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13
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1-2.
1-3.
1-4.
1-5.
1-6.
1-7.
1-8.
1-9.
1-10.
1-11.
1-12.
1-13.
1-14.
1-15.
1-16.
1-17.
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(2-27)
~859 3. 11 ~ ~ 0)0, 111.~ (0015 3(~ ~0(0~1~)( 300 111.~ ~1(~1.111 15 5310 10 0~
/1 11 0.~ ,0 .(1 11 1~~0 .. 1 11 .~ (0 01 5 3 (~
(2-28)
~11.~(~ 0)~ 15 ~311~0 111.~ ,/118/118 /,~()/1~119 (0( 03(0~~0 (~500301 1(~()1.1~0~~) 300
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= ~ 0)5
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300 111.~ ~1.1((~01 ~0051515 01 3 0.(1111~~0. 0, 0.~~(1)1/118 5/11/150/0.(1/.
1-/0(~. 111.~ ~00513015 ~1 300 ~2 ~30 0~ 0~1~((010~0 1(0(0 111.~ 1011131 ~000111005
01111.~ ~1(~1.111. 111.~ (3110 01 ~/0)0 15 ~0(0(0001~ ~00~0 35 0.(1111~/118 ,(1(/0, 8.
(2-29)
~) (301( )1~ 2-3
=
0.05 ~~, 300 ~~515130~~, ~
160 0. 10~ 1011131
,,,3 11 1~0~ 10~ ~3~3~11 0~ ,,,0 11 3~~ 15 ~0 =
0. 1~ 10~ 5~11~015 ~105~0 31
(
=
0 , 0 ~1~~~10~
(3) 30 ~)(~~~55100 ~0~ 10~ ~11~~~01, /((), 300 (0) 10~ ~00011~1100 11~~ 0~ 0100~. (~)
1)~3~ 3 5/(~1~0 0~ /( ().
80111~)0)) (3) ~~0~ ~~. (2-23), ~ =
16 0
91,652 ~ 30/5
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=
=
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=
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0, 10~ ~3~3~110~ 0~~~~5 3 10~ 1~~~030~~ 300 10~
10011~10~ 0~~~~5 3 01~0 1~~~030~~. 10~ 1011131 ~31~ 0~ ~15~ 0~ 10~ ~11~~~01 15 11~11~0
001~ 0~ 10~ 10011~10~ 1-. 10115 31
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=
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,
11111~ ~11~11.51 10 ~1~. 2-23 18 ~10 ~0 10( 11(0~ (1 , 3 ~ 0((~ 01 1 ~ 130 11 1 1~0 111 (0 0~11
111~ 1030~ 300 111~0 11111~ ~11~111 0~~0~0, 3 ~3111 (00 1 0~ ~(0~10~0 16( 111~ ~0((~01
10 111~ 1000~11~~ 1030. 1111 1 00((0311)1 000~ 0)1 ~000~~110~ 3 0100~ /),,, 3 110~0
10 ~1~. 2-83, 300 1111 0100~ 1 0 0311)1 ~311~0 3 / , . ~ ~ 1 1 1 / 1 ~ ~ / / ~ / 5 (//0(/~. 111~ ~1(~011
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31
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=
0, 300 (000~ 2 0~~10 ~11~0 111~ ~11~11 1 111~0 0~~0~0. 111~ ~()01~31~01
~1(~011 10( 111~ (000~ 3(~ 110~0 10 ~1~. 2-80. /1 300 /2
3(~ 0~110~0 3 111~ 1 0 130-
130~00 ~0((~01 10( (000~ 1 300 (000~ 2, (~ ~~~11~~1)1. (1 300 (2 3(~ 111~ ~0((~-
 ~00010~ 00(31100 01111~ ~ (000~ .
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~(). (2-8), 1
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58~. 2-4
 
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1 10 1~ 0 ~~ 00 1~ 8
(2-31)
11111~ 1101~ 11 18 81.1111~1~011)1 100~, 111~ ~1.1((~01 (~3~11~8 3 81~(0)1-8131~ ~311.1~ 300 3
81~(0)1-8131~ ~1.1((~01 0115 = ~5/~ 110~8 111(01.1~11111~1030.
~0~~ 2. 11118 0100~ 0~~108 ~11~0 111~ 8~11~1118 0~~0~0 300 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~01
813(18 10 110~ 111(01.1~11111~ 1(~~~11~~110~ 0100~ 1),,,. ~~0~11010~ 111~ 1101~ 0(1~10 31
111~ 0~~10010~ 0111118 0100~, 111~ ~1.1((~01 111(01.1~11111~ 1(~~~11~~1 0~ 0100~ 18 101.100
1(001
0.12
~11~~110~ ~1.1((~01 38
(2-32)
12(1) =
11~-(~/1- (2-33)
300 11118~1.1((~01 0~~3)18 ~)(~00~011311)110 2~(0 31 1 12 ~(0~10~0 11131 12 ~ ~ 1./ ~ .
111~ ~3~~10(018 10( 111~ ~1.1((~018 3(~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 2-8~.
~,.301())~ 2-4
=
220 ~, 3110
1 03 0 1 11 01 1~13 11~~ ,- =
220 ~1-1. (3) 0(3~ 111~ ~3__~10(01 10( 111~ 1030 ~11((~11111111~
8~11~1118 ~108~0 10( 3 11(11~ (1
= 100~8 3110 18111~11011~11~0 . (0) 0~1~((11111~111~~11~(~)1
810 (~0 111111~1030 111011~10 (.
+-
100~.
(0) ~0~11 10~ 5~11~0 51 15 0~~11~0 (11 (1
11111~
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110~ 10(011~0 10~ 0100~ 1),,,. 5111~~ 10~(~ 15 110 01551~(111,,,~ (( 51511,,,~) ~1~111~111 111 10~
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111011~10( 15 0 .51 ,/ 6
=
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10 10~ 10~(1110551~55 ~1(~1111 01 ~1~. 2-9(1, 10~ ~0~(~)1 510(~0 10 10~ 10011~10( 15 1((1~~~0
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5011(~~. 10/5 ~(10 0~ (1~01~~~0 0)1 (10010~ (1
5~~000 ~10010~ 10 10~ 10011~10( (100
~000~~1111~ (1
0100~ 1)1 (15 500~0 10 ~1~. 2-10(1. 10~ 10011~10( 0~0(1~~5 (15 (1 1((105-
10((0~(. 10~ 1((10510((0~( 5~~000(1()115 ~000~~1~0 511~0 10(11 111)1 15 ~05111,,,~, 10~0
1)2 15 0~~(111~~, (100 ~1~~ ~~(5(1, 10~ 5~~000(1()1 ~10010~ 10(111(1~11111(11~5 (~111(010~ 10~
510(~0 ~0~(~)11010~ 5011(~~ ~1(10100~ 1)1/5 ~00~0 (15 (1/~~0-0(1(/( 11//110-/1115. ~5511(010~
(1 1((10510((0~( ~110 (1 (0(1~0~11210~ 10011~1(10~~ 01 1.,~, 10~ ~().111~(11~01 ~1(~1111 15 (15
500~0 10 ~1~. 2-100.
