POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS: POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS:

PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONSPROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS

PARTHAVI PADHYPARTHAVI PADHY

ROLL NUMBER-0901106012ROLL NUMBER-0901106012

ELECTRICAL ENGG.ELECTRICAL ENGG.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Power Quality means quality of the normal Power Quality means quality of the normal voltage supplied to your facility. voltage supplied to your facility.

The growing use of microprocessors and The growing use of microprocessors and electronic equipments has made us to focus on electronic equipments has made us to focus on power quality .power quality .

Equipment and machinery can be damaged or Equipment and machinery can be damaged or even fail when subjected to power anomalies .even fail when subjected to power anomalies .

Voltage provided should be as close as possible Voltage provided should be as close as possible to nominal voltage and waveform must be pure to nominal voltage and waveform must be pure sine wave free from any harmonics and other sine wave free from any harmonics and other disturbances.disturbances.

POWER QUALITY POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS: PROBLEMS:

Power Quality problems can be Power Quality problems can be broadly classified into following broadly classified into following categories.categories.

• • Voltage sagsVoltage sags

• • Micro-interruptionsMicro-interruptions

• • Long interruptionsLong interruptions

• • Voltage spikesVoltage spikes

• • Voltage swellsVoltage swells

• • Harmonic distortionHarmonic distortion

Voltage SagsVoltage SagsA decrease of the normal voltage level between 10 and A decrease of the normal voltage level between 10 and

90% of the nominal90% of the nominal

rms voltage at the power frequency, for durations of 0,5 rms voltage at the power frequency, for durations of 0,5 cycle to 1 minute.cycle to 1 minute.

Causes:Causes:• • Faults on the transmission or distributionFaults on the transmission or distribution

network.network.

• • Faults in consumer’s installation.Faults in consumer’s installation.

• • Connection of heavy loads and start-up ofConnection of heavy loads and start-up of

large motors.large motors.

Consequences:Consequences:• • Malfunction of microprocessor-basedMalfunction of microprocessor-based

control systems that may lead to a process control systems that may lead to a process

stoppage.stoppage.

••Disconnection and loss of efficiency inDisconnection and loss of efficiency in

electric rotating machines.electric rotating machines.

Micro-InterruptionsMicro-InterruptionsTotal interruption of electrical supply for duration from few Total interruption of electrical supply for duration from few

millisecondsmilliseconds

to one or two seconds.to one or two seconds.

Causes:Causes:• • Opening and automatic reclosure of protection devices.Opening and automatic reclosure of protection devices.

• • Insulation failure, lightning and insulator flashoverInsulation failure, lightning and insulator flashover..

Consequences:Consequences: • •Tripping of protection devices.Tripping of protection devices.

• • Loss of information and malfunction of data processing Loss of information and malfunction of data processing equipment.equipment.

• • Stoppage of sensitive equipment (such as ASDs, PCs, PLCs).Stoppage of sensitive equipment (such as ASDs, PCs, PLCs).

Long InterruptionsLong Interruptions Total interruption of electrical supply for duration greater Total interruption of electrical supply for duration greater

than 1 to 2 seconds.than 1 to 2 seconds.

Causes: • Equipment failure in the power system network. • Storms and objects (trees, cars, etc) striking lines or poles, fire. • Human error, bad coordination or failure of protection devices.Consequences: • Stoppage of all equipment.

Voltage SpikesVoltage SpikesVery fast variation of the voltage value for durations Very fast variation of the voltage value for durations

from a severalfrom a several

microseconds to few milliseconds.microseconds to few milliseconds.

Causes: • Lightning. • Switching of lines or power factor correction capacitors. • Disconnection of heavy loads.

Consequences: • Destruction of components and of insulation materials. • Data processing errors or data loss. • Electromagnetic interference.

Voltage SwellsVoltage SwellsMomentary increase of the voltage, at the power frequency, outside the normal tolerances, with duration of more than one cycle and typically less than a few seconds.

Causes: • Start/stop of heavy loads. • Poorly dimensioned power sources. • Poorly regulated transformers.

Consequences: • Flickering of lighting and screens. • Damage or stoppage or damage of sensitive equipment.

Harmonic DistortionHarmonic Distortion Voltage or current waveforms assume non-sinusoidal Voltage or current waveforms assume non-sinusoidal

shape. The waveform corresponds to the sum of shape. The waveform corresponds to the sum of different sine-waves with different magnitude and different sine-waves with different magnitude and phase, having frequencies that are multiples of phase, having frequencies that are multiples of power-system frequency.power-system frequency.

Causes: Classic sources: electric machines working above the knee of the magnetization curve (magnetic saturation), arc furnaces, welding machines, rectifiers, and DC brush motors. Modern sources: all non-linear loads, such as power electronics equipment including ASDs, switched mode power supplies, data processing equipment, high efficiency lighting.

