power factor(r)
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Power Factor basics
By Jafar Khan
Content
What is power factor
What causes low power factor
Why should I improve my power factor
How should I correct (Improve) my power factor
Power factor is the measure of how effectively your electrical equipment converts electric power (supplied by your power utility) into useful power output
What is Power Factor
In technical terms it is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA) of an electrical installation
bull KW is Working Power (also called Actual Power or Active Power or Real Power) It is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful work
bull KVA is Apparent Power It is the ldquovectorial summationrdquo of KVAR and KW
bull KVAR is Reactive Power It is the power that magnetic equipment (transformer motor and relay) needs to produce the magnetizing flux
Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
PF = KWKVA
PF = KWKW+KVAR
PF = BeerBeer+Foam
The more foam you have (the higher the percentage of KVAR) the lower your ratio of KW (beer) to KVA (beer plus foam) Thus the lower your power factor The less foam you have (the lower the percentage of KVAR) the higher your ratio of KW (beer) to KVA (beer plus foam) In fact as your foam (or KVAR) approaches zero your power factor approaches 10
Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
Mac here is dragging a heavy load Macrsquos Working Power (orActual Power) in the forward direction where he most wants his load totravel is KW
Unfortunately Mac canrsquot drag his load on a perfect horizontal (he wouldget a tremendous backache) so his shoulder height adds a little ReactivePower or KVAR
The Apparent Power Mac is dragging KVA is this ldquovectorial summationrdquoof KVAR and KW
Power TrainglehellipPower Traingle helliphellip
OslashKW (Real Power)
KVA (Apparent Power)
KV
AR
(R
eact
ive
Po
wer
)
= COS Oslash
Power Factor (COS Oslash) should be close to unity
What causes Low Power Factor
Low power factor results when KW is small in relation to KVA Remembering our beer mug analogy this would occur when KVAR (foam or Macrsquos shoulder height) is large
What causes a large KVAR in a system The answer ishellipinductive loads
1048713 Transformers1048713 Induction motors1048713 Induction generators (wind mill generators)1048713 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting
Reactive power (KVAR) required by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent power (KVA) in distribution system This increase in reactive and apparent power results in a larger angle measured between KW and KVA As θ increases cosine θ (or power factor) decreases
OslashKW
KVA
KV
AR
KW
KVA
KV
AR
KVA
KV
AR
Oslash
bull Lower the Utility bill
Why should I Improve my Power Factor
inductive loads require reactive power caused your low power factor This increase in required reactive power (KVAR) causes an increase in required apparent power (KVA) which is what the utility is supplying
So a facilityrsquos low power factor causes the utility to have to increase its generation and transmission capacity in order to handle this extra demand
By raising your power factor you use less KVAR This results in less KW which equates to savings from the utility
bull Increased system capacity and reduced system losses
By adding capacitors (KVAR generators) to the system the power factor is improved and the KW capacity of the system is increased
Reduces I2R losses in conductors
bull Increased voltage level and cooler more efficient motorsAs uncorrected power factor causes power losses in distribution system As power losses increase you may experience voltage drops Excessive voltagedrops can cause overheating and premature failure of motors and other inductive equipment
So by raising power factor minimizes these voltage drops along feeder cables and avoid related problems Your motors will run cooler and be more efficient with a slight increase in capacity and starting torque
A 10 drop in terminal voltage from the rated Will reduce the Induction motor torque by approx 19 Increase full load current by approx 11 Reduce overload capacity Increase temperature rise by approx 6-7 degrees
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Content
What is power factor
What causes low power factor
Why should I improve my power factor
How should I correct (Improve) my power factor
Power factor is the measure of how effectively your electrical equipment converts electric power (supplied by your power utility) into useful power output
What is Power Factor
In technical terms it is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA) of an electrical installation
bull KW is Working Power (also called Actual Power or Active Power or Real Power) It is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful work
bull KVA is Apparent Power It is the ldquovectorial summationrdquo of KVAR and KW
bull KVAR is Reactive Power It is the power that magnetic equipment (transformer motor and relay) needs to produce the magnetizing flux
Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
PF = KWKVA
PF = KWKW+KVAR
PF = BeerBeer+Foam
The more foam you have (the higher the percentage of KVAR) the lower your ratio of KW (beer) to KVA (beer plus foam) Thus the lower your power factor The less foam you have (the lower the percentage of KVAR) the higher your ratio of KW (beer) to KVA (beer plus foam) In fact as your foam (or KVAR) approaches zero your power factor approaches 10
Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
Mac here is dragging a heavy load Macrsquos Working Power (orActual Power) in the forward direction where he most wants his load totravel is KW
Unfortunately Mac canrsquot drag his load on a perfect horizontal (he wouldget a tremendous backache) so his shoulder height adds a little ReactivePower or KVAR
The Apparent Power Mac is dragging KVA is this ldquovectorial summationrdquoof KVAR and KW
Power TrainglehellipPower Traingle helliphellip
OslashKW (Real Power)
KVA (Apparent Power)
KV
AR
(R
eact
ive
Po
wer
)
= COS Oslash
Power Factor (COS Oslash) should be close to unity
What causes Low Power Factor
Low power factor results when KW is small in relation to KVA Remembering our beer mug analogy this would occur when KVAR (foam or Macrsquos shoulder height) is large
What causes a large KVAR in a system The answer ishellipinductive loads
1048713 Transformers1048713 Induction motors1048713 Induction generators (wind mill generators)1048713 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting
Reactive power (KVAR) required by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent power (KVA) in distribution system This increase in reactive and apparent power results in a larger angle measured between KW and KVA As θ increases cosine θ (or power factor) decreases
OslashKW
KVA
KV
AR
KW
KVA
KV
AR
KVA
KV
AR
Oslash
bull Lower the Utility bill
Why should I Improve my Power Factor
inductive loads require reactive power caused your low power factor This increase in required reactive power (KVAR) causes an increase in required apparent power (KVA) which is what the utility is supplying
So a facilityrsquos low power factor causes the utility to have to increase its generation and transmission capacity in order to handle this extra demand
By raising your power factor you use less KVAR This results in less KW which equates to savings from the utility
bull Increased system capacity and reduced system losses
By adding capacitors (KVAR generators) to the system the power factor is improved and the KW capacity of the system is increased
Reduces I2R losses in conductors
bull Increased voltage level and cooler more efficient motorsAs uncorrected power factor causes power losses in distribution system As power losses increase you may experience voltage drops Excessive voltagedrops can cause overheating and premature failure of motors and other inductive equipment
So by raising power factor minimizes these voltage drops along feeder cables and avoid related problems Your motors will run cooler and be more efficient with a slight increase in capacity and starting torque
A 10 drop in terminal voltage from the rated Will reduce the Induction motor torque by approx 19 Increase full load current by approx 11 Reduce overload capacity Increase temperature rise by approx 6-7 degrees
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Power factor is the measure of how effectively your electrical equipment converts electric power (supplied by your power utility) into useful power output
What is Power Factor
In technical terms it is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA) of an electrical installation
bull KW is Working Power (also called Actual Power or Active Power or Real Power) It is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful work
bull KVA is Apparent Power It is the ldquovectorial summationrdquo of KVAR and KW
bull KVAR is Reactive Power It is the power that magnetic equipment (transformer motor and relay) needs to produce the magnetizing flux
Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
PF = KWKVA
PF = KWKW+KVAR
PF = BeerBeer+Foam
The more foam you have (the higher the percentage of KVAR) the lower your ratio of KW (beer) to KVA (beer plus foam) Thus the lower your power factor The less foam you have (the lower the percentage of KVAR) the higher your ratio of KW (beer) to KVA (beer plus foam) In fact as your foam (or KVAR) approaches zero your power factor approaches 10
Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
Mac here is dragging a heavy load Macrsquos Working Power (orActual Power) in the forward direction where he most wants his load totravel is KW
Unfortunately Mac canrsquot drag his load on a perfect horizontal (he wouldget a tremendous backache) so his shoulder height adds a little ReactivePower or KVAR
The Apparent Power Mac is dragging KVA is this ldquovectorial summationrdquoof KVAR and KW
Power TrainglehellipPower Traingle helliphellip
OslashKW (Real Power)
KVA (Apparent Power)
KV
AR
(R
eact
ive
Po
wer
)
= COS Oslash