1110~ 0100~ ( 00 5~~000(1()1 ~011(1~~ (5011(~~ ~011(1~~) (1(~ (~1~((~0 10 10~ ~(1(0(1()1
510~ 0110~ 1((10510((0~(, 10~ ~().111~(11~01 ~1(~111115 10(11 500~0 10 ~1~. 2-10~. /1
(100
/2 0~110~ 10~ ~(1(0(1()1 (100 5~~000(1()1 ~11((~015 0110~ 1((10510((0~(, (~5~~~11~~1)1.
10~ (/1,115 ,(1(/0 01 (10 10~(11 1((10510((0~( 15 0~110~0 (15
/+-/2
(1
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5~11~0 51 15 ~105~0 (11
(
= 0 (100 (000~ 2 0~~105 ~0~0 10~ 5~11~0 15 0~~0~0. 10~
~().111~(11~01~1(~11115 10( 10~ (000~5 (1(~ 500~0 10 ~1~. 2-11(1. (1 (100 (2 (1(~ 011((111005
01 (000~ 1 (100 (000~ 2, (~5~~~11~~1)1.
(2-34 )
(
= 0. 10~ 0100~ 1)1 15
(~~~(5~ 01(15~0 (100 10~ ~11((~0110(011~010~ 0100~ (5~~000(1()1 ~11((~01) 15
(1
0(
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(1)0
(~~~(5~ 0100~ ~011(1~~ (15
11,(1 +
(1 )
(2-35)
~5511(010~ 10(11 10~(~ 15 00 10111(11 ~11((~01 10 10~ ~1(~1111, 10~ ~(1(0(1()1 ~11((~01 15 10~
5(1(0~ (15 10~ 5~11~0 ~11((~01
/5
(2-36)
+
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(2-37)
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(
(1 -
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10 =
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1-,,,
(2-38)
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111011~10( 15 (~.,,~(5~0 3110 10~ 0100~ /)1 15 10(~3(0 0135~0. ~ ~11((~111110~5 10(01180
10 ~ 1 (3 11 510 (11 1~ ( 5 ~~ 011 03 ()1 3 110 1 0~ ~ 11 ~(8 )1 5 10 (~ 0 11 110 ~ 1 110 11~ 10 ( 1 5 (~ 11 1(11 ~0 10 10~
26
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(2-40)
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= 001
(2-41 )
500(~~. 1)510~ 111~ 1(~1- (100 (~0~11010~ 111~ 11(0~ 0(1~10 (11 111~ 0~~10010~ 0111115
(000~, 111~ ~ (1(0(1()1 ~0((~0115 ~)(~(~55~0 (15
1- -
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=
11(()
10
(11.~
111~ ~0000~1100 11(0~ 01 0100~ 1)1 15 10000 1(0(0 111~ ~00011100 11 ((
~(). (2-40) (1 0 15
(
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=
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510(~0 10 111~ 1000~10( 1.~ 15 (~10(0~0 10 111~ 500(~~. 111~ ~(1(1005 ~(1~~10((05 10(
111~ ~0((~015 (100 ~011(1~~ (1(~
5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-110 10( (1
= 10/6.
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~0( 10~ ~11~(~~ (~~0,,,~(~ ~1(~1111 01 ~1~. 2-10~, 10~ 111~~11~112111~ 111011~1 11~~ 01 10~
1(~11810(111~( 181 ., ,,
100. 10~ 1~~)(~~~ 111011~1~11~~8 ~110
(~8181~11~~8 0110~ 1(~11810(111~( ~(~ 11~~11~101~. 10~ 8011(~~ ,,,011~~~ 18 ~5 =
220 ~ ~110
10~(~ 18 110 111111~1~11((~111111 10~ ~1 ~1111. 1110~ 8~11~0 18 ~108~0 10( ~ 11111~(1
= 50 /1-8
~110 18 10~11 0~~11~0~ (~) 0~1~(111111~ 10~
(~,,,~(8~ ,,,011~~~ 01 0100~ 1)1
~
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0~ 1~ (11 111 1~ 1 0~ ~0 110 11~ 110 11 1111 1~ 01 0 100 ~ 1)1
~ ~110 (~) 0~1~(111111~ 10~ ~11~(~~ 811~~11~0
0~ 10~ 8011(~~.
= 1-/2/1-/1 = 100/10 = 10.
1) 0
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(0 ) ~ (0 11 1 ~ (),. (2 -3 8) 1 0~ ~~~ )( ,,,~ 11 1~011 0~ ~ (1 11 1~ (~~1 1((~ 11 1,
50
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220
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1~~~
(100 15 001 00((0(111~ 115~0 10 1001151(1(11 (1~~11~(111005. 110~~~~(, 11 15 115~111110
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(~51511~~ 10(10 15 5110~0 10 ~ ~. 2-12(1. 011(10~ 111~ ~05111~~ 11(111-~~~1~ 01111~ 10~111
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(100 111 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 15 2~(0. 111~ ~( ~~10((05 10( 111~ 10~111 (100 0111~111 ~011(1~~5
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(2-42)
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11 ~1 .1(~ 0 1 01~ (1 1
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11
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1(1((07 15 0~110~0 (15
(2-50)
(2-51)
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1, 3110 10~ ~0~~( 13(10(,
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100 , ~30 =
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111~ (~~1111~( 111 ~1~. 2-123 1135 3 ~11(~1~ (~51511,,,~ 103~ 011(. 0~1~.01111~ 111~ (3) ~16-
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~~3/( 111,,,~.5~ ,,,0113~~ (~1~) 01 ~10~~ ()1.
801 111 100 1 11~ 3,,,~ (3 ~~ 0 111~ 111 ,,,01 138~
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32
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11 ~30 0~ 001~0 1 001 ~~. (2-58) 1/131 1/1~ 3..,~(3~~ ..,0113~~ (300 ~1.1((~01) ~30
0~ 10~(~35~0 0)1 013/(10~ 8 =
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2
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10
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(2-59)
1051~30 011.1510~ 3 ~~01~(-131111~0 1(30510(01~(, ~~ ~01.110 1.15~ 101.1( 0100~5, 35
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17/11. 1015 ~1(~1.11115 /(00~0 35 3 6,/08€ ,€~(///€,.
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(2-65)
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111.~ 0011101 ,,,011(1~~ 10 8(). (2-63) ~(10 0~ 0~11,,,~0 0)1 811~~11001 0101111111~(11100 0~
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10111~0(10~~ ~01111.~ 11.(1101001~ ~011~018 (100 (1~1811~~ (11111~110 1~00~10~ 111.~ 11.(1101001~8.
1-1 0~ ~,,,~ 1, 1 11.1 8100 0~ 1(10 ~~ 1 011 000~ ~8
(1 1101~ 0~1(1)1 01111.~ 10(10 ~011~01 ~1111. 1~811~~1
10 111.~ 101101 ,,,011(1~~~ (100 10 111.~ ~(18~ 01111.~ 810~1~-1111.(18~ 11.(111-~3,,,~ 1~~1111~1, 3
11~~~11.~~110~ 0100~ 18 1~()011~0 10 1110,,,10~ 311(1111. 101111.18 1000~11,,,~ ~011~01.
