power quality monitoring: key component of comprehensive

Daniel Sabin, P.E., M.Eng., IEEE FellowPrincipal Engineer & Software Architect

Boston, Massachusetts, [email protected] |+1-978-927-8755

Power Quality Monitoring:Key Component of Comprehensive Power System Monitoring

1

mailto:[email protected]

2© 2016 Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

Global Power Technology


Traditional Use of Power Quality Monitoring Systems (PQMS)

•Record/Download PQ Events and Data Logs from PQ Monitors Compliant with IEC 61000-4-30

– Voltage Sags/Swells, Transients, Rapid Voltage Changes

– THD, Harmonics, Imbalance, Frequency, Flicker Pst/Plt

•Analyze Single Events and Data Logs

•Build Summary Reports for Customers

•Track Voltage Sag Performance (IEEE 1564)

•Report on Compliance with Regulations (EN 50160)

•Provide Analysis of PQ Events and Data Logs


Expanded Use of Power Quality Monitoring Systems (PQMS)

•Integrated Monitoring of Power Quality Monitors, Microprocessor Relays, Digital Fault Recorders, Recloser Controllers, Capacitor Controllers, and More

•Integration with SCADA or OMS

•Fault Analysis

•Incipient Fault Detection

•Automated Fault Location for Permanent and Momentary Faults

•Automated Capacitor Analysis

•Notification and Reporting using Statistical Process Control

Dranetz DataNode 5530 Monitors

PQViewDatabases

MicrosoftSQL Server

HTTP via RAS

Dranetz DataNode 61000 Monitors

InfoNode Servers

Proprietary Dialup PQNodeData FilesDranetz PQNode 8010

Monitors

InfoNode Servers

InfoNode Servers

MMS via WAN

File Share

HTTPvia LAN

LAN

Schneider ElectricION Meters

HTTP via Frame Relay

ION Server

Download ServerSEL and GE Relays COMTRADE

Files

FileShare

HTTPvia LAN

HTTPvia LAN

ECC PI ServerSCADA RTU Sensors

PI SDK

LAN

Frame Relay

GE XA/21

http://www.pwrm.com/products/ION8600/


Area SubstationTransformer

Primary Feeders Secondary Network

A

B

C

Single Line to Ground Fault

• PQ Monitors at Low Side of Many Area Substation Transformers

• Digital Relay Data Available at 20% of Primary Feeders


Example SLG Fault Recordedby PQ Monitor at Area Substation

1A

-1.0

-0.5

0

0.5

1.0

-2

0

2

4

0 0.05 0.10 0.15

SHERMN4N - 9/9/2012 18:59:01.6880I²t=28.85 kA²·s

Operation

Point Name SCBX54N.DX

Time Stamp 9/9/2012 18:59:05.0012

Value S_CREEK BKR 54N 1X23

Description CLOSE-TRIP

Voltage (

pu)

Curr

ent

(kA)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic


Reactance-to-Fault Calculationsfor PQ Measurement at Substation

1A 0.7469 (k1=3.800)

0.8

1.0

1.2

0

1

2

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

SHERMN4N - 9/9/2012 18:59:01.6880Voltage, Current, and Reactance Values

Voltage (

pu)

Curr

ent

(kA)

React

ance

(Ω

)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc V0 V1 V2 Ia Ib Ic XTF


Predicted Location of Fault


Visualized Location of Fault


Distribution Fault Location Resultsat Con Edison

•On average, use of the reactance-to-fault methodfor fault location saves one hourper feeder restoration job

•Mitigates use of capacitivedischarge thumpers and DC hi-pot

Year 0-1 MH 1-3 MH 3-5 MH 5-10 MH > 10 MH

2009 64% 24% 5% 2% 6%

2010 67% 14% 5% 3% 11%

2011 64% 20% 8% 3% 5%

Summer 2012 76% 14% 4% 4% 1%


Incipient Subcycle Fault LocationUsing Time-Domain Estimation

-1.0

-0.5

0

0.5

1.0

-3

-2

-1

0

0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55

Subcycle Incipient Fault

Voltage (

pu)