Power Factor (COS Oslash) should be close to unity
What causes Low Power Factor
Low power factor results when KW is small in relation to KVA Remembering our beer mug analogy this would occur when KVAR (foam or Macrsquos shoulder height) is large
What causes a large KVAR in a system The answer ishellipinductive loads
1048713 Transformers1048713 Induction motors1048713 Induction generators (wind mill generators)1048713 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting
Reactive power (KVAR) required by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent power (KVA) in distribution system This increase in reactive and apparent power results in a larger angle measured between KW and KVA As θ increases cosine θ (or power factor) decreases
OslashKW
KVA
KV
AR
KW
KVA
KV
AR
KVA
KV
AR
Oslash
bull Lower the Utility bill
Why should I Improve my Power Factor
inductive loads require reactive power caused your low power factor This increase in required reactive power (KVAR) causes an increase in required apparent power (KVA) which is what the utility is supplying
So a facilityrsquos low power factor causes the utility to have to increase its generation and transmission capacity in order to handle this extra demand
By raising your power factor you use less KVAR This results in less KW which equates to savings from the utility
bull Increased system capacity and reduced system losses
By adding capacitors (KVAR generators) to the system the power factor is improved and the KW capacity of the system is increased
Reduces I2R losses in conductors
bull Increased voltage level and cooler more efficient motorsAs uncorrected power factor causes power losses in distribution system As power losses increase you may experience voltage drops Excessive voltagedrops can cause overheating and premature failure of motors and other inductive equipment
So by raising power factor minimizes these voltage drops along feeder cables and avoid related problems Your motors will run cooler and be more efficient with a slight increase in capacity and starting torque
A 10 drop in terminal voltage from the rated Will reduce the Induction motor torque by approx 19 Increase full load current by approx 11 Reduce overload capacity Increase temperature rise by approx 6-7 degrees
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
bull KW is Working Power (also called Actual Power or Active Power or Real Power) It is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful work
bull KVA is Apparent Power It is the ldquovectorial summationrdquo of KVAR and KW
bull KVAR is Reactive Power It is the power that magnetic equipment (transformer motor and relay) needs to produce the magnetizing flux
Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
PF = KWKVA
PF = KWKW+KVAR
PF = BeerBeer+Foam
The more foam you have (the higher the percentage of KVAR) the lower your ratio of KW (beer) to KVA (beer plus foam) Thus the lower your power factor The less foam you have (the lower the percentage of KVAR) the higher your ratio of KW (beer) to KVA (beer plus foam) In fact as your foam (or KVAR) approaches zero your power factor approaches 10
Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
Mac here is dragging a heavy load Macrsquos Working Power (orActual Power) in the forward direction where he most wants his load totravel is KW
Unfortunately Mac canrsquot drag his load on a perfect horizontal (he wouldget a tremendous backache) so his shoulder height adds a little ReactivePower or KVAR
The Apparent Power Mac is dragging KVA is this ldquovectorial summationrdquoof KVAR and KW
Power TrainglehellipPower Traingle helliphellip
OslashKW (Real Power)
KVA (Apparent Power)
KV
AR
(R
eact
ive
Po
wer
)
= COS Oslash
Power Factor (COS Oslash) should be close to unity
What causes Low Power Factor
Low power factor results when KW is small in relation to KVA Remembering our beer mug analogy this would occur when KVAR (foam or Macrsquos shoulder height) is large
What causes a large KVAR in a system The answer ishellipinductive loads
1048713 Transformers1048713 Induction motors1048713 Induction generators (wind mill generators)1048713 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting
Reactive power (KVAR) required by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent power (KVA) in distribution system This increase in reactive and apparent power results in a larger angle measured between KW and KVA As θ increases cosine θ (or power factor) decreases
OslashKW
KVA
KV
AR
KW
KVA
KV
AR
KVA
KV
AR
Oslash
bull Lower the Utility bill
Why should I Improve my Power Factor
inductive loads require reactive power caused your low power factor This increase in required reactive power (KVAR) causes an increase in required apparent power (KVA) which is what the utility is supplying
So a facilityrsquos low power factor causes the utility to have to increase its generation and transmission capacity in order to handle this extra demand
By raising your power factor you use less KVAR This results in less KW which equates to savings from the utility
