power, politics, and conflict in world history, 1990-2010

Chapter

AP* Sixth Edition

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

Power, Politics, and Power, Politics, and Conflict in World Conflict in World History, 1990-2010History, 1990-2010

35



Power, Politics, and Conflict in World History, 1990-2010

I. The End of the Cold War

II. The Spread of Democracy

III. The Great Powers and New Disputes

IV. The United States as Sole Superpower



Power, Politics, and Conflict in World History, 1990-2010



The End of the Cold War

• Factors in Soviet Decline– disintegration– invasion of Afghanistan, 1979

• The Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s– Forced industrialization– environmental problems– infant mortality up– disease



The Age of Reform

• Mikhail Gorbachev– reforms, 1985

nuclear reduction missiles limited withdraws from Afghanistan

– glasnost



The Age of Reform

• Mikhail Gorbachev– perestroika

foreign investment encouraged military spending down

– new constitution, 1988– re-elected, 1990




•Dismantling the Soviet Empire–Eastern Europe

Soviet troops out Bulgaria• free elections, 1989

Hungary, Poland• new governments, 1988




•Dismantling the Soviet Empire–Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia• new government, 1989

East Germany• communist leaders out, 1989

Berlin Wall falls, 1991 Bulgaria, Romania• communists keep some power




•Dismantling the Soviet Empire–Ethnic struggles–Yugoslavia breaks apart



Post-Soviet Union Russia, Eastern Europe and central Asia



Renewed Turmoil in the 1990s

• Gorbachev– coup, 1991– Soviet Union dissolved by late 1991– resigns

• Boris Yeltsin– succeeds Gorbachev– succeeded by Vladimir Putin



The Spread of Democracy

• Spain, Portugal, Greece– democracies

• Latin America– all but Cuba by 2000

• Mexico– non-PRI president

• South Korea, Taiwan– democracy expanded




• Philippines– new government

• South Africa– apartheid ended

• Nigeria– democratic government, 1999




• Indonesia– end of authoritarian government

• Georgia, Ukraine– democratic elections

• Uzbekistan– democratization suppressed

• Saudi Arabia– local elections




• Kuwait– women vote

• Palestine– local elections

• Egypt– opposition repressed



Democracy and its Limits

• China, North Korea, parts of Middle East, central Asia

• Beijing– demonstrations, 1989, suppressed



The Great Powers and New Disputes

• The Former Soviet Union– Ethnic conflict

Chechnya Armenia, Azerbaijan Czechoslovakia splits

– Yugoslavia– Orthodox Serbs– Catholic Croats– Serbs




• The Former Soviet Union– Muslim Bosnians– Slovenia, Croatia

independent, 1991

– Serbs attack Croats, Muslims NATO intervenes Bosnia-Herzegovina recognized




• The Former Soviet Union– Kosovo

NATO involvement

– Serbia, Montenegro replace Yugoslovia



The Implosion of Yugoslavia 1991-1999



Endemic Conflicts

• Iraq and Iran– conflict– Saddam Hussein

• Iraq invades Kuwati, 1990– Persian Gulf War, 1991

• Palestine and Israel• India and Pakistan

– Kashmir



Ethnic and Other Conflicts: A New Surge

• Czechoslovakia– peaceful division– Czech Republic– Slovakia

• Chechnya– independence, 1990

• Sudan, Sierra Leone, Liberia



Ethnic and Other Conflicts: A New Surge

• Rwanda– Hutu-Tutsi rivalry



The United States as Sole Superpower

• The United States and Other Power Centers– European Union– George W. Bush

• Anti-American Terrorism and ResponseSeptember 11, 2001 – "War on Terror"

Afghanistan Iraq



Main U.S. Overseas Military Installations by 2007



Global Connections: New Global Standards, New Divisions

• End of cold war– Fewer large division– But regional conflicts expand

• U.S. as sole superpower– Use of this power questioned– Reactions to the U.S. role

power, politics, and conflict in world history, 1990-2010

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