + 1)n−1(2s)n
(n + 1)!
This sum is generated by the tree level part of an equation of thePolchinski type (note the absence of 1
2 prefactor)
∂S
∂s=
(∂S
∂φ
)2
S0[φ] = eφ
This non linear equation can be solved using sum over plane binarytrees:
I 1t! =
∏v
1hv
is generated by the iterated integrals
I∏
v 6=root(1 + hv ) is generated by iterations of ∂∂φ
We recover Postnikov’s formula by evaluating ∂S∂φ at s = 1 and φ = 0.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 129: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Tree level Feynman diagrams and Postnikov’s formula
By Cayley’s formula, the number of labelled non rooted trees τ with|τ | = n edges is (n + 1)n−1. Accordingly,∑
|τ |=n
(2s)n
Sτ=
(n + 1)n−1(2s)n
(n + 1)!
This sum is generated by the tree level part of an equation of thePolchinski type (note the absence of 1
2 prefactor)
∂S
∂s=
(∂S
∂φ
)2
S0[φ] = eφ
This non linear equation can be solved using sum over plane binarytrees:
I 1t! =
∏v
1hv
is generated by the iterated integrals
I∏
v 6=root(1 + hv ) is generated by iterations of ∂∂φ
We recover Postnikov’s formula by evaluating ∂S∂φ at s = 1 and φ = 0.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 130: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Tree level Feynman diagrams and Postnikov’s formula
By Cayley’s formula, the number of labelled non rooted trees τ with|τ | = n edges is (n + 1)n−1. Accordingly,∑
|τ |=n
(2s)n
Sτ=
(n + 1)n−1(2s)n
(n + 1)!
This sum is generated by the tree level part of an equation of thePolchinski type (note the absence of 1
2 prefactor)
∂S
∂s=
(∂S
∂φ
)2
S0[φ] = eφ
This non linear equation can be solved using sum over plane binarytrees:
I 1t! =
∏v
1hv
is generated by the iterated integrals
I∏
v 6=root(1 + hv ) is generated by iterations of ∂∂φ
We recover Postnikov’s formula by evaluating ∂S∂φ at s = 1 and φ = 0.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 131: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Tree level Feynman diagrams and Postnikov’s formula
By Cayley’s formula, the number of labelled non rooted trees τ with|τ | = n edges is (n + 1)n−1. Accordingly,∑
|τ |=n
(2s)n
Sτ=
(n + 1)n−1(2s)n
(n + 1)!
This sum is generated by the tree level part of an equation of thePolchinski type (note the absence of 1
2 prefactor)
∂S
∂s=
(∂S
∂φ
)2
S0[φ] = eφ
This non linear equation can be solved using sum over plane binarytrees:
I 1t! =
∏v
1hv
is generated by the iterated integrals
I∏
v 6=root(1 + hv ) is generated by iterations of ∂∂φ
We recover Postnikov’s formula by evaluating ∂S∂φ at s = 1 and φ = 0.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 132: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Tree level Feynman diagrams and Postnikov’s formula
By Cayley’s formula, the number of labelled non rooted trees τ with|τ | = n edges is (n + 1)n−1. Accordingly,∑
|τ |=n
(2s)n
Sτ=
(n + 1)n−1(2s)n
(n + 1)!
This sum is generated by the tree level part of an equation of thePolchinski type (note the absence of 1
2 prefactor)
∂S
∂s=
(∂S
∂φ
)2
S0[φ] = eφ
This non linear equation can be solved using sum over plane binarytrees:
I 1t! =
∏v
1hv
is generated by the iterated integrals
I∏
v 6=root(1 + hv ) is generated by iterations of ∂∂φ
We recover Postnikov’s formula by evaluating ∂S∂φ at s = 1 and φ = 0.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 133: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Tree level Feynman diagrams and Postnikov’s formula
By Cayley’s formula, the number of labelled non rooted trees τ with|τ | = n edges is (n + 1)n−1. Accordingly,∑
|τ |=n
(2s)n
Sτ=
(n + 1)n−1(2s)n
(n + 1)!
