power quality lunchandlearn

7/29/2019 Power Quality LunchandLearn

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/power-quality-lunchandlearn 1/41

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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin

26-Sep-13

Digital Meters - Power

Quality Monitoring andAnalysis

Bala VinayagamMar 21, 2006



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26-Sep-13

Contents

• Effects of power quality• Power Quality definitions revisited

• What is needed for PQ monitoring ?

• GE Multilin’s solution

o PQMII

o EPM9000 series

• Summary

Monitor and Analyze Power Disturbances, Disruptions & Harmonics



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26-Sep-13

PQ is a Business Problem

Power Quality issues cause business problems

such as:

• Lost productivity, idle people and equipment

• Lost orders, good will, customers and profits

• Lost transactions and orders not being processed• Revenue and accounting problems

• Customer and/or management dissatisfaction

• Overtime required to make up for lost work time

According to Electric Light and Power Magazine, 30 to 40 Percentof All Business Downtime Is Related to Power Quality Problems.



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26-Sep-13

Is Power Quality Such a BigProblem?



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26-Sep-13

Why PQ is such a Big Problem?

• The sensitivity of today’s electronic equipment makes itsusceptible to power disturbances

• For some devices, a momentary disturbance can cause

o scrambled data

o interrupted communications

o a frozen mouse

o system crashes and equipment failure



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26-Sep-13

PQ Problems are Expensive

• Berkeley Lab Study Estimates $80 Billion Annual

Cost of Power Interruptions … Research News,Berkeley Lab, February 2, 2005

• $50 billon per year in the USA is lost as a resultsof power quality breakdowns …. Bank of AmericaReport

• A manufacturing company lost more than $3million one day last summer in Silicon Valleywhen the “lights went out.” … New York TimesJanuary 2000

• “A voltage sag in a paper mill can waste a whole

day of production - $250,000 loss” … BusinessWeek, June 17,, 1996

• Half of all computer problems and one-third of alldata loss can be traced back to the power line …Contingency Planning Research, LAN Times



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26-Sep-13

Who is Affected?

• Lost production• Scrap

• Costs to restart

• Labor costs

• Equipment damage and repair

• Other costs

• High Cost Facilities

o Semiconductor plantso Pharmaceuticals

o Data centers

• Medium Cost Facilities

o Automotive manufacturing

o Glass plantso Plastics & Chemicals

o Textiles



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26-Sep-13

PQ Definitions Revisited

IEEE Categories

Std 1159-1995

Short DurationVariations

TypicalDuration

Instantaneous Sag 0.5 – 30 cycles

Momentary Sag 30 cycles – 3

sec

Temporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min



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26-Sep-13


IEEE Categories

Std 1159-1995


TypicalDuration



sec.

Temporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min.

Instantaneous Swell 0.5 – 30 cycles

Momentary Swell 30 cycles – 3

sec.

Temporary Swell 3 sec – 1 min.



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26-Sep-13


IEEE Categories

Std 1159-1995


TypicalDuration



sec.

Temporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min.

Instantaneous Swell 0.5 – 30 cycles

Momentary Swell 30 cycles – 3

sec.

Temporary Swell 3 sec – 1 min.

Momentary Interruptions 0.5 – 30 cycles

Temporary Interruptions 30 cycles – 3

sec.



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26-Sep-13


IEEE Categories

Std 1159-1995

Long DurationVariations

TypicalDuration

Sustained interruptions > 1 min

Under voltages > 1 min

Over voltages > 1 min



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26-Sep-13


IEEE Categories

Std 1159-1995


TypicalDuration




Voltage imbalance Steady state

Waveform Distortion



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26-Sep-13


IEEE Categories

Std 1159-1995


TypicalDuration




Voltage imbalance Steady state

Waveform Distortion

DC offset Steady state

Harmonics Steady state

Inter harmonics Steady state

For Electric Utilities Control of Voltage and Prevention of Outages is Power Quality



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26-Sep-13

Sources of PQ ProblemsUtility Sources

• Lightning• PF Correction

Equipment

• Faults

• Switching

Internal Sources

• Individual Loads –Lighting, Elevators, Coolers,HVAC

• Uninterruptible Power Supplies

• Variable Frequency Drives

• Battery Chargers• Large Motors During Startup

• Electronic Dimming Systems

• Lighting Ballasts (esp. Electronic)