bull Increased system capacity and reduced system losses
By adding capacitors (KVAR generators) to the system the power factor is improved and the KW capacity of the system is increased
Reduces I2R losses in conductors
bull Increased voltage level and cooler more efficient motorsAs uncorrected power factor causes power losses in distribution system As power losses increase you may experience voltage drops Excessive voltagedrops can cause overheating and premature failure of motors and other inductive equipment
So by raising power factor minimizes these voltage drops along feeder cables and avoid related problems Your motors will run cooler and be more efficient with a slight increase in capacity and starting torque
A 10 drop in terminal voltage from the rated Will reduce the Induction motor torque by approx 19 Increase full load current by approx 11 Reduce overload capacity Increase temperature rise by approx 6-7 degrees
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
PF = KWKVA
PF = KWKW+KVAR
PF = BeerBeer+Foam
The more foam you have (the higher the percentage of KVAR) the lower your ratio of KW (beer) to KVA (beer plus foam) Thus the lower your power factor The less foam you have (the lower the percentage of KVAR) the higher your ratio of KW (beer) to KVA (beer plus foam) In fact as your foam (or KVAR) approaches zero your power factor approaches 10
Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
Mac here is dragging a heavy load Macrsquos Working Power (orActual Power) in the forward direction where he most wants his load totravel is KW
Unfortunately Mac canrsquot drag his load on a perfect horizontal (he wouldget a tremendous backache) so his shoulder height adds a little ReactivePower or KVAR
The Apparent Power Mac is dragging KVA is this ldquovectorial summationrdquoof KVAR and KW
Power TrainglehellipPower Traingle helliphellip
OslashKW (Real Power)
KVA (Apparent Power)
KV
AR
(R
eact
ive
Po
wer
)
= COS Oslash
Power Factor (COS Oslash) should be close to unity
What causes Low Power Factor
Low power factor results when KW is small in relation to KVA Remembering our beer mug analogy this would occur when KVAR (foam or Macrsquos shoulder height) is large
What causes a large KVAR in a system The answer ishellipinductive loads
1048713 Transformers1048713 Induction motors1048713 Induction generators (wind mill generators)1048713 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting
Reactive power (KVAR) required by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent power (KVA) in distribution system This increase in reactive and apparent power results in a larger angle measured between KW and KVA As θ increases cosine θ (or power factor) decreases
OslashKW
KVA
KV
AR
KW
KVA
KV
AR
KVA
KV
AR
Oslash
bull Lower the Utility bill
Why should I Improve my Power Factor
inductive loads require reactive power caused your low power factor This increase in required reactive power (KVAR) causes an increase in required apparent power (KVA) which is what the utility is supplying
So a facilityrsquos low power factor causes the utility to have to increase its generation and transmission capacity in order to handle this extra demand
By raising your power factor you use less KVAR This results in less KW which equates to savings from the utility
bull Increased system capacity and reduced system losses
By adding capacitors (KVAR generators) to the system the power factor is improved and the KW capacity of the system is increased
Reduces I2R losses in conductors
bull Increased voltage level and cooler more efficient motorsAs uncorrected power factor causes power losses in distribution system As power losses increase you may experience voltage drops Excessive voltagedrops can cause overheating and premature failure of motors and other inductive equipment
So by raising power factor minimizes these voltage drops along feeder cables and avoid related problems Your motors will run cooler and be more efficient with a slight increase in capacity and starting torque
A 10 drop in terminal voltage from the rated Will reduce the Induction motor torque by approx 19 Increase full load current by approx 11 Reduce overload capacity Increase temperature rise by approx 6-7 degrees
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
Mac here is dragging a heavy load Macrsquos Working Power (orActual Power) in the forward direction where he most wants his load totravel is KW
Unfortunately Mac canrsquot drag his load on a perfect horizontal (he wouldget a tremendous backache) so his shoulder height adds a little ReactivePower or KVAR
The Apparent Power Mac is dragging KVA is this ldquovectorial summationrdquoof KVAR and KW
Power TrainglehellipPower Traingle helliphellip
OslashKW (Real Power)
KVA (Apparent Power)
KV
AR
(R
eact
ive
Po
wer
)
= COS Oslash
Power Factor (COS Oslash) should be close to unity
What causes Low Power Factor
Low power factor results when KW is small in relation to KVA Remembering our beer mug analogy this would occur when KVAR (foam or Macrsquos shoulder height) is large