Consequences of harmonic distortion

• Increased probability of occurrence of resonance.

• Nuisance tripping of thermal protections.

• Electromagnetic interference.

• Increase in the losses.

• Loss of efficiency in electric machines (e.g. 5th harmonic).

Solutions for PQ Problems

Many PQ problems have origin in T&D network.

A proper planned and maintained grid will avoid many PQ problems.

- High level of redundancy;- Cleaning of insulators;- Trimming of trees nearby power lines…

Grid Adequacy

1.Distributed Generation (DG)

2.Energy Storage (restoring technologies)• Flywheels• Supercapacitors• SMES

Distributed Resources

Distributed Generation•Used to provide “clean power” to critical loads, isolating them from disturbances with origin in the grid.• Backup generators to assure energy supply to critical loads during sustained outages.

•The most common solution is the combination of electrochemical batteries UPS and a diesel genset. At present, the integration of a flywheel and a diesel genset in a single unit is also becoming a popular solution, offered by many manufacturers.

Distributed Resources – Energy Distributed Resources – Energy StorageStorageSystemsSystems

Restoring technologies. Energy storage systems, also known as restoringtechnologies, are used to provide the electric loads withride-through capability in poor PQ environment.

FlywheelsFlywheelsElectromechanical device that couples a rotating electric machine(motor/generator) with a rotating mass to store energy for short durations.

Super capacitorsSuper capacitors

New technology applied to capacitors • High power density • Long life and non-toxic

Superconducting Magnetic EnergySuperconducting Magnetic EnergyStorage (SMES)Storage (SMES)

Energy is stored in the magnetic field of a coil made of superconductor material. • High power density • Very fast response • Very expensive (on development)

Codes and StandardsCodes and StandardsNeed to regulate: • the minimum PQ level that utilities have to provide to consumers, and • the immunity level that equipment should have.

Most relevant standards: • CBEMA curve • ITIC curve • IEC 61000 • EN 50160:2001 • IEEE standards - 519-1992 →Harmonics - 1100-1992 →Powering and grounding sensitive equipment - 1159-1992 →Monitoring power quality - 1250-1995 →Service of sensitive equipment

CBEMA curve.

ITIC curve

Enhanced Interface DevicesEnhanced Interface Devices•Using proper interface devices, one can isolate the loads from disturbances deriving from the grid. Some of the enhanced interface devices are:

A. Dynamic Voltage RestorerA dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) acts like a voltage source connected in series with the load. The output voltage of the DVR is kept approximately constant voltage at the load terminals.

B. Transient Voltage Surge suppressors (TVSS)Transient voltage surge suppressors are used as interface between the power source and sensitive loads, so that the transient voltage is clamped by the TVSS before it reaches the load.

C. Noise Filters Noise filters are used to avoid unwanted frequency current or voltage signals (noise) from reaching sensitive equipment. D. Static VAR Compensators Static VAR compensators (SVR) use a combination of capacitors and reactors to regulate the voltage quickly.

E. Harmonic FiltersHarmonic filters are used to reduce undesirable harmonics. They can be divided in two groups:• passive filters• active filters.

Passive filters (left) consist in a low impedance path to the frequencies of the harmonics to be attenuated using passive components (inductors, capacitors and resistors).

Active filters (right) analyse the current consumed by the load and create a current that cancel the harmonic current generated by the loads.

Make End-use Devices Less Make End-use Devices Less SensitiveSensitive

• • In most cases, making the end-use devices less In most cases, making the end-use devices less sensitive to PQsensitive to PQ

disturbances is more cost effective than buying disturbances is more cost effective than buying equipment to mitigate these problems.equipment to mitigate these problems.

• • Some measures to increase equipment Some measures to increase equipment immunity: immunity:

– – Add a capacitor with larger capacity to power Add a capacitor with larger capacity to power supplies;supplies;

– – Use cables with larger neutral conductors;Use cables with larger neutral conductors;

– – Derate transformers;Derate transformers;

ConclusionsConclusionsThe availability of electric power with high quality is The availability of electric power with high quality is

crucial for the running of the modern society. If some crucial for the running of the modern society. If some sectors are satisfied with the quality of the power sectors are satisfied with the quality of the power provided by utilities, some others are more provided by utilities, some others are more demanding. demanding.

To avoid the huge losses related to PQ problems, the To avoid the huge losses related to PQ problems, the most demanding consumers must take action to most demanding consumers must take action to prevent the problems. Among the various measures, prevent the problems. Among the various measures, selection of less sensitive equipment can play an selection of less sensitive equipment can play an important role. When even the most robust important role. When even the most robust equipment is affected, then other measures must be equipment is affected, then other measures must be taken, such as installation of restoring technologies, taken, such as installation of restoring technologies, distributed generation or an interface device to avoid distributed generation or an interface device to avoid PQ problems.PQ problems.