• Arc Welders, and Other Arc Devices• Medical Equipment, e.g. MRIs and X-Ray

Machines

• Office Equipment and Computers

• Wiring



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26-Sep-13

PQ Problems and Possible CausesTypical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes

Overheated neutral

Intermittent lock-upsFrequency deviations

Steady-state Shared neutrals

Improper or inadequate wiringHigh source impedanceSCR/Rectifiers and notchingHarmonics



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26-Sep-13


Overheated neutral




Interruption

Garbled data

Random increase in harmonics levels

Utility faults

Inrush currents

Inadequate wiring



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26-Sep-13


Overheated neutral




Interruption

Garbled data


Utility faults

Inrush currents

Inadequate wiring

Intermittent lock-upsLights flicker

Garbled data

Sags/Swell Source voltage variationsInrush/surge currents

Inadequate wiring



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26-Sep-13


Overheated neutral




Interruption

Garbled data


Utility faults

Inrush currents

Inadequate wiring


Garbled data


Inadequate wiring

Component failure

Dielectric breakdown

Lock-ups

Garbled data

Wavy CRTs

Impulses

EMI/RFI

Lightning

Load switching

Capacitor switching

Static discharge

Hand-held radiosLoose wiring/arcing



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26-Sep-13


Overheated neutral




Interruption

Garbled data


Utility faults

Inrush currents

Inadequate wiring


Garbled data


Inadequate wiring

Component failure

Dielectric breakdown

Lock-ups

Garbled data

Wavy CRTs

Impulses

EMI/RFI

Lightning

Load switching

Capacitor switching

Static discharge

Hand-held radiosLoose wiring/arcing

Overheated transformers and motors

Voltage and current distortions

Garbled data

Lock-ups

Harmonics Electronic loads

SCR/rectifier



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26-Sep-13

Major PQ Problems

Source: EPRI, 1994

Spikes, 7%

Sags, 56%

Outages,

6%

Swells,

31%

Sags (Dips)

Associated with system faultsSwitching of heavy loads

Starting of large motors

Swells

System fault conditionsSwitching on a large capacitor bank

Switching off a large load



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26-Sep-13

Cost of Voltage Sags

Textile Industry

Plastics Industry

Glass Industry

Process Industry

Semiconductors

$1k $10k $100k $1M$10M

Losses per Voltage Sag Event

Source: EPRI “The Economics of Custom Power”, IEEE T&D Show 2003



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26-Sep-13

Cost of Momentary Outages

Momentary Outages

create problems when

computers and clocks

reset, equipment stalls,

and work stops.

Category Minimum Maximum

Industrial

Semiconductor Manufacturing $20.0 $60.0

Electronics $8.0 $12.0

Automobile Manufacturing $5.0 $7.5

Pharmaceutical $5.0 $50.0

Glass $4.0 $6.0

Rubber and Plastics $3.0 $4.5Petrochemical $3.0 $5.0

Food Processing $3.0 $5.0

Textile $2.0 $4.0

Metal Fabrication $2.0 $4.0

Mining $2.0 $4.0

Paper $1.5 $2.5

Printing(Newspapers) $1.0 $2.0

Commercial

Hospitals, banks, civil service $2.0 $3.0

Communications, information processing $1.0 $10.0

Resturants, bars, hotels $0.5 $1.0

Commercial shops $0.1 $0.5

Source: EPRI “The Economics of Custom Power”, IEEE T&D 2003

Cost of Momentary Interup ti on

($/ kW Demand)



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26-Sep-13

High Speed Waveform Capture

High Speed Waveform Capture Is the Most Important PQTroubleshooting Tool



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26-Sep-13

Benefits of Continuous PQ Monitoring

Continuous PQ Monitoring Detects, Records, and Leads

to the Prevention of PQ Problems

• Power Quality monitoring provides a continuous

“Health Check” of a facility’s power system … for

example:

o Harmonic interaction between loads and

power conditioning equipment spotted

o High Inrush currents from equipment

startup detected

o Transients from load switching are seen

• It provides data to see, diagnose and avert

looming problems – “like squeaky brakes on a

car”

o Trends can be detected

o JIT equipment maintenance programscan be established

• It acts like a “Black Box” on an airplane to tell

you what, when, and where a Power Quality

event occurred … to prevent it from reoccurring



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26-Sep-13

What is needed for PQ Monitoring?