~)(301()1~ 2.9
/1 -..8 11 1~ 1~ -~ 0.3 8~ 0 11 0~~ 1~~11 11~1 1 0.3 1 8 11~~11~8
(1 0~ 1110101 18 80.0~11 111~1~. 2-16(1. 10.~
11111181 (1110 0110 .~ 11 (1118101111~118111111 )1 . 10.~ 10(1018 811~0 . 10. (1110 .~ 1110101 01(1~8 (111~~1~ -
36
...
~
/
1 (~ ~ 3 (1 11 31 11 (~ ~ 11 (( ~1 11 01 /~ . 0 ~1 ~(1 11 11 1~ 1 0.~ (3 ) 0 .3 (1 11 01 11 ~ 1 3 ~1 0( 0 11 11 ()1 11 ~ 11 ((~ 11 1 (-1 ~~
3110 (0) 111()111()0~~( 13~10( 0110.~ (~~116~(, ~~.
80 01100 ~ 0(1 113 11~ , 3 0 ~ 11 1010 ( 15 0.1 ~0 .1~ 11 101 1~ 11~ ~ 3 110 3~ 15 11 /(~ 3 1111 ~( 111 ( ~01 1~ 111 ~
10.~
(1 ()()1 ~ ~ 11 ((~ 11 1 0 11 0.~ 1 03 0.
(3) 10.~ ~3~~10(1115 10( 10.~ 111()111~11((~111 110 111()01 ~0113~~ 0110.~ (~~116~( 3(~
50.0~11111 ~1~. 2-160. 10.~ 111()111~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~)(()(~55~0 111 3 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5 35
/1(1)
= /~0 + ~
(/))
1 11 ~ 0 15 11 13 ~~ 11 1~ 11 13 11 ~1 ~, ~ =
0 3110 0151113~~111~11113~10~ ,
))~
=
=
0 .9 0 (1 3~ ~1 11 ~).
~~ 03~~ 8~~11111 ~~. (2-59) 103110~ 3~~(3~~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ ~01~0 ~01.110 0~ 0013111~0
~(0111 8111~1~-~038~ ~1.111-~3~~ (~~1111~(8 18 0.6366~,,, 3110 10~8~ (~~11~1~(8 3(~ 1.18~0 111
3~~11~3110118 1.1~ 10 10~ 15-/(~ ~0~~( 1~~~1. ~0( 13(~~( ~0~~( 01.11~1.11, (/1,.~~-~/1(15~
3110 111/1/(/~/1(15~ (~~11~1~(8 3(~ 1.18~0. 10~ ~01.1(1~( 8~(1~8 0~ 10~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ ~1~~11
0)1 ~~. (2-63) 11101~31~8 1031 10~ 01.11~1.11 ~011131118 03(1110111~8 3110 10~ ~(~~1.1~11~)1 0~
10~ 1/1110-(1111~11((1/ ~0111~011~11( 18 1~0 11111~8 10~ 801.1(~~ ~(~~1.1~11~)1 (21). 111 ~(3~11~~,
3 ~111~( 18 110(111311)1 .18~0 10 (~01.1~~ 10~ 1~~~1 0~ 03(1110111~8 111 1 0~ 1030~ 3110 10~ 81 ~
0~ 10~ 1111~( 0~~(~38~8 ~110 10~ ~(~~1.1~11~)1 0~ 10~ 03(1110111~8. 111 300111011 10 10~
13(~~( ~0~~( 01.11~1.11 0~ 1111.1111~ 38~ (~~1111~(8, 10~ ~1.11103111~11131 ~(~~1.1~11~ 1 0~ 10~
()
11 111 ~8 10~ 801 .1(~ ~ ~ (~ ~1.1~ 11 ~)1 (()1).
10~ (~~1111~( ~1(~1.111 0~ ~1~. 2-14(3) ~311 0~ ~)(1~110~0 10 1111.1111~1~ ~038~8 0)1
03~111~ 1111.1111~038~ ~1110111~8 011 10~ 1(3118~0(111~( 8~~01103()1 38 800~11 111 ~ 1~. 2-173.
1018 ~1(~1.111 1113)1 0~ ~011810~(~0 38
()
8111~1~-~038~ 031~-~3~~ (~~1111~(8 3110 ~311 0~
~011810~(~0 38 3 031~-~3~~ 1)1~~. 10~ /(10 0100~ ~111 ~01101.1~1 01.1(111~ 10~ ~~(100
~0~11 10~ ~0113~~ 0~ /(10 ~038~ 18 01~0~( 10311 1031 0~ 01 ~( ~038~8. 10~ ~3~~~0(1118
~0( 10~ ~0113~~8 3110 ~1.1((~1118 3(~ 800~11 111 ~1~. 2-170. 10~ ~01101.1~11011 ~~(100 0~
~3~0 0100~ 18 270/().
11 ~311 0~ 11011~~0 ~(0111 ~1~ 2-170 1031 10~ ~1.1((~111 50~111~ 10(01.1~0 10~ 8~~-
0110 3()1 ~ 1110 111 ~ 18 1.11 1101 (~ ~1 101 131 3110 ~ 01113 111 8 3 0 ~ ~ 01 11~ 01 1~ 111 . 0111 )10 11~ 8~ ~0 110 3()1
~1110111~ ~3((1~8 ~1.1((~111 31 3 ~3(11~1.113( 11111~, 3110 38 3 (~81.111 10~ ~(11113()1 1111.1810~
~01111~~1~0 111 0 ~113 111 0 (0~( 10 ~1111111131~ 10~ 0~ ~0111~011~111111 10~ 111~1.11 810~ 0~ 10~
1(3118~0(111~( .
10~ 3~~(3~~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ ~0( 3 ()-~038~ (~~11~1~( 18 ~1~~11 0)1
(2-69)
(2-70)
1~ 10~ 1030 18 ~1.1(~1)1 (~81811~~, 10~ ~~3/( ~1.1((~11110(01.1~0 3 0100~ 18 1,,,
= ~ , ,,/~ 3110
~~ ~311 ~1110 10~ (1118 ~311.1~ 0~ 3 0100~ ~1.1((~111 (0( 1(3118~0(111~( 8~~01103()1 ~1.1((~111)
38
~~3(1))1~ 2-10
~ 10(~~-~035~ 513( (~~611 ( 035 3 ~11(~1~ (~5156~~ 1030 ~110 ~ 00015. 0~1~(01111~ 10~
(3) ~111~1~11~~~ (0) 10(01 13~10(~ (~) (1~~1~ 13~10(~ (0) 1(311510(01~( 116112.31101113~10(~ (~)
~~3/( 111~~(5~ ~0113~~ (~1~) 01 ~3~0 0100~~ 3110 (1) ~~3/( ~11((~11110(011~0 3 0100~ 1110~
(~~611~( 0~11~~(5 /~0 =
30 ~ 31 3 0111~111 ~0113~~ 01 ~~0 =
140~.