Curr

ent

(kA)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic

Estimated XTF: 0.3235 Ω

Actual XTF: 0.3221 Ω

-1.0

-0.5

0

0.5

1.0

-5

0

5

10

0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75

Subsequent Permanent Fault

Voltage (

pu)

Curr

ent

(kA)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic


Second Fault Detection

-100

0

100

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Plymouth ST TR2 - 7/30/2015 23:59:08.9440Initial Single-Phase Fault

Electrotek/EPRI PQView®

Voltage (

%)

Curr

ent

(A)

Time (c)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic

-100

-50

0

50

100

-1000

0

1000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Plymouth ST TR2 - 7/31/2015 00:01:34.4680Second Fault


Voltage (

%)

Curr

ent

(A)

Time (c)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic

-100

-50

0

50

100

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Plymouth ST TR2 - 7/31/2015 00:01:34.4680Second Fault with Prefault Load Removed


Voltage (

%)

Curr

ent

(A)

Time (c)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic


Using SCADA and Power QualityMeasurements Together

VVC

VVC-M

AN

MAN

-VVC

VVC-M

AN

MAN

-VVC

VVC-M

AN

MAN

-CM

VM

CM

VM

-MAN

MAN

-VVC

VVC-C

MVM

CM

VM

-MAN

MAN

-CM

VM

CM

VM

-VVC

VVC-M

AN

13.4

13.6

13.8

14.0

-200

0

200

100

150

200

5 Sun

Jun 2011

6 Mon 7 Tue 8 Wed 9 Thu 10 Fri 11 Sat 12 Sun

Substation A

Con Edison® PQView®

kV

VM

W

Time

Station PI.LE1VOLT Scheduled Voltage Max Voltage Min Voltage

SCADA Voltage Deviation Voltage Deviation LCL Voltage Deviation UCL LE1LODWX

5.01% UCL-LCL

Process Control Violation


Data Integration at Hydro Ottawa

ION Server

ION Meters

Broadband Ethernet Connections

ION EnterpriseDatabase Server

PQViewDatabase

SCADAServers

RTUs OSISoft PISystem Server

http://www.pwrm.com/products/IONEnterprise/





-10000

0

10000

-500

0

500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

HO_Ellwood.T1e - 15/01/2013 11:37:41.1145Duration: 9.437s


Event ID = 288312 System Event ID = 51733

Voltage (

V)

Curr

ent

(A)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic

Analyzing Capacitor Performance

•Capacitor Switching anomaly when new capacitor bank was put in service Operated 70 times in 10 seconds

-100

0

100

-500

0

500

1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00

HO_Ellwood.T2e - 15/01/2013 11:37:38.9792Duration: 9.437s


Event ID = 288314 System Event ID = 51733 Reference Cycle = 738056

Voltage (

%)

Curr

ent

(A)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic

0.86

0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1.00

1.02

1.04

1.06

1.08

1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00

HO_Ellwood.T2e - 15/01/2013 11:37:38.9792Total Power Factor

ΔPFa=-0.001469 PF ΔPFb=0.0006440 PF ΔPFc=-0.0004120 PF ΔPFtotal=-0.0004854 PF


Tota

l Pow

er F

acto

r (p

u)

Time (s)

PFtotal


Automated Capacitor Analysis

-100

-50

0

50

100

-0.5

0

0.5

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

Joslyn Closing Analysis


Cap Name CAP_1A CIS

Operation OUT-INSERVIC

Channel Time Status

Va 0.7417 ms Synchronous

Vb 0.5516 ms Synchronous

Vc 0.7417 ms Synchronous

Voltage (

%)

Curr

ent

(kA)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic

-100

-50

0

50

100

-1.0

-0.5

0

0.5

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

Capacitor Analysis


Cap Name

Operation

Directivity Downline

Directivity Confidence Very High

Magnification No

Peak Voltage 124.9 %

ΔQA -0.7552 Mvar

ΔQB -0.7812 Mvar

ΔQC -0.7689 Mvar

ΔQTotal -2.305 Mvar

ΔPFA 7.21%

ΔPFB 5.42%

ΔPFC 6.29%

ΔVTHDA 0.27%

ΔVTHDB 0.26%

ΔVTHDC 0.30%

Resonant Frequency 565.5 Hz

Voltage (

%)