PQ Monitors must detect and recordthe 7 types of PQ problems

• Transients

• Interruptions

• Sag/Under Voltage• Swell/Over Voltage

• Waveform Distortion

• Voltage Fluctuations

• Frequency Variations

These include Flicker andCompliance to ITI(CBEMA), IEEEand ISO Standards

Plus they must …

• Be easy to use

• Be Suitable for continuously

monitoring indoors and outdoors

• Interface with standard PQ analysis

Software…PQDif format

• Be fast enough to capture high

speed events that produce

equipment problems

• Have enough storage to save the

waveforms you need• Have PQ analysis tools that

produce usable, actionable

recommendations

ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturer’s Association)



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26-Sep-13

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EPM 9000 / 9800• Up to 512 samples / cycle• Web server •.02 accuracy

•Flicker and transientsrecording

High Range PQ• Transients Flicker • High Sampling Rate• Utility Hardened

• Web Server • Ladder Logic I/O

PQM II• Power Quality parameters• Data logging• Control options

Mid Range PQ• Waveform• Events/Alarms• Data Logging• I/Os

EPM 60000.2 revenue class accuracy

New Additions: THD and KYZ pulse optionEPM 2000Low cost – panel mount

Single P/N PL2000

Basic Metering• 50+ Parameters

• 0.3% Accuracy

• I/Os

• THD, F, PF…..

EPM 1000 / EPM 4000•Wall/Panel mountable enclosure

•Power line carrier capability•Modbus communication

•Multi-Point monitoring capability

•Energy Aggregator support

Sub Metering• Tenant Metering• 10-20 Parameters

• .5 % Accuracy

Sub Meter Basic Metering Mid Range PQ High Range

Basic PQ Monitoring to Advanced PQ Monitoring, Detection & Analysis

Power & Power Quality Metering System



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26-Sep-13

GE Power Quality Meters

High End PQ Meters

• Power professionals world-widerely on GE’s products for their

power monitoring and

communication applications.

• GE’s meters provide high speed

waveform capture, advanced

power quality, multiportcommunications and control.

PQMII EPM9800 EPM9450/9650



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26-Sep-13

• All basic electrical parameters

• Data logging and waveform

• Voltage disturbance analyzer

• Analog outputs, digital inputs

• Control relays and KYZ pulses

• Multiple communication ports

• Easy to program and set-up…EnerVista

• Replaces multiple analog meters

GE Product Application Product Features

PQM II Power Quality Waveform, Data Logging, I/Os

Power Quality Meter – PQM II



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26-Sep-13

Power Quality with Advanced Voltage Disturbance Recorder

Key Features

• High accuracy, mid range Power Quality

with many advanced features.• Waveform capture using set-points for

PQ analysis. Waveform can be triggered byexternal equipment (motors) through digitalinputs for capturing start-up current etc….

• Control Relays can open and close atthe pre-programmed (min, max etc) set-

points for alarms and notifications.

• Analog outputs for power information toPLCs, RTU and other non digitalcommunication devices.

• VERY EASY to use , program and set-up – comes with free set-up and monitoringsoftware (launch pad).

• Voltage Disturbance Recording for electrical up to 500 sag & swell events

• Open Modbus and DNP 3.0protocol over RS 485 with multi portcommunication capability

Target Applications/Industries

• Ideal for circuit monitoring for control panels,switchboards, Motor Control Centers, Power Distribution Panels.

• Primary Monitoring of low and medium voltageapplication, requiring full metering with over 100different electrical parameters with data logging andoscillograph (waveform).

• Applications requiring Control Relays with set-point

activation, Analog and digital I/Os.

• Heavy power users for need of clean power - DataCenters, Pulp and Paper, Oil & Gas…….

• OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers, Switchgear manufacturers, Motor Control manufacturers…..

Power Quality Meter – PQM II

Advanced PQ Meter EPM 9000/9800



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26-Sep-13

GE Product Application Product Features

9450

Advanced Power Quality

Metering

512K Memory for Data-Logging,

waveform; Measures all ElectricalValues

9650

Advanced Power Quality

Metering with Flicker

2 or 4 Meg Memory for Data-Logging

and Waveform capture

9800

Socket Design - Advanced

Power Quality Metering withFlicker

2 or 4 Meg Memory for Data-Logging

and Waveform capture, local display

• Advance Power Quality with Revenue Metering

• Highest Grade Revenue Accuracy - 0.06%

Energy

• Advanced Waveform Recording and Analysis – 512 samples /cycle

• Built Ethernet 100 Base T – Total Web Solutions

• Advanced Control for Load Shedding and

Demand Control

Advanced PQ Meter – EPM 9000/9800



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26-Sep-13

Advance PQ Analysis with Revenue Class Accuracy

Advanced PQ Meter – EPM 9000/9800Key Features:

• High Speed Waveform Recording - With up to 16

to 512 samples per cycle resolution. The unitrecords magnitude and duration of events includingthe captured waveform. All information is stored inthe on-board mass memory.