=
(3) ~(0(11 ~().. (2-69), ~00 = 0.827~,,, 3110100 = 0.827~,,,/~. ~(0(11 ~().. (2-70),
~,,,,,
=
(0.827~~,)2/~,
1(0(11 5().. (2-43), ~30 = (0.8406811,,,)2/~, 31101(0(11 5().. (2-44), 111~ ~111~1~11~)1,
(0.827~ ,,,)2
= 96.77
(0) ~ (0 (115 () .. ( 2- 46 ), 111~10( (1113~10 (,~~ = 0 .84068 /0 .827 = 1 .0165
0( 101.65 .
~1.01652
- 1
(0) ~(0(11 ~().. (2-57), 111~ ((115
=
0 . 707~, ,, .
~ (0(11 ~ ().. (2-7 1), 11 1~ ((11 5 ~ 11 ((~ 111 0 111 1~ 1(31 151 0((1 1~ ( 5~ ~0110 3()1 ,
0.4854~,,,
0.4854
- . 3
(~) 111~ ~~3/( 111~~(5~ ~0113/1,~ 01 ~3~11 0100~ 15 ~().1131 10 111~ ~~3/( ~3111~ 01111~
5~~01103()1 1111~-10-1111~ ~ 0113/1,~. 111(~~-~1135~ ~1(~11115 3(~ (~~1~~~0 111 ~~~~11(1)( ~.
=
-0~,,,.
(1) 11 1~ 3~ ~(3/1,~ ~ 11((~ 1111 11(011/1 ,11 ~ 3~1 1 0100 ~ 15
2
1
-./4
=
=
=
~)(301()1~ 2-11
(3) 5)(~(~5 111~ 0111~111 ~0113/1,~ 01 3 ().-~1135~ (~~1111~( 111 ~ 1/1,. 2-173 111 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5.
(0) 11 ().
170 ~ 3110 111~ 511~~1)11(~().11~11~)115 / =
6 0 1 -1 2, 0 ~1 ~(( 11 11 1~ 1 11 ~ ( (1 15
~3111~ 01111~ 00 (111113111113 (( 110111~ 3110 115 1 (~ () .11~11~ )1 .
8010~)0() (3) 111~ ~3~~10((115 10( ().-~1115~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1/1,. 2-170 3110 111~ 1(~().11~11~)1
0 11 11 ~ 0 11 1~ 11 1 1 5 ( ). 1 1( 11 ~5 1 11 ~ 1 11 11 03 (1 1~ 11 13 1~ 0(1 1~ 01 1~ 11 1 (( )./). 1 0 1 /1 10 1 11 ~ ~ 01 15 13 11 15 0 1
111~ ~ 01 1(1 ~( 5 ~(1~ 5, ~ ~ 1 111 ~/1 ,(31~ 1(0(11 -70 /(). 10 70/(). 3 110 111 ~ ~ 01151 311 15 3(~
0~ =
0
1
1
-./4
(1~
 
~ 11 ~. 8 11 11 ~)1 11 ((1 11 01 1 (1 11 0 1 11 ~1 1 1 18 11 1~ 1 .1 ~0 11 01 11 ~1 .1 ( .~ )(1 11 01 18 11 1~ 8
8111(..4 + 8)
2(/~,,,
- -
(~()~,
111~ 11 (1 .1110111 (801111~ 0111~111 , ,, 0) 1( 1~~ (1.~~ ( /111 ,
2(/111,3(/111,4(/111 (1110 ~~. (2-73 18
811170
00 = 700~(/~
~111(,31118111~ 8(1111~(18
~~. (2-69). 111~ ~011.1~. 8~.1~8 01111~ 0111~111 ,,,0)1(1~~ 18 ~)(~.~88~0
(18
00 ~
1)1-(()
,,,(1)11~
01
( 1 8 11 11 18 01 0( 1) , ,, 0) 1( 1~~
18
)(
= 6.56 ~ 11101181.~~11~11( 18 6 = 6/ = 360 1-12.
10~ 10.~~-~0(18~ 0.10~~ .~(1111~. 18 ~~1)1 ~0111111011 111 01~0-~0~~1 (1~~)1~(1110118 (1110 18
800~11 111 ~ 1~. 2-18. 101818 (1 //4//-)1/(1~~ ,~~1///~,. 11 ~(111 0~~.(11~ ~110 01 ~1100111
(1 1.(1118101111~1 (1110 ~1~~8 81)(-~1118~ 11~~1~8 011 10~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~. 10~ 0100~8 (11~
11111110~1~0 111 0 .0~1 01 ~011011~11011 8~()11~ 1~~8 (1110 ~(1~0 011~ ~011011~18 101 1200. 10~
~011011~11011~~11~11~~101 0100~8 18 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, (111061. 10~ ~(11101 0100~8
~01~0 (11~ ~01111~~1~0 0~1~~~11 10(11 ~(111 01 811~~1)11111~8 0(1~111~ 10~ 01~0~81 (1111011111
0111181(1111(111~0118 1111~-10-1111~ ~011(1~~ ~111 ~011011~1. 10~ 1111~-10-1111~ ~011(1 ~ 18 0
58~. 2-10
+
~-~
1 101 ~5 1 11 ~ ~1 13 5~ ~ 01 13 8~ 0 13 1 11 (~ ~-~ 11 35 ~ ~ -~ 01 11 1~ ~1~ 0 50 11(~ ~.
~ 011011~11011 1 101~5 01 0100~ 5 3(~ 5110~ 11 111 ~18. 2-19.
111~ 3~ ~(38~ 0111~111 ~ 01138~ 15 1011110 1(001
2
(70/6
~)(301().~ 2-12
~ 111(~~-))113 ~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~( 113 3 ))11(~1)1 (~ 1 11~~ 1030 0(
~. ))~1~(01111~ 111~ (3)
~((1~1~11~)1~ (0) (0(01 (3~10(~ (~) (1))))1~ (3~10(~ (0) 1(311 (0(01~( 1111/12311011 (3~10(~ (~)
))~3/( 111~~( ~ (0( (~~~( ~) ~0113~~ (~1~) 0(
~3~11 0100~ ~ 3110
(() ))~ 3/( ~ 11 ((~ 11 1 1 11 (0 11 ~1 1
3 0100~. 111~ (~~11(1~( 0~11~~(
/00 =
0(
1/00 =
111~ 0 11(~~ 1 6 0 1-12.
80.01100 (3) ~(001 ~(). (2-77), 1/00
=
(1.65421/,,,)2
11 =
(1.65541/,,,)2
= 1 .6554/1 .6542
=
3.74 .
( 0) ~ (001 ~ () . ( 2- 57 ), 111~(01 ~0113~~ 0 (111~1 (311 (0(01~( ~~01103( )1 , 1 /,
= 0 . 7 07 1/,~ .
((,8~. 2
~~ =
280.7/1.6542
=
169. 7 ~. 111~ ~~3)( 111,,,~15~ ,,,0113~~ 01 ~3~11 0100~ 15 ~().113110 111~ ~~3)( ,,,3111~ 01111~
5~~011031~ 1111~-10-1111~, ,0113~~, ~1~
= ~ ~,,,
= ~
)(
1 69.7 = 2 93.9~ .