What causes a large KVAR in a system The answer ishellipinductive loads
1048713 Transformers1048713 Induction motors1048713 Induction generators (wind mill generators)1048713 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting
Reactive power (KVAR) required by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent power (KVA) in distribution system This increase in reactive and apparent power results in a larger angle measured between KW and KVA As θ increases cosine θ (or power factor) decreases
OslashKW
KVA
KV
AR
KW
KVA
KV
AR
KVA
KV
AR
Oslash
bull Lower the Utility bill
Why should I Improve my Power Factor
inductive loads require reactive power caused your low power factor This increase in required reactive power (KVAR) causes an increase in required apparent power (KVA) which is what the utility is supplying
So a facilityrsquos low power factor causes the utility to have to increase its generation and transmission capacity in order to handle this extra demand
By raising your power factor you use less KVAR This results in less KW which equates to savings from the utility
bull Increased system capacity and reduced system losses
By adding capacitors (KVAR generators) to the system the power factor is improved and the KW capacity of the system is increased
Reduces I2R losses in conductors
bull Increased voltage level and cooler more efficient motorsAs uncorrected power factor causes power losses in distribution system As power losses increase you may experience voltage drops Excessive voltagedrops can cause overheating and premature failure of motors and other inductive equipment
So by raising power factor minimizes these voltage drops along feeder cables and avoid related problems Your motors will run cooler and be more efficient with a slight increase in capacity and starting torque
A 10 drop in terminal voltage from the rated Will reduce the Induction motor torque by approx 19 Increase full load current by approx 11 Reduce overload capacity Increase temperature rise by approx 6-7 degrees
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Power TrainglehellipPower Traingle helliphellip
OslashKW (Real Power)
KVA (Apparent Power)
KV
AR
(R
eact
ive
Po
wer
)
= COS Oslash
Power Factor (COS Oslash) should be close to unity
What causes Low Power Factor
Low power factor results when KW is small in relation to KVA Remembering our beer mug analogy this would occur when KVAR (foam or Macrsquos shoulder height) is large
What causes a large KVAR in a system The answer ishellipinductive loads
1048713 Transformers1048713 Induction motors1048713 Induction generators (wind mill generators)1048713 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting
Reactive power (KVAR) required by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent power (KVA) in distribution system This increase in reactive and apparent power results in a larger angle measured between KW and KVA As θ increases cosine θ (or power factor) decreases
OslashKW
KVA
KV
AR
KW
KVA
KV
AR
KVA
KV
AR
Oslash
bull Lower the Utility bill
Why should I Improve my Power Factor
inductive loads require reactive power caused your low power factor This increase in required reactive power (KVAR) causes an increase in required apparent power (KVA) which is what the utility is supplying
So a facilityrsquos low power factor causes the utility to have to increase its generation and transmission capacity in order to handle this extra demand
By raising your power factor you use less KVAR This results in less KW which equates to savings from the utility
bull Increased system capacity and reduced system losses
By adding capacitors (KVAR generators) to the system the power factor is improved and the KW capacity of the system is increased
Reduces I2R losses in conductors
bull Increased voltage level and cooler more efficient motorsAs uncorrected power factor causes power losses in distribution system As power losses increase you may experience voltage drops Excessive voltagedrops can cause overheating and premature failure of motors and other inductive equipment
So by raising power factor minimizes these voltage drops along feeder cables and avoid related problems Your motors will run cooler and be more efficient with a slight increase in capacity and starting torque
A 10 drop in terminal voltage from the rated Will reduce the Induction motor torque by approx 19 Increase full load current by approx 11 Reduce overload capacity Increase temperature rise by approx 6-7 degrees
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
What causes Low Power Factor
Low power factor results when KW is small in relation to KVA Remembering our beer mug analogy this would occur when KVAR (foam or Macrsquos shoulder height) is large
What causes a large KVAR in a system The answer ishellipinductive loads
1048713 Transformers1048713 Induction motors1048713 Induction generators (wind mill generators)1048713 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting
Reactive power (KVAR) required by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent power (KVA) in distribution system This increase in reactive and apparent power results in a larger angle measured between KW and KVA As θ increases cosine θ (or power factor) decreases
OslashKW
KVA
KV
AR
KW
KVA
KV
AR
KVA
KV
AR
Oslash
bull Lower the Utility bill
Why should I Improve my Power Factor
inductive loads require reactive power caused your low power factor This increase in required reactive power (KVAR) causes an increase in required apparent power (KVA) which is what the utility is supplying
So a facilityrsquos low power factor causes the utility to have to increase its generation and transmission capacity in order to handle this extra demand
By raising your power factor you use less KVAR This results in less KW which equates to savings from the utility
bull Increased system capacity and reduced system losses
By adding capacitors (KVAR generators) to the system the power factor is improved and the KW capacity of the system is increased
Reduces I2R losses in conductors
bull Increased voltage level and cooler more efficient motorsAs uncorrected power factor causes power losses in distribution system As power losses increase you may experience voltage drops Excessive voltagedrops can cause overheating and premature failure of motors and other inductive equipment
So by raising power factor minimizes these voltage drops along feeder cables and avoid related problems Your motors will run cooler and be more efficient with a slight increase in capacity and starting torque
A 10 drop in terminal voltage from the rated Will reduce the Induction motor torque by approx 19 Increase full load current by approx 11 Reduce overload capacity Increase temperature rise by approx 6-7 degrees
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Reactive power (KVAR) required by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent power (KVA) in distribution system This increase in reactive and apparent power results in a larger angle measured between KW and KVA As θ increases cosine θ (or power factor) decreases
OslashKW
KVA
KV
AR
KW
KVA
KV
AR
KVA
KV
AR
Oslash
bull Lower the Utility bill
Why should I Improve my Power Factor
inductive loads require reactive power caused your low power factor This increase in required reactive power (KVAR) causes an increase in required apparent power (KVA) which is what the utility is supplying
So a facilityrsquos low power factor causes the utility to have to increase its generation and transmission capacity in order to handle this extra demand
By raising your power factor you use less KVAR This results in less KW which equates to savings from the utility
bull Increased system capacity and reduced system losses
By adding capacitors (KVAR generators) to the system the power factor is improved and the KW capacity of the system is increased
Reduces I2R losses in conductors
bull Increased voltage level and cooler more efficient motorsAs uncorrected power factor causes power losses in distribution system As power losses increase you may experience voltage drops Excessive voltagedrops can cause overheating and premature failure of motors and other inductive equipment
So by raising power factor minimizes these voltage drops along feeder cables and avoid related problems Your motors will run cooler and be more efficient with a slight increase in capacity and starting torque
A 10 drop in terminal voltage from the rated Will reduce the Induction motor torque by approx 19 Increase full load current by approx 11 Reduce overload capacity Increase temperature rise by approx 6-7 degrees
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
bull Lower the Utility bill
Why should I Improve my Power Factor
inductive loads require reactive power caused your low power factor This increase in required reactive power (KVAR) causes an increase in required apparent power (KVA) which is what the utility is supplying
So a facilityrsquos low power factor causes the utility to have to increase its generation and transmission capacity in order to handle this extra demand
By raising your power factor you use less KVAR This results in less KW which equates to savings from the utility
bull Increased system capacity and reduced system losses
By adding capacitors (KVAR generators) to the system the power factor is improved and the KW capacity of the system is increased
Reduces I2R losses in conductors
bull Increased voltage level and cooler more efficient motorsAs uncorrected power factor causes power losses in distribution system As power losses increase you may experience voltage drops Excessive voltagedrops can cause overheating and premature failure of motors and other inductive equipment
So by raising power factor minimizes these voltage drops along feeder cables and avoid related problems Your motors will run cooler and be more efficient with a slight increase in capacity and starting torque
A 10 drop in terminal voltage from the rated Will reduce the Induction motor torque by approx 19 Increase full load current by approx 11 Reduce overload capacity Increase temperature rise by approx 6-7 degrees
