Power of the Power of the European MonarchsEuropean Monarchs

Age of ExplorationAge of ExplorationReasons for the Age of Reasons for the Age of

Exploration:Exploration: Economic GainEconomic Gain PowerPower To spread ChristianityTo spread Christianity Science/New IdeasScience/New IdeasMajor Players:Major Players: Spain (Columbus, Spain (Columbus, Magellan, Cortes)Magellan, Cortes) Portugal (Dias, Da Gama, Portugal (Dias, Da Gama,

Cabral)Cabral) England (Hudson, CabotEngland (Hudson, Cabot) )

Era of Spanish Era of Spanish DominationDomination

Isabella and Ferdinand:Isabella and Ferdinand: Reconquered Spain Reconquered Spain from Muslims and from Muslims and reunified Spain under reunified Spain under Catholic religionCatholic religion

Financed Columbus’s Financed Columbus’s voyagevoyage

Charles V:Charles V: Expanded Spanish Expanded Spanish empire domestically empire domestically and abroadand abroad

Phillip IIPhillip II

1556 – 1598, 1556 – 1598, most powerful most powerful monarch in monarch in Spanish historySpanish history

Strong Catholic Strong Catholic and sought to and sought to strengthen strengthen Catholicism in Catholicism in Spain and in Spain and in Spanish coloniesSpanish colonies

The Spanish ArmadaThe Spanish Armada 1588, Phillip II of 1588, Phillip II of Spain sent a fleet Spain sent a fleet of warships to of warships to invade Englandinvade England

Spain was the #1 Spain was the #1 naval power in the naval power in the world—expected to world—expected to easily defeat the easily defeat the smaller, weaker smaller, weaker English navyEnglish navy

The English navy The English navy ended up defeating ended up defeating the Spanish Armada, the Spanish Armada, reducing the power reducing the power of Spain and of Spain and increasing the power increasing the power of England of England

Reasons why Phillip II sent the Reasons why Phillip II sent the Armada to invade England:Armada to invade England:

ReligionReligion: Phillip was a strong Catholic. Elizabeth I : Phillip was a strong Catholic. Elizabeth I posed a threat to him as a Protestantposed a threat to him as a Protestant

MarriageMarriage: Phillip had been married to Mary I : Phillip had been married to Mary I (Elizabeth’s half-sister). In 1559 he proposed marriage (Elizabeth’s half-sister). In 1559 he proposed marriage to Elizabeth but she refused.to Elizabeth but she refused.

PiracyPiracy: Some English sailors, such as Sir Francis : Some English sailors, such as Sir Francis Drake, had been robbing Spanish treasure ships in the Drake, had been robbing Spanish treasure ships in the New World (1570s – 1580s), with Elizabeth’s New World (1570s – 1580s), with Elizabeth’s encouragement.encouragement.

Mary, Queen of ScotsMary, Queen of Scots: Elizabeth’s decision to sign the : Elizabeth’s decision to sign the death warrant of Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587, death warrant of Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587, enormously angered Phillip.enormously angered Phillip.

French Civil WarFrench Civil War: France was a traditional enemy of : France was a traditional enemy of both England and Spain and both countries had united both England and Spain and both countries had united against France in the past. In 1563 civil war broke out against France in the past. In 1563 civil war broke out in France, meaning the country was no longer a threat in France, meaning the country was no longer a threat to either England or Spain for the next 30 years.to either England or Spain for the next 30 years.

Elizabeth and the NetherlandsElizabeth and the Netherlands: In 1588, Elizabeth sent : In 1588, Elizabeth sent an army to help the Dutch who faced defeat by the an army to help the Dutch who faced defeat by the Spanish. For the first time England and Spain were Spanish. For the first time England and Spain were actually fighting each other. actually fighting each other.

The Tudor DynastyThe Tudor DynastyHenry VII: First Tudor Henry VII: First Tudor Monarch, 1485 - 1509Monarch, 1485 - 1509 Strengthened England’s Strengthened England’s

position in the world by: position in the world by: expanding foreign trade expanding foreign trade and improving diplomacyand improving diplomacy

Henry VIII: 1509 – 1547Henry VIII: 1509 – 1547 Formed the (Protestant) Formed the (Protestant)

Church of England, Church of England, Founded the Royal NavyFounded the Royal Navy

Edward VI: 1547 – 1553Edward VI: 1547 – 1553 Died at age 15 of TBDied at age 15 of TBMary I: 1553 - 1558 Mary I: 1553 - 1558 Known as “Bloody Mary” Known as “Bloody Mary”

for persecuting for persecuting Protestants, married to Protestants, married to Phillip II of SpainPhillip II of Spain

Queen Elizabeth IQueen Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) Regarded (1558 – 1603) Regarded

as one of the greatest as one of the greatest leaders in English leaders in English historyhistory

Never married and Never married and therefore ended the therefore ended the Tudor Dynasty upon her Tudor Dynasty upon her deathdeath

Was a Protestant and Was a Protestant and strengthened the Church strengthened the Church of Englandof England

After the defeat of the After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, England Spanish Armada, England became the leading force became the leading force in Europe, under in Europe, under Elizabeth’s ruleElizabeth’s rule

The Elizabethan era is The Elizabethan era is considered the “golden considered the “golden age” of Englandage” of England

The French MonarchsThe French MonarchsHenry IV: 1589 – 1610,Henry IV: 1589 – 1610,First in the Bourbon First in the Bourbon DynastyDynasty Issued the Edict of Issued the Edict of

Nantes in 1598, Nantes in 1598, granting religious granting religious freedom to freedom to Protestants, ending a Protestants, ending a long civil warlong civil war

Cardinal Richelieu: Cardinal Richelieu: (advisor for Louis (advisor for Louis XIII) XIII)

wanted to strengthen wanted to strengthen power of France by power of France by building up the building up the economy and militaryeconomy and military

Louis XIVLouis XIV 1643 – 1715, most powerful and 1643 – 1715, most powerful and

longest ruling Bourbon monarchlongest ruling Bourbon monarch Known as the “Sun King” Known as the “Sun King”

because he felt France should because he felt France should revolve around himrevolve around him

Emphasized a strong monarchy Emphasized a strong monarchy and ruled as an absolute and ruled as an absolute monarchmonarch

Moved his palace from Paris to Moved his palace from Paris to Versailles to show power and Versailles to show power and wealthwealth

Taxes: lower class people paid Taxes: lower class people paid the majority of taxes, while the majority of taxes, while nobility and clergy paid nobility and clergy paid little—created great economic little—created great economic and social problems in Franceand social problems in France

1685, repealed the Edict of 1685, repealed the Edict of Nantes and forced everyone in Nantes and forced everyone in France to become CatholicFrance to become Catholic

The divisions and unrest The divisions and unrest caused by the rule of Louis caused by the rule of Louis XIV laid the groundwork for XIV laid the groundwork for the French Revolutionthe French Revolution

The German StatesThe German States

Thirty Years’ War:Thirty Years’ War: In 1618, a religious war In 1618, a religious war

between Catholics and between Catholics and Protestants broke out in Protestants broke out in the Holy Roman Empire. the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Westphalia: Peace of Westphalia: Ended the warEnded the war Weakened Germany—divided Weakened Germany—divided

it into 300 separate it into 300 separate states.states.

Strengthened France.Strengthened France. Recognized Calvinism as Recognized Calvinism as

one of the official one of the official religions.religions.

Frederick I: Powerful Frederick I: Powerful leader who centralized leader who centralized the Prussian government the Prussian government under his control. under his control. Created a strong army. Created a strong army. Supported trade and Supported trade and production.production.