(1) 111~ 3,,,~13~~ ~1111~1111111011~11 ~3~11 0100~ 15
4
111~ 3,,,~13~~ ~1111~1111111011~11 ~3~11 0100~ 15 /~ =
60/3
/,,,
=
20/0.3184 = 62.81 ~.
1-/0(~. 11115 1~~1111~1 11115 1111~10,,,~() ~~1101111110~~5 ~0051()~11101)1 ~0111~111~() 10
11111101111~ 1110111~11115~ 1~~1111~1 10 ~1~. 2-17 ~1111
51)(
~015~5.
111~ ()~51~0 01111~~1111~110,,,01,,,~5 ()~1~11111010~ 111~ 111110~5 015~1111~00()0~101 ()10()~5.
111~ 111110~5 01
()10()~5 111~ 00(1111111)1 5~~~111~() 10 1~11115 01111~ 11,,,~111~~ ~011~01, 11115
~011~01, ~~11/( ~011~01, 110() ~~11/( 10,,,~15~ ,,,01111~~. 111~1~ 111~ 00 51110()111() ~10~~()01~5
101111~ ()~51~0, 001/115 1~().011~() 10 ()~1~111110~ 111~ 51111~~5 01111~
()10()~ ~011~015 110()
~~
1111,,,~ 0011~~() 10 ~().5. (2-63), (2-66), 110() (2-76) 111111 111~ 001~01 01111~
1~~1111~15 ~0011110 11111111001~5. 10 11()()11100, ~().. (2-66) 10()1~111~5 111111 111~ 11~~1~
~011~01 ~110 0~
1~()0~~() 0)1 ~000~~110~ 110 10()0~101 10 5~11~5 ~1111111~ 1011(). ~111~15
~110 0~ 05~() 10 511100111 001 111~
()~
,,,01111~~ 01 111~ 1~~1111~1 110() 111~5~ 111~
/(00~0 115 0 .~ ///(~ .5. 111~
()~
1111~15 111~ 0501111)1 01 1.., ~, 110() 1.. ~ 1)1~~, 115 5 110~0 10
~1~. 2-20. 011~ 10 111~ 1~~1111~111100 11~1100, 111~ 10~01 ~011~01 01111~ 1~~1111~1 11150
 
~8
~ 01 113 1115 11 3(11 101 11~ 5 31 10 3 11 (1~ /1/(€7 1 5 1.15 ~0 10 ~1 11~ ( 01 .11 50 111 ~ 011 11~ 1 13(1 110 111~ 5 1(0 111
111~ 51.111111~5~51~111. 111~ 3~ 1111~( 15 110(111311~ 011..~ 1~11~, 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 2-21.
~ 0(1113 11~ , 1 11~ 11 11~ ( 0 ~51~ 11 (~ ()1.1 1(~ 5 0~ 1~(1111 111 11~ 1 11~ 11 13~ 11 111 .10~ 5 3110 ~(~()1.1 ~1 1~ 1~ 5
01111~ 113(1110111~5. 111~ 51~115111~01~~0111 0~51~11111~ (~~1111~(5 31101111~(5 3(~ ~)(1113111~0
0 ~ ~ )(3 11 11 11 ~5 .
~)(301())~
2-13
~ 1 11 (~ ~-~ 11 35 ~ 0 (1 0~ ~ (~ ~1 11 1~ ( 5 11 ~~ 11 ~5 3 1 11 ~1 11 ~1 11 01 1~ 11 ,,,~ 10 30 5 11 ~1 11 11 31 1 11 ~ 3 ,,,~ (3 ~~
1 03 0 ~11 (( ~1 11 15
/00 =
6 0 ~ 31 10 111 ~ (1 ~~1 ~ ~ 011 1~ 1111 5 11~ ~11 ~1 01~ . 0~ 1~(1111 11~ 111~ (3 111 1~ 5
01111~ 0100~5 11111~ 1111~-10-11~111(31 ,,,0113~~ 01111~ 511~~1~ 15 120 ~ 31 60 (-(2.
80 01100 111~ ~11((~1115 111(011~11 111~ 0100~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 2-22. 111~ 3,,,~(3~~
~11((~111 01 3 0100~, /,)
=
(
= ~ 1/,,,
= 294 ~.
~0(€. 111~ 13~10( 01 ~ 15 1.15~0 10 ~011~~(1 (1115 10 11~3~ ~311.1~.
~8
~,.301~1~ 2-14
1 0~ ~ 11((~ 11 110 (0 11 ~0 3 0 10 0~ 1 5 5 00~ 11 1 11~ 1~ . 2 -2 3. 1 )~ 1~ ((1 11 11~10 ~ (3 ) ((1 15 ~ 11((~ 111 ,
3 11 0 (0 ) 3 ,,,~ (3 ~~ 010 0~ ~11 ((~ 11 11 1(1
= 100 ~ 5, (2
= 350 ~5, (3
801111100 (3) 10~ ((115 ,,,3111~ 15 0~1111~0 35
1 =
=
1~1 =
((115 ,,,3111~ 15
~
+ - /0
12. 79 ~
~,.801()1~ 2-15
~ 1-~ ~111~~ 8 8 8110~11 111 ~1~. 2-20~ 18 118~0 10 ~~011~~ 111~ ~ ~~1~ ~0111~111 0~ 111~ 0111~111
=
1 11 01 1~ 18 11 ~~ , 1 - =
10 11111, 8110 8011~~~ ~~~()11~11~~ 18 60 112 (0~ 377 ~80/8). 0~1~~111111~
111~ ~8111~8 0~ 1-_ 8110 ~_ 80 11181111~ ~1~~1~ ~8~10~ 0~ 1 1~ 0111~111 ~0118~~ 18 10 .
801111100 111 ~ ~ ()1 11~ 81 ~1 11 ~ 1~ ~111 1~0 ~ 11 1~ 1 18~ 111 011 1~ 818 81 10~ 11 111 ~ 1~ . 2 -24. 10 1118 /(~
1 1 ~ 88 1~ ~ ~ 0~ 1 11 ~ 1 11 111 18 ~1 11 01 11 ~~ 1~ ~1 ~ ~ 11 ~~ ~1 11 1 0 ~ 88 8 1 11 ~0 11 ~1 11 11 ~ ~ 11 1~ ~ ~ 8~ 8~ 11 0~ , 1 11 ~
1 08 0 1 11 1~ ~0 81 1~ ~ 1 11 11 810 ~ ~ ~~ 81 ~~ 1 11 81 1 11 18 1 0 ~ 1 11 ~ ~ 8 ~8 ~1 10 ~~
(2-90)
8110 11110~~ 11118~011016011, 111~ ~~~~~1 0~ 111~ 1080 ~111 0~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ ~1118~8111~ 0~
1 11 ~ 1 11 11 1 18 ~1 11 01 11 ~~ 01 11 ~0 11 ~1 11 8 ~~ ~8 ~1 11 ~ 0 11 1 11 ~ 0 11 1~ 11 1 ~ 81 1 0 ~ ~ 01 11 10 0 ~ 1 18 11 1~ 1 1 1~
~0118~~-01~10~~ ~111~ 8 110 18 ~)(~~~88~0 88
(2-91 )
(2-92)
~0~ 8 8~~~1~1~0 ~8111~ 0~ ~30 8110 ~1111111~ ~8111~ 0~ ~_ ~~0111 ~(). (2-90), 111~ ~ 8111~ 0~ 1-_
~ 81 1 0~ ~01 11~1 11~0 . ~ ~ ~81 1 8 11 11~1 1~~1 11~~01 11~1 11 86 01 1 0~ ~01 18 10~~11 1~ 0 11 1~ 1 11~0 01 11 11 18 11 1
1 18~ 11 101 11~ . ~ ~0 1 1 ~ (). (2-6 3) ~ ~ ~ 11 10 111 81 1 11~ 8 ~~ 0110 118~ 11 101 11~18 111~ 001 1111 181 11 0 11~
8110 118 ~ 11 18 ~8 111 ~ 18 ~ 2 = 4~,,,/(3 070) 8110 111~0~ ~8111~, ~00 = 2~,~/70.
