TYPES OF POWER TYPES OF POWER PLANTPLANT THERMAL POWER PLANTTHERMAL POWER PLANT

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTHYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTNUCLEAR POWER PLANT

POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGY

The engineering & technology involve in the production or generation of electricity is called as Power Plant Technology.

Thermal Power Thermal Power StationStation

Thermal Power Plant Thermal Power Plant Consist Of following Parts:Consist Of following Parts:

BoilerBoiler TurbineTurbine DeaeratorDeaerator Heat ExchangersHeat Exchangers Super HeaterSuper Heater EconomizersEconomizers CondenserCondenser Feed water heaterFeed water heater Electrical generatorElectrical generator

BOILER:BOILER: A boiler is an enclosed vessel that A boiler is an enclosed vessel that

provides a means for combustion provides a means for combustion heat to be transferred into water heat to be transferred into water until it becomes heated water until it becomes heated water or Steam. The hot water or steam or Steam. The hot water or steam under pressure is then usable for under pressure is then usable for transferring the heat to a transferring the heat to a processprocess..

2. Turbine:2. Turbine: Turbine, rotary engine that converts the Turbine, rotary engine that converts the

energy of a moving stream of water, steam, energy of a moving stream of water, steam, or gas into mechanical energy.or gas into mechanical energy.

The basic element in a turbine is a wheel or The basic element in a turbine is a wheel or rotor with paddles, propellers, blades, or rotor with paddles, propellers, blades, or buckets arranged on its circumference in buckets arranged on its circumference in such a fashion that the moving fluid exerts a such a fashion that the moving fluid exerts a tangential force that turns the wheel and tangential force that turns the wheel and imparts energy to it. This mechanical energy imparts energy to it. This mechanical energy is then transferred through a drive shaft to is then transferred through a drive shaft to operate a machine, compressor, electric operate a machine, compressor, electric generator, or propeller. generator, or propeller.

Turbines are classified as hydraulic, or Turbines are classified as hydraulic, or water, turbines,steam turbines, or gas water, turbines,steam turbines, or gas turbines. turbines.

TURBINE :TURBINE :

3. Deaerator:3. Deaerator:

A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of air and other dissolved gases from the feed water to steam generating boilers. In particular, dissolved oxygen in boiler feed waters will cause serious corrosion damage in steam systems by attaching to the walls of metal piping and other metallic equipment and forming oxides (rust).

4. Heat Exchangers :4. Heat Exchangers : Heat exchangers are equipment that Heat exchangers are equipment that

transfers heat from one medium to another. transfers heat from one medium to another. The proper design, operation and The proper design, operation and

maintenance of heat exchangers will make maintenance of heat exchangers will make the process energy efficient and minimize the process energy efficient and minimize energy losses. energy losses.

Heat exchangers may be classified according Heat exchangers may be classified according to their flow arrangement :to their flow arrangement :

In In parallel-flow parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the and travel in parallel to one another to the other side.other side.

In In counterflow counterflow heat exchangers the fluids heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. enter the exchanger from opposite ends.

In a In a cross-flow cross-flow heat exchanger, the fluids heat exchanger, the fluids travel roughly perpendicular to one another travel roughly perpendicular to one another through the exchanger.through the exchanger.

Heat Exchangers:Heat Exchangers:

5. Super Heater:5. Super Heater: A super heater is a device in a steam A super heater is a device in a steam

engine that heats the steam engine that heats the steam generated by the boiler again, generated by the boiler again, increasing its thermal energy and increasing its thermal energy and decreasing the likelihood that it will decreasing the likelihood that it will condense inside the engine. condense inside the engine.

Super heaters increase the efficiency Super heaters increase the efficiency of the steam engine, and were widely of the steam engine, and were widely adopted.adopted.

Steam which has been superheated is Steam which has been superheated is logically known as superheated steam; logically known as superheated steam; non-superheated steam is called non-superheated steam is called saturated steam or wet steam.saturated steam or wet steam.

SUPER HEATER:SUPER HEATER:

6. Condenser:6. Condenser:

•The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is circulated through the tubes. •The exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters the shell where it is cooled and converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes as shown in the adjacent diagram. •Such condensers use steam ejectors or rotary motor-driven exhausters for continuous removal of air and gases from the steam side to maintain vacuum.

7.Economizers7.Economizers Economizers are mechanical devices Economizers are mechanical devices

intended to reduce energy intended to reduce energy consumption, or to perform another consumption, or to perform another useful function like preheating a fluid. useful function like preheating a fluid.

8.Feed water heater:8.Feed water heater: The condensate pump pumps the The condensate pump pumps the

condensate water through a feed water condensate water through a feed water heater. heater.

The feed water heating equipment then The feed water heating equipment then raises the temperature of the water by raises the temperature of the water by utilizing extraction steam from various utilizing extraction steam from various stages of the turbine. Preheating the feed stages of the turbine. Preheating the feed water reduces the irreversibilities involved water reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. the thermodynamic efficiency of the system.