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
bull Increased voltage level and cooler more efficient motorsAs uncorrected power factor causes power losses in distribution system As power losses increase you may experience voltage drops Excessive voltagedrops can cause overheating and premature failure of motors and other inductive equipment
So by raising power factor minimizes these voltage drops along feeder cables and avoid related problems Your motors will run cooler and be more efficient with a slight increase in capacity and starting torque
A 10 drop in terminal voltage from the rated Will reduce the Induction motor torque by approx 19 Increase full load current by approx 11 Reduce overload capacity Increase temperature rise by approx 6-7 degrees
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
No lights on0 Watts total(room is dark) Voltage is normal
One light on14 Watts total(some light in room)Voltage drops some
Two lights on20 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Three lights on23 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Four lights on24 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Five lights on25 Watts total(room gets brighter)Voltage drops more
Six lights on24 Watts total (room gets darker)Voltage drops more
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
121197 13
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
bull Reduces loading on transformers
For example a 1000 KVA transformer with an 80 power factor provides 800 KW (600 KVAR) of power to the main bus
1000 KVA = (800 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 600
By increasing the power factor to 90 more KW can be supplied for the same amount of KVA
1000 KVA = (900 KW)2 + ( KVAR)2
KVAR = 436
The KW capacity of the system increases to 900 KW and the utility supplies only 436 KVAR
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
How do I correct my Power Factor
We have seen that consumers of Reactive power (Inductive loads) decrease power factor
Similarly Sources of Reactive Power increase power factor
1048713 Capacitors1048713 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)1048713 Synchronous motors
One way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the system
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
bull Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR) thus increasing your power factor
Reactive power (KVARS) caused by inductive loads always acts at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW)
Capacitance (KVAR)
Reactance (KVAR)
Working power (KW)
Capacitors store KVARS and release energy opposing the reactive energy caused by the inductor
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
True power delivered to load
Feeder line
Generator Outputmdashapparent power (Combination of true and reactive power)
Reactive power In both directions between the generator and the motor
If the motor is unloaded and is located a short distance from the generator the energy from the generator causes magnetic fields to form around the motor coils
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Since the coils of the motor are reactive the current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Positive Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Positive Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Reactive power from the generator to the motor
For Ascending Negative Alternation
The current causes a magnetic field to expand around the coils during one portion of the alternation
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Reactive power from the motor to the generator
For Descending Negative Alternation
During another portion of the alternation the magnetic field collapses induces a voltage at the coil and causes current from the motor to flow back to generator
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Individual Correction
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Group Correction
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Capacitor sizing
KVAr required = kW (tan Oslash 1 ndash tan Oslash 2)
PF1 and PF2 are initial and finalPower factors respectively
Where Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 1) and Oslash 1 = Cos-1 (PF 2) and
Q = S2 - P2
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Conclusion
PF is the ratio of Active Power (kW)) to the Apparent Power (kVA)
More the reactive power less is the power factor Power factor can be improved by locally providing required
Reactive power
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-
Thank You
- Power Factor basics
- Content
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Simple analogy in order to better understand these termshellip
- Letrsquos look at another analogy helliphellip
- Power Trainglehellip
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Individual Correction
- Group Correction
- Capacitor sizing
- Conclusion
- Slide 30
-