~0~ 11
2 ~()8. (2-91) 8110 (2-92) ~1~~
..)~ 0..~ 2 -24 ~ ()01 ~3 1~ (11 (1~ (0 11 (0~ 113 ~-
~0(11(5.
326 ~~
~~ =
=
~,.3111()1~ 2-16
~11 ~~ 11111111~111~~ 38 800~11 111 ~18. 2-2118 118~0 10 ~~011~~ 10~ 11111111~11~~~111 03~1110111~8
111 3 811181~-11038~ ~1111-~3~~ ~~~1111~~ 0~ ~18. 2-163. 10~ 1030 ~11~~~111 18 ~1111~ ~~~~ 3110
118 3~~ 38~ ~3111~ 18 /.. 1~ 10~ 81111111~ ~~~().11~11~~ 18/ =
60 1-12 (0~ 377 ~30/8), 0~1~~111111~
10~ ~~80113111 ~~~().11~11~~ 0~ 10~ ~111~~ 80 103110~ 1013111111111 03~1110111~ ~11~~~1 118 ~~011~~0
10 1 0~ 10~ ~111103111~11131 ~011111011~111.
801111100
10~ ~().111~31~111 ~1~~1111 ~0~ 10~ /110 03~1110111~ ~011111011~111 18 800~11 111 ~18.
2-25. 10~ ~1118 ~3111~ 0~ 10~ /110 03~1110111~ ~11~~~111 31111~3~1118111 10~ 811 1111~ 18 0013111~0
0~ 1181118 10~ ~11~~~111-01~10~~ ~111~,
(2 -9 3 )
~0~~~ /~ 18 10~ ~1118~3111~ 0~ 10~ /110 030110111~ ~11~~~111. 10~ 1 131 31110111110~ 03~1110 11~
~11 ~~111 18
,2
. .1 ~1 1. .~ 2 -2 5
~~ 1. 11 ., ,3 1~ (1 ( ~ 1( ~1 .1 1( 1 0( 0 3( -
( (10(11~ ~1.1( (~(1(.
 
1 11 15~31 10~ 501~~0 ~0~ 111~~31 11~0~ ~ /~ /. 1 0 5 11 11~11~ ,,1 1~~31~111 31 10 11 5,~ ~~ ~01 15 10~~
0111,,1 11~1111~0113~1110 111~,((3
)(
)(
10~6 3110 111~~111~~~~~().11~11~,,5 1/~ = 193.02 ~30/5.
1-/0(~. 10~ 3~ 1111~~ 15 ~~ 11~ ~311~ 11111~0 10 10~ 03~1110111~1~~ ( 11~11~~ 111~ 01~ ~0,
0 11 11 1 ~ ~((1 11 (~ 5 3 ~ 3(~ 111 1 0~ 51 ~11 1 0 3 ~0 10 1 0~ 1 10 551 01 111 ~01 (~ 501 131 1~ ~ ~ 11 0 1 0~ 11 0~ ~(
)(
(30/5.
11 1 10~ 0~(1~3110115 0110~ 011111111 ~ 0113~~5 3110 10~ 11~(10(111311~~ ~(11~(13 01 (~~1111~(5,
11 ~ 35 35511111~0 103110~ 5011(~~ 035110111011~1311~~5 3110 (~5151311~~5. 8111111 3 1(3~11~31
1(311510(111~( 3110 51111111~, 10~5~ 3(~ 31~3~5 11(~5~111 3110 10~ 11~(10(111311~~5 01 (~~1111~(5
3~~ 511~011~ ~0311~~0. 10~ ~11~~1 0110~ 5011(~~ 111011~1311~~, ~01~015 1110(~ 51~11111~3111
10 11 1031 01 (~5151311~~, ~311 0~ ~)(1113111~0 ~110 (~1~(~11~~ 10 ~1~. 2-263.
10~ 0100~ ~110 10~ 111051 1105111~~ ~0113~~ ~111 ~011011~1. 1.,~ 115 ~011510~( 10~
1101111
())(
=
10 ~0~(~ ~0113~~5 1)(1~ 3110 1)0~ 3(~ ~((1131 35 500~11 111 ~ 1~. 2-260. 10~
~11((~111
100 15 51111 60~111~ 10(011~0 10~ 0100~ /)1. 011~ 10 10~ 111011~1311~~ ~1, 10~
~11((~01 ~3111101 1311 10 2~(0 1111111~0131~1~ 300 10~ 1(3051~( 01 ~11((~111 ~311001 0~ 00
30 11151311130~0115 03515. 10~ ~11((~1111(/1 0~~(~35~5, (~5111110~ 111 30 111011~~0 ~0113~~
3~(055 ~1 01 +
=
1..1. ~1 10~ 53111~
11 11~ 10~ ~11((~01 10(011~0 /)3, 1(/3 111~(~35~5 1(0111 2~(0, 111011~111~ 30 ~((1131 ~0113~~
3~(055
~2 01 -1)1..2 3110 10~ 011111111 ~0113~~ 0~~0111~5 1)1.. =
1)0~ -1)1..2. 10~ (~5111115
1031 10~ 31100~ ~0113~~5 01 0100~5 /)1 3110 /)3 3(~ ~((1131~ 300 0010 0100~5 ~00011~1
10( 3 ~~(1 31 01 1~ (1 00 ~01~015 ~31 1~0 ~0111 11 1/).((1 (1 01 10 , 0 1)~ ,/(1 /1 ) (1 11 8/~ , (1 . 1 01 51 (3 11 51~(
01 ~11((~011(0111 00~ 0100~ 10 30010~( 15 ~311~0 ~0111111/).((1(1011. 10~ (~3~130~~ ~0(-
(~51100010~ 10 10~ 111011~1311~~15 /( 110~11 35 ~0111111 /) .( (1 (1118~ (1~( (111~~ .
10~ ~11~~ 1 011015 0~~ (131115 10 (~ 011~~ 10~ 3~ ~(3~~ 011111111 0113~~ 01 ~ 011~ ~(1~(5.