This sum is generated by the tree level part of an equation of thePolchinski type (note the absence of 1
2 prefactor)
∂S
∂s=
(∂S
∂φ
)2
S0[φ] = eφ
This non linear equation can be solved using sum over plane binarytrees:
I 1t! =
∏v
1hv
is generated by the iterated integrals
I∏
v 6=root(1 + hv ) is generated by iterations of ∂∂φ
We recover Postnikov’s formula by evaluating ∂S∂φ at s = 1 and φ = 0.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 134: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Tree level Feynman diagrams and Postnikov’s formula
By Cayley’s formula, the number of labelled non rooted trees τ with|τ | = n edges is (n + 1)n−1. Accordingly,∑
|τ |=n
(2s)n
Sτ=
(n + 1)n−1(2s)n
(n + 1)!
This sum is generated by the tree level part of an equation of thePolchinski type (note the absence of 1
2 prefactor)
∂S
∂s=
(∂S
∂φ
)2
S0[φ] = eφ
This non linear equation can be solved using sum over plane binarytrees:
I 1t! =
∏v
1hv
is generated by the iterated integrals
I∏
v 6=root(1 + hv ) is generated by iterations of ∂∂φ
We recover Postnikov’s formula by evaluating ∂S∂φ at s = 1 and φ = 0.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 135: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Feynman graphs and their Symanzik polynomials
In quantum field theory, a Feynman diagram γ with n edges can beevaluated, in dimension D as∫
dnα
(Uγ(α))D2
e−Vγ (α,p)
Uγ (α)
where Uγ(α) is the (first) Symanzik polynomial
Uγ(α) =∑
tspanning trees
∏i /∈t
αi
and αi are variables associated to the edges.
For example,
1
2
3 4
yields Uγ(α) = α1α3 + α1α4 + α2α3 + α2α4 + α3α4.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 136: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Feynman graphs and their Symanzik polynomials
In quantum field theory, a Feynman diagram γ with n edges can beevaluated, in dimension D as∫
dnα
(Uγ(α))D2
e−Vγ (α,p)
Uγ (α)
where Uγ(α) is the (first) Symanzik polynomial
Uγ(α) =∑
tspanning trees
∏i /∈t
αi
and αi are variables associated to the edges. For example,
1
2
3 4
yields Uγ(α) = α1α3 + α1α4 + α2α3 + α2α4 + α3α4.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 137: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Loop decomposition of the Symanzik polynomial
In the Hopf algebra of Feynman diagrams with labelled edges considerthe infinitesimal characters
δtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = αi
and vanish otherwise.
Uγ(α) = eδtree ∗ eδloop
= eδtree ∗ eδloop ∗ e−δtree ∗ eδtree= e
Pn δn loop ∗ eδtree
since, in the Lie algebra of Feynman diagrams,
1
n!
[δtree,
[· · · [δtree, δloop] · · ·
]]︸ ︷︷ ︸
n iterations
= δn loop
with δn loop taking the value∑
i αi on the one loop diagram with n edgesand vanishes otherwise. Thus, Uγ(α) can be evaluated by summing overall contraction schemes of the loops. For example,
U 1
2
3 4
(α) =1
2
{(α1 +α2 +α3)α4 + (α1 +α2 +α4)α3 + (α1 +α2)(α3 +α4)
}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 138: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Loop decomposition of the Symanzik polynomial
In the Hopf algebra of Feynman diagrams with labelled edges considerthe infinitesimal characters
δtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = αi
and vanish otherwise.
Uγ(α) = eδtree ∗ eδloop
= eδtree ∗ eδloop ∗ e−δtree ∗ eδtree= e
Pn δn loop ∗ eδtree
since, in the Lie algebra of Feynman diagrams,
1
n!
[δtree,
[· · · [δtree, δloop] · · ·
]]︸ ︷︷ ︸
n iterations
= δn loop
with δn loop taking the value∑
i αi on the one loop diagram with n edgesand vanishes otherwise. Thus, Uγ(α) can be evaluated by summing overall contraction schemes of the loops. For example,
U 1
2
3 4
(α) =1
2
{(α1 +α2 +α3)α4 + (α1 +α2 +α4)α3 + (α1 +α2)(α3 +α4)
}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 139: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Loop decomposition of the Symanzik polynomial
In the Hopf algebra of Feynman diagrams with labelled edges considerthe infinitesimal characters
δtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = αi
and vanish otherwise.
Uγ(α) = eδtree ∗ eδloop
= eδtree ∗ eδloop ∗ e−δtree ∗ eδtree= e
Pn δn loop ∗ eδtree
since, in the Lie algebra of Feynman diagrams,
1
n!