9. Electrical generator:9. Electrical generator:

In electricity generation, an electrical In electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical mechanical energy to electrical energy, generally using energy, generally using electromagnetic induction. electromagnetic induction.

ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER PLANT:PLANT:

Fuel used is cheaper.Fuel used is cheaper. Less space required in setup in Less space required in setup in

comparison to hydroelectric power comparison to hydroelectric power plant.plant.

They can be located conveniently near They can be located conveniently near the load centre.the load centre.

A portion of steam generated can be A portion of steam generated can be used as a process steam in different used as a process steam in different industries.industries.

As these plants can be set up near As these plants can be set up near industries, therefore the transmission industries, therefore the transmission costs are reduced.costs are reduced.

DISADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER DISADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER PLANT: PLANT:

Maintenance & operating costs are Maintenance & operating costs are high.high.

Cost of plant increases with increase Cost of plant increases with increase in temperature & pressure.in temperature & pressure.

Long time required for erection & Long time required for erection & putting into action.putting into action.

Greatly difficulty experienced in cool Greatly difficulty experienced in cool handling.handling.

Presence of troubles due to smoke & Presence of troubles due to smoke & heat in the plant.heat in the plant.

Smoke & gaseous emission cause Smoke & gaseous emission cause pollution in the environment.pollution in the environment.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTHYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

A hydroelectric power plant harnesses A hydroelectric power plant harnesses the energy found in moving or still the energy found in moving or still water and converts it into electricity.water and converts it into electricity.

HOW HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT HOW HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT WORKS?WORKS?

A dam is built to trap water, usually in a A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Water valley where there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through tunnels into the is allowed to flow through tunnels into the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators. generators. Water from the reservoir flows Water from the reservoir flows due to gravity to drive the turbine. Turbine due to gravity to drive the turbine. Turbine is connected to a generator.is connected to a generator.

Power generated is transmitted over power Power generated is transmitted over power lines.lines.

A water turbine that convert the energy of A water turbine that convert the energy of flowing or falling water into mechanical flowing or falling water into mechanical energy that drives a generator, which energy that drives a generator, which generates electrical power. This is a heart of generates electrical power. This is a heart of hydropower power plant.hydropower power plant.

COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANTPOWERPLANT

Catchment areaCatchment area Dam and ReservoirDam and Reservoir PenstockPenstock Trash rackTrash rack TurbineTurbine Control gatesControl gates Draft tubeDraft tube Fore bayFore bay Surge tankSurge tank

CATCHMENT AREA: CATCHMENT AREA: The rain water falls on a large area called The rain water falls on a large area called

catchment area, gets collected in the form catchment area, gets collected in the form of streams and flows as runoff to plant site.of streams and flows as runoff to plant site.

DAM:DAM: The dam is usually built on a large river The dam is usually built on a large river

that has a drop in elevation, so as to use that has a drop in elevation, so as to use the forces of gravity to aid in the process the forces of gravity to aid in the process of creating electricity. A dam is built to of creating electricity. A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. An artificial storage is an existing lake. An artificial storage reservoir is formed by constructing a dam reservoir is formed by constructing a dam across a riveracross a river..

RESERVOIR:RESERVOIR: The area behind the dam where water is The area behind the dam where water is

stored is called the reservoir. The water stored is called the reservoir. The water there has gravitational potential energy. The there has gravitational potential energy. The water is in a stored position above the rest water is in a stored position above the rest of the dam facility so as to allow gravity to of the dam facility so as to allow gravity to carry the water down to the turbines. carry the water down to the turbines.

PENSTOCK:PENSTOCK: It carries water from reservoir to the It carries water from reservoir to the

hydraulic turbine. The penstock is a long hydraulic turbine. The penstock is a long shaft that carries the water towards the shaft that carries the water towards the turbines where the kinetic energy becomes turbines where the kinetic energy becomes mechanical energy. The force of the water is mechanical energy. The force of the water is used to turn the turbines that turn the used to turn the turbines that turn the generator shaftgenerator shaft

Trash rack, Gates and Trash rack, Gates and anchoragesanchorages: :

Trash rack prevent the entry of debris Trash rack prevent the entry of debris into the penstock. These debris would into the penstock. These debris would otherwise damage the gates, nozzles otherwise damage the gates, nozzles and turbine blades by erosion.and turbine blades by erosion.

Gates control and regulate the flow of Gates control and regulate the flow of water into the penstock.water into the penstock.

Anchorages prevent the movement of Anchorages prevent the movement of penstock due to dynamic forces at penstock due to dynamic forces at vertical and horizontal bends and on vertical and horizontal bends and on slopes.slopes.

Draft tube and tail race:Draft tube and tail race: Draft tube is a kind of a diverging passage. Draft tube is a kind of a diverging passage.