10~ ~0113~~ 3~(055 ~2 15
(2-96)
~5511111111~ 3 110~3( (15~ 0110~ ~11((~1111(0111 0 10 100
(0( 3 ~00513111
= ~2 6.1 (2-97)
31101015 15 (~11~31~0 51)( 1 1111~510( 3 10(~~-11035~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~(. 0510~ 8((. (2-97),
10~ 3~ ~(3~~ ~ 0113~ ~ (~ 011~1100 011~ 10 10~ ~ 011111111131111~0011~1311~~ 5 15
1
= 2/(~1 + ~2 + ~3)100
11 31110~ 111011~1311~~5 3(~ ~((1131 3110 ~~ = ~1 = ~2
~.. = 6/~~100
(2-99)
~,.301()1~ 2-17
~ (0.~~~-~0.~5~ 0~10~~ ~~~1111~~ 15 511~~11~0 1~0111 ~ ~-~01111~~(~0 208-~ 60-1.1.~ 511~~1~.
10.~ ~.,,~~~~~ 0111~11( .,,011~~~ 15 170~. 10.~ 10~0 ~11~~~11( 15 60 ~ ~110 0.~5 11~~11~101~
~ 1~ ~1~ . ~ ~1~ 11 1~ (~ 10 .~ ~ ~~ ~~ 111 ~~ ~ ~ ~011 ~1 101 1 0 1 011 (~ 11( .,,0 11~ ~~ 0 11~ 10 ~ 011 111 111 (~1 101 11 1
( .~ 11 11~ 1110 11~ (~ 11~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~0 .~ 5~ 15 0.5 111 11.
8010 100 1-0 = 0.5 1111,1/ ,
=
-0)( 120 =
1.6542)( 169.7 = 280.7~. ~~11~1101
( 2-9 9) ~ 1.,,~ 5 (0 .~ 0 11 (~ 11 ( .,,0 1(~ ~~ ~ ~0 11 ~1 10 11 ,
10 0
28
= 3.85
0.7
111 (111 ~113()1~( ~~ 113.,,~ 5~~11 111~ 3()()11~3110115 01 ()0~~( 5~1111~011011~10( 0100~5 111
1(~~~11~~1111~ 3~11011, (~~0.,,~(111~ ~11~(~)11(0111 111011~11.,,~ 10305 3110 111 ~011.,,~(51011 01
51~1131 1(0111 3~ 10 0~. 111~(~ 3(~ 0111~(~1 1 1)1()~5 01 (~~1111~(5 0~()~110111~ 011 111~
5
2-6.
2-7.
2-8.
2-9.
2-10.
2-11.
2-12.
2-13.
2-14.
2-15.
2-16.
2-17.
2-18.
2-19.
2-20.
2-21.
2-22.
2-23.
(01111~(60115 01 0100~5 (1110 111~01 1((111510(111~(. 111~ ~~(10(111(111(~ ~(1((1111~1~(5 01
(~(611~(5 (1(~ 0~1111~0 (1110 1111(15 0~~11 5110~11 111(11111~ ~~(10(111(111(~5 01 (~(611~(5 .,,(1(~
~111 111~1( 1~~~5. 111~ (~(611~(5 ~~11~((11~ 11(1(1110111(5 11110 111~ 10(10 (1110 111~ 50~~1~
1111~~
(1110 111~5~ 11(1(1110111(5 ((111 0~ (~00(~0
0~ 1111~(5 111~ ~~(10(111(111(~5 01 111~
(~(611~(5 (1(~ (1150 111110~11(~0 0~ 111~ 500((~ (1110 10(10 11100(1(111(~5.
1. 1. 5(03~1~., ~~~(/1/~,. 0,.~/1/(.~-1/1~0,.)/ (1/10. 1)~5/15/1, ~~~ ~0.)(~ 10011 ~11~~ 8.. 5011 , 111(.,
1975.
2. ~ .~ . 1 ,~ ~, ~0 ~~ ,. ~0 /1 ,,,~ ,.(~ ,.1/(1/10 .000 /(-1/1~ 0,.) 1 )~5 /15/1 (1/10./111 11//~ (1(/0/1, ~ ~1~ .00. 11~ 0,
0111. ~ ~311301311 0~11~.31 81~(1.1(, 1979.
2-1.
2-2.
2-3.
2-4.
2-5.
~031 15 10~ .~ 0113111 1.~()11~11(~ 01 311 ~~ (1.(11117
~031 15 10~ 03111()111~ 1 3(10. 01 311 ~~~ (1.(11117
~031 15 10~ 0111~.~11(~ 0~1~~~11 10~ .~50113111 1.~()11~11(~ 31 0 10~ .111~111~ 1 .~()11~11(~ 01
311 ~~~ (1.(11117
~03115 3 1.~~~0~~1111~ 0100~, 3110 ~03115 115 ()11.()05~7
~031 15 10~ 1.3()()~0 ~11~.~~ 01 311 111011(10.7
110~ 15 10~ 1.3()()~0 ~11~.~~ .~(0,,,~.~0
0~ 3 0100~7
~031 15 10~ 111.115 .3110 01 3 1.311510.111~.7
~031 15 3 .~(1111~.7 ~031 15 10~ 0111~.~11(~ 0~1~~~11 3 .~(1111~. 3110 3 (011,,,~.1~.7
~03115 10~ 010()(111~ (0110111011 01 3 0100~7
~031 3.~ 10~ ()~.10.111311(~ ()3.3111~1~.5 01 3 .~(1111~.7
~031 15 10~ 51~11111(311(~ 0110~ 10.111 13(10. 01 3 .~(1111~.7
~031 15 10~ 51~11111(311(~ 0110~ .1()()1~ 13(10. 01 3 .~(1111~.7
~ 031 15 1 0~ ~ 11 1(1~ 11 (~ 0 1.~ (11 11(3 110 117
~ 03 1 1 5 1 0~ 5 1~ 11 11 1(3 11 (~ 0 11 0~ 1 .3 11 51 0.1 11 ~. 1 11 11 12 31 10 111 3(1 0.7
~0 31 1 5 1 0~ 0 15()1 3(~ 11 1~ 111 13(10.7
~031 15 10~ 111() 11()0~~. 13(10.7
~031 15 10~ 03.1110111( 3(10.7
~031 1 10~ 0111~.~11(~ 0~1~~~11 3 0311-~3,,,~ 3110 3 11111-~3,,,~ .~(1111~.7
~031 1 10~
0( 01 11()111 , ,,011 3~ ~ 01 3 511 1~ 1~ -()0 35~ 03 11-~ 3, ,~ .~(1111 ~.-)
~031 15 10~ 0( 0111()111 ,,,0113~~ 01 3 5111~1~-()035~ 11111-~3,,,~ .~(1111~.7
~ 03 1 1 5 1 0~ 1 11 11 03 11 1~ 11 13 11 .~ ()1 1~ 11 (~ 0 11 0~ 0 11 1()1 11 , ,,0 11 3~ ~ 0 1 3 5 11 1~ 1~ -()0 3 ~ 1 .1 11 1- ~3 ,,,~
. ~ 1 1 1 1 ~ . 7
5 1
(1 ~11(~~-~11(15~ (~~1111 ( 0~~( (1
5 11 1~ 1~ -~ 11 (1 5~ ( ~~~1 11~( 7
~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ 015(10~(111~(1~~5 01
( 1 ( 11 11 11 1~ 1 1( 15 ~ 1 1( 11 1- ~( 1~ ~ ( ~~ 11 11~( 7
~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ (10~(111~(1~~5 01
(1 ~ 11(~~-~ 11(15~ 0(10~~ (~~~ 111~ ( 0~~( (1 51)(-~11(15~ 5~(1( (~~~111~(7
~11(1~ (1(~
~11~ ~11(~05~5 01111~~(5 111 (~~~111~( ~1(~111~57
~11(1~ (1(~
~11~ 0111~(~11~~5 0~~~~~11 (1~ (1110 0~ 111~~(57
~11(1~ (1(~
~11~ ~11~~~5 01 5011(~~ 111011~~(111~~5 011 ~11~ 011~~11~ ~01~(1~~ 01
(1 (~~1111~ (7
~11(1~ (1(~
~11~ ~11~~~5 0110(10 111011~~(111~~5 011 ~11~ (~~~111~( 011~~11~7
~11(1~ 15
(1 ~0(11(1111~(1110117
~ 11 (1 ~ 1 5 ~ 11 ~ ~ 0(1 1(1 11 1~ (1 11 01 1 (1 11 ~1 ~ 0 1
(1 (~~~111~(7
2-1. 111~ ~11((~11~ ~(1~~10((115 01
(1 ~ (1 ~(1 ~1 ~0 ( (1 (~ 5 11 0~ 11 11 1 ~ 1~ . ~ 2-1 . 0 ~~ ~((1 11 11 ~ ~ 11 ~ 3~ ~((1 ~~ ,
( 1115, ( 1110 ~~ (1 /( ~11( (~11~ ( (11111~501 ~11~ ~ (1~ (1~1~0 (.