[δtree,
[· · · [δtree, δloop] · · ·
]]︸ ︷︷ ︸
n iterations
= δn loop
with δn loop taking the value∑
i αi on the one loop diagram with n edgesand vanishes otherwise. Thus, Uγ(α) can be evaluated by summing overall contraction schemes of the loops.
For example,
U 1
2
3 4
(α) =1
2
{(α1 +α2 +α3)α4 + (α1 +α2 +α4)α3 + (α1 +α2)(α3 +α4)
}
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 140: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Loop decomposition of the Symanzik polynomial
In the Hopf algebra of Feynman diagrams with labelled edges considerthe infinitesimal characters
δtree( ) = 1 and δloop( ) = αi
and vanish otherwise.
Uγ(α) = eδtree ∗ eδloop
= eδtree ∗ eδloop ∗ e−δtree ∗ eδtree= e
Pn δn loop ∗ eδtree
since, in the Lie algebra of Feynman diagrams,
1
n!
[δtree,
[· · · [δtree, δloop] · · ·
]]︸ ︷︷ ︸
n iterations
= δn loop
with δn loop taking the value∑
i αi on the one loop diagram with n edgesand vanishes otherwise. Thus, Uγ(α) can be evaluated by summing overall contraction schemes of the loops. For example,
U 1
2
3 4
(α) =1
2
{(α1 +α2 +α3)α4 + (α1 +α2 +α4)α3 + (α1 +α2)(α3 +α4)
}Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 141: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Conclusion
Common framework for perturbative resolution of non linear equationsand effective actions based on Hopf algebras of rooted trees andFeynman diagrams.
rooted trees Feynman diagramsnon linear analysis perturbative path integrals
fixed point equation renormalization group equationPowers of non linear operators X t(x) background field technique Aγ(S)
x ′ = (id− X )(x) S ′[φ] = log∫
[Dχ]e−12χ·A·χ+S[φ+χ]
=∑
tX t
St=∑γ
Aγ(S)Sγ
[φ]
composition successive integrations
Derivation of combinatorial identities (hook length formula, propertiesof the tutte polynomial, ...) inspired by effective action computations.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 142: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Conclusion
Common framework for perturbative resolution of non linear equationsand effective actions based on Hopf algebras of rooted trees andFeynman diagrams.
rooted trees Feynman diagramsnon linear analysis perturbative path integrals
fixed point equation renormalization group equationPowers of non linear operators X t(x) background field technique Aγ(S)
x ′ = (id− X )(x) S ′[φ] = log∫
[Dχ]e−12χ·A·χ+S[φ+χ]
=∑
tX t
St=∑γ
Aγ(S)Sγ
[φ]
composition successive integrations
Derivation of combinatorial identities (hook length formula, propertiesof the tutte polynomial, ...) inspired by effective action computations.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 143: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Conclusion
Common framework for perturbative resolution of non linear equationsand effective actions based on Hopf algebras of rooted trees andFeynman diagrams.
rooted trees Feynman diagramsnon linear analysis perturbative path integrals
fixed point equation renormalization group equationPowers of non linear operators X t(x) background field technique Aγ(S)
x ′ = (id− X )(x) S ′[φ] = log∫
[Dχ]e−12χ·A·χ+S[φ+χ]
=∑
tX t
St=∑γ
Aγ(S)Sγ
[φ]
composition successive integrations
Derivation of combinatorial identities (hook length formula, propertiesof the tutte polynomial, ...) inspired by effective action computations.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz
![Page 144: Power series of non linear operators, e ective actions and ...irma.math.unistra.fr/~chapoton/ANR2008/Krajewski_Lyon.pdf · Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, e](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071007/5fc4b08130f8b206df79aae2/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Conclusion
Common framework for perturbative resolution of non linear equationsand effective actions based on Hopf algebras of rooted trees andFeynman diagrams.
rooted trees Feynman diagramsnon linear analysis perturbative path integrals
fixed point equation renormalization group equationPowers of non linear operators X t(x) background field technique Aγ(S)
x ′ = (id− X )(x) S ′[φ] = log∫
[Dχ]e−12χ·A·χ+S[φ+χ]
=∑
tX t
St=∑γ
Aγ(S)Sγ
[φ]
composition successive integrations
Derivation of combinatorial identities (hook length formula, propertiesof the tutte polynomial, ...) inspired by effective action computations.
Krajewski Thomas Power series of non linear operators, effective actions and all that jazz