Because of this shape, the water flows Because of this shape, the water flows through this tube is deaccelerated and it through this tube is deaccelerated and it comes out of tube with minimum kinetic comes out of tube with minimum kinetic energy.energy.

The exit of draft tube is submerged in tail The exit of draft tube is submerged in tail race.race.

Control Gates & Spillway:Control Gates & Spillway: Control gates arrangement is provided Control gates arrangement is provided

with Spillways. with Spillways. Spillway is constructed to act as a safety Spillway is constructed to act as a safety

valve. It discharge the overflow water to valve. It discharge the overflow water to the down stream side when the reservoir is the down stream side when the reservoir is full. full.

SURGE TANKSURGE TANK::

It is a safety device. It is a safety device. SURGE TANK acts as a temporary SURGE TANK acts as a temporary

reservoir. It helps in stabilizing the reservoir. It helps in stabilizing the velocity and pressure in penstock and velocity and pressure in penstock and thereby saves penstock from getting thereby saves penstock from getting damageddamaged

ADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER ADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT:PLANT:

No fuel charges.No fuel charges. An HEP is highly reliable & has long An HEP is highly reliable & has long

life.life. Maintenance & operation charges are Maintenance & operation charges are

very low.very low. Running cost of the plant is low.Running cost of the plant is low. No ash problem & atmosphere is not No ash problem & atmosphere is not

polluted since no smoke is produced polluted since no smoke is produced in the plant.in the plant.

In addition to power generation these In addition to power generation these plants can also be used for flood plants can also be used for flood control & irrigation purposes.control & irrigation purposes.

These are set up away from the These are set up away from the developed area hence cost of land is developed area hence cost of land is not a major problem.not a major problem.

DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT:DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT:

Initial cost of plant for set up is very Initial cost of plant for set up is very high.high.

It takes considerably long time for the It takes considerably long time for the

erection of such plants.erection of such plants.

Since such plants are usually located Since such plants are usually located in hilly areas & far away from the load in hilly areas & far away from the load centre, so they require long centre, so they require long transmission lines to deliver power transmission lines to deliver power subsequently the cost of transmission subsequently the cost of transmission lines & losses in them will be more.lines & losses in them will be more.

NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER PLANTPLANT

The Nuclear power plant converts nuclear The Nuclear power plant converts nuclear energy into electrical energy.energy into electrical energy.

Nuclear power reactors or nuclear power Nuclear power reactors or nuclear power plants create electricity by combining plants create electricity by combining chemical reactions and heat. Nuclear chemical reactions and heat. Nuclear fission: The fuel most widely used by nuclear fission: The fuel most widely used by nuclear power plants for nuclear fission is uranium. power plants for nuclear fission is uranium.

In nuclear fission, a small particle called a In nuclear fission, a small particle called a neutron hits the uranium atom and it splits, neutron hits the uranium atom and it splits, releasing a great amount of energy as heat releasing a great amount of energy as heat and radiation. As more neutrons are and radiation. As more neutrons are released they bombard other uranium released they bombard other uranium atoms, and the process of nuclear fission atoms, and the process of nuclear fission repeats itself over and over again. This is repeats itself over and over again. This is called a chain reaction. Nuclear plants use called a chain reaction. Nuclear plants use the heat given off during fission as fuel. the heat given off during fission as fuel. Fission takes place inside the reactor of a Fission takes place inside the reactor of a nuclear power plant nuclear power plant

COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT:PLANT:

Nuclear ReactorNuclear Reactor Control rodsControl rods Steam turbineSteam turbine Steam GeneratorSteam Generator Coolant pumpCoolant pump Feed pumpFeed pump Condenser Condenser Cooling towerCooling tower

NUCLEAR REACTOR:NUCLEAR REACTOR:

A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate.

NUCLEAR REACTIONNUCLEAR REACTION

Advantages of nuclear power plant:Advantages of nuclear power plant:

It avoids the wide variety of It avoids the wide variety of environmental problems arising from environmental problems arising from burning fossil fuels - coal, oil, and burning fossil fuels - coal, oil, and gas.gas.

It is possible to generate a high It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one amount of electrical energy in one single plant using small amount of single plant using small amount of fuel. fuel.

Nuclear power is reliable. This Nuclear power is reliable. This technology is readily a available.technology is readily a available.

Produces small amounts of waste. Produces small amounts of waste. Nuclear power is also not so expensive Nuclear power is also not so expensive

as compare to power from coal. as compare to power from coal.

DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT:PLANT:

The problem of radioactive waste is The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one. still an unsolved one.

High risks: It is technically impossible High risks: It is technically impossible to build a plant with 100% security. to build a plant with 100% security.

The energy source for nuclear energy The energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium. Uranium is a scarce is Uranium. Uranium is a scarce resource; its supply is estimated to resource; its supply is estimated to last only for the next 30 to 60 years last only for the next 30 to 60 years depending on the actual demand.depending on the actual demand.