• Software and Hardware Triggers - The metersprovides both software and hardware triggers torecord waveform events. This allows the unit to beused for fault analysis, system apparatus monitoringand many other applications.

• Extensive Harmonics Analysis – This meter provides a real- time harmonic analysis to the 128thorder for every channel. This advanced harmonicrecording capability has been traditionally availableonly in high-end power quality recorders. RecordsTHD to the 255th order peak.

• Real Time Phasor Analyzer - The unit monitorsphase angles between the voltage and the currents.

•Web Server Capability – Data from meters isviewable over the web. Data from the ModBusdevices connected to the meter can also be viewed.

•Expandable I/O Modules for Analysis and Control

Target App lications /Indus tr ies:

• Primary Monitoring of low medium and high voltageapplication, requiring full metering, with data logging,

controls and high speed oscillography (waveform).

• Remote monitoring over the web using web pages

• Applications requiring Control Relays with set-point

activation, Analog and digital I/Os.

• Heavy power users for need of clean power - Data

Centers, Microprocessor Chip Manufacturers Pulp and

Paper, Oil & Gas…….

• OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers, Switchgear

manufacturers, Motor Control manufacturers…..



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26-Sep-13

Advance PQ Analysis with Revenue Class Accuracy

Advanced PQ Meter – EPM 9000/9800

Key Features:

• High Speed Waveform Recording - With up to 16 to 512 samples per cycle resolution. The unit records magnitude and duration of events

including the captured waveform. All information is stored in the on-board

mass memory.

• Software and Hardware Triggers - The meters provides both software

and hardware triggers to record waveform events. This allows the unit to

be used for fault analysis, system apparatus monitoring and many other

applications.

• Extensive Harmonics Analysis – This meter provides a real- time

harmonic analysis to the 128th order for every channel. This advanced harmonic recording capability has been traditionally available only in high-

end power quality recorders. Records THD to the 255 th order peak.

• Real Time Phasor Analyzer - The unit monitors phase angles between

the voltage and the currents.

•Web Server Capability – Data from meters is viewable over the web.

Data from the ModBus devices connected to the meter can also be

viewed.

•Expandable I/O Modules for Analysis and Control

Target Appl ic at ions/ Industr ies:

• Primary Monitoring of low medium and high

voltage application, requiring full metering, with

data logging, controls and high speed

oscillography (waveform).

• Remote monitoring over the web using web

pages

• Applications requiring Control Relays with set-

point activation, Analog and digital I/Os.

• Heavy power users for need of clean power -

Data Centers, Microprocessor Chip

Manufacturers Pulp and Paper, Oil & Gas…….

• OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers,

Switchgear manufacturers, Motor Control

manufacturers…..



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26-Sep-13

Real Time Field Recorded Events

Source: AGA Brazil

Meter: EPM9650

Period: Jan 2005 – Dec2005

Continuous Monitoring of the Station for PQ Problems



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26-Sep-13

PQ Meter ITI Capture

Equipment InterruptingVoltage Sags as Recorded

Damage Inducing VoltageSurges as Recorded

ITI Acceptable Power

Disturbance Envelope

ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturer’s Association)



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26-Sep-13

Instantaneous Sag Event



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26-Sep-13

Instantaneous Swell Event



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26-Sep-13

Harmonic & Interharmonic Spectrum



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26-Sep-13

Flicker Recording



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26-Sep-13

Flicker Recording



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GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin

26-Sep-13

Summary

GE Multilin provides the necessary tools for a successful PQ

disturbance analysis and allows users to take remedial actions

Accurate Measurement to

determine actual state

Examinations

Remedial actionsRemedy

Feels the pulse of the

power system network

Symptoms

High resolution recordings

for longer durations

GE Communicator

software

Diagnosis



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GE Consumer & Industrial

Finally…

If You Can’t Measure it You Can’t Manageit

If You Can Measure it You Can Manageit

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