Curr

ent

(kA)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic


-100

-50

0

50

100

-400

-200

0

200

400

0 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030

Transformer 1 - 21/04/2010 06:13:41.1825

Hydro Ottawa - Technical Services PQView®

Voltage (

%)

Curr

ent

(A)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic

-100

-50

0

50

100

-1000

-500

0

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Transformer 1 - 22/04/2010 02:04:12.5558


Voltage (

%)

Curr

ent

(A)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic

-100

-50

0

50

100

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Transformer 1 - 25/04/2010 01:51:28.2487


Voltage (

%)

Curr

ent

(A)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic

-100

-50

0

50

100

0

100

200

-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

Transformer 1 - 25/04/2010 11:50:35.5390


Voltage (

%)

Curr

ent

(A)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic

Waveforms from DefectiveTapchanger


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

8 Thu

Apr 2010

15 Thu 22 Thu

RMS Variation Magnitude Time Scatter PlotTransformer 1


Voltage M

agnitude (

pu)

Time

Voltage Sags and Damagefrom Transformer 1


90

95

100

105

110

2 Mon

Jan 2012

3 Tue 4 Wed 5 Thu

Transformer 3 - V RMS AB, V RMS BC, V RMS CAFrom 31/03/2010 12:00:00 PM to 15/01/2012


Time

Min[V RMS AB] (%) Avg[V RMS AB] (%) Max[V RMS AB] (%)

Min[V RMS BC] (%) Avg[V RMS BC] (%) Max[V RMS BC] (%)

Min[V RMS CA] (%) Avg[V RMS CA] (%) Max[V RMS CA] (%)

0

100

200

300

1 Sun

Jan 2012

2 Mon 3 Tue 4 Wed 5 Thu 6 Fri

Transformer 3 - I RMS A, I RMS B, I RMS CFrom 31/03/2010 12:00:00 PM to 15/01/2012


Time

Min[I RMS A] (A) Avg[I RMS A] (A) Max[I RMS A] (A) Min[I RMS B] (A)

Avg[I RMS B] (A) Max[I RMS B] (A) Min[I RMS C] (A) Avg[I RMS C] (A)

Max[I RMS C] (A)

No Voltage Sags at Transformer 2

• There were no sags or transient events recorded during this period.

• Voltage Trend data showed a frequent number of minor rms voltage changes that were not associated with current inrush or faults.

• Transformer was taken out of service and inspected and damage was found.


Transformer 2 Tapchanger Damage


Transformer 1 Transformer 2

Transformer 3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

15 Thu

Apr 2010

22 Thu

Transformer 1 - Plt A, Plt B, Plt CFrom 31/03/2010 12:00:00 PM to 15/01/2012


Time

Plt A Plt B Plt C

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

8 Mon

Aug 2011

15 Mon 22 Mon



Time

Plt A Plt B Plt C

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

15 Thu

Dec 2011

22 Thu 1 Sun 8 Sun 15 Sun



Time

Plt A Plt B Plt C

Pst and Plt flicker data identified

the start of the serious damage to

the tapchanger within hours on all

three transformers.

Voltage Plt Flicker Trendsat Transformer 3


Breaker Asset Managementusing I²t

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

SLG Fault Evolves into DLG FaultI²t=900.8 kA²·s

Voltage (

V)

Curr

ent

(A)

Time (s)

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic


Future Trend: Comprehensive Power Quality Monitoring Systems

•Integrated Monitoring of Many Types of IEDs– IEEE 1159.3 PQDIF

– IEEE C37.111-2013/IEC 60255-24:2013 COMTRADE

– IEC 61850

•Single-Event Analysis– IEEE 1159, IEEE 1564

•Site-Site and System Indices– IEEE 1564, 1453, 519

•Automated Summaries & Compliance Reporting– EN 50160, IEC 62749

•Fault Analysis & Fault Location– IEEE C37.114-2014

•Real-Time and Historical Data Analytics– IEEE Working Group on Power

Quality Data Analytics

•Device Asset Management

power quality monitoring: key component of comprehensive

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