11 =
100,..5 / =
-200 - - - -
2-2. 111~ ~(1~~10((115 01 ~11~ ~ 11((~11~ 110~111~ ~11(011~11
(1
0100~
(1(~ 5110~11 111~1~. ~2-2. 0~-
~ ~( (1 11 11~~1 1~ ( 1~~( (1 ~~ , ( (1 15 , ( 11 10 ~~( 1/( ~ 11 (( ~1 11 ( (1 11 11~5 0 1 ~11~ 0 10 0~ .
~,4.
300----
=
51 15 ~105~0 (1~
(
=
0, 0~ 1~ (111 111 ~ ~ 11~ ~ )(~ (~ 55 101 1 10( ~ 11 ~ ~ 01 1(1 ~~ (1 ~(055 11 1~ ~ (1 ~(1~ 1~ 0(
3 11 0 1 11 ~ ~ 11 ~( ~~ 1 05 ~ 1 11 ~ 11 ~ ~ 1(~ 11 11 .
52
 ~),.....
=
5 1 11 -1 ,3110 ~5 = 220 ~.
113 1030 ~1.1 ~111 0110 ~ 1511 ~111~ 111 01.1~11111~ 1 ~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ 1),,. 3110 111~ 5~11~11
51 15 ~1 5~0 31 /
=
0 , 0 ~1 ~ 1 11 11 ~ 11 1~ ~ ) ) ~ 55 10 11 10 1 11~ ~ 1.1 ~1 11 11 1 0 1.1 ~1 11 11~ 5 ~1 1~ 11 .
2 -5 . 1 11 11 ~ 1 11 01 .1 ~1 0 0 11 11 ~ ~ 1 ~ 1.1 111 11 ~1~. 2 -4 1 13 5 3 11 1 11 16 31 ~1 .1 ~ 11 10 1 1 0, 0 ~1 ~ 1 11 11 ~ 1 1 1~
~) ) ~551011 10 111~ . ,, 0113~~ 3~ 055 111~~3 )3~110 .
=
0 , 0~1~ 11111~111~~) ) ~55101110 3 ) ~1 .1 ~111
110~111~ 111 01.1~11111~5~11~11 , / / )~ 3110
 )) )
111~ 31~ 01 15~ 01111~ ~1.1 ~111, /// //. ~)
 ) 3~ 5/ ~1~11~5 01/ 1) 3110 / // //. 1) ~113115 111~ .,,311.1~01/111631 /// //7 ~0 ~1~. ~2-
60, 11110111~1111631 /// // 0 111~ .
~
=
0.52
 6)
2-7 . 1 11 111 ~ 5~~ 01 10 -0 0~ ~ 1 ~1 .1 1101 ~ 1~ . 2-6 , 11 1~ 50 1.1 ~ ~ . ,0 11 3~~ , ~5 =
2 20 ~, 1 11 01.1 ~1 311 ~~,
~
=
=
50~. 11111~ 5~11~11 15 ~105~0 31 /
=
 )) )
3
5 / ~1~1101 / / ).
2-8. ~0 111~ ~11~ ~~ ~~0.,,~ ~ ~1 ~1.11101 ~1~. 2-103, 111~ 1 13~11~62111~ 11101.1~1311~~1 111~
1 311510 11~ 15~,,.
=
=
2 00 . 1 11 ~ 1 ~3 / 3 ~~ 1 11 01 .1 ~1 31 1~~51 10
 ~5 15 13 11 ~~ 5 0 11 11~ 1 3 11 51 0 1 1~ 3 ~ 1 1~~1 1~ 10 1~ . 1 11 ~ 5 01 .1 ~ ~ . ,,0 11 3~~ 1 5 ~ 5 =
20 0
3110
111~ ~ 15 110 1111631~1.1 ~111111111~~1 ~1.111 . 11 5~11~1151 15 ~105~0 10 3 11 11~/1 =
100 .1.5
3110 15 111~110 )~11~0, 3 ) 0~1~ 11111~111~
 ~ .,,~ 5~ .,,0113~~ 01 0100~ 1)1
~
 )) )
~31~ 1.113 1~111~
 )~3/ . ,,311.1~01111~ ) 1 113 ~ ~1.1 ~111~~) ~31~1.1131~111~ )~3/ . ,,311.1~015~~01103 ~ ~1.1 ~111~
53
 
(( 1) 0 ~1 ~~ 11 11 11 ~ 1 11 ~ 1 11 11 ~ (0 ~ ~ 11 1~ 11 0 10 0~ 1 )1 ~ 01 10 11 ~1 5~ (1 11 0 (~ ) 0 ~1 ~~ 11 11 11 ~ 1 11 ~ ~ 11 ~~ ~~
5 11 ~~ 11 ~0 0 ~ 1 11 ~ 5 01 1~ ~~ .
2-9. ~ 5 11 1~ 1~ -~ 11 (1 5~ 0 ~1 0~ ~ ~ ~~ 11 (1 ~~ 1 1( 15 (1
~ 11 ~~ 1~ ~ ~5 15 11 ~~ 1 0(1 0, ~
=
0(
=
170 ~, 3110 111~ 51111111~ 1~~~11~11~~, 1 = 60 1-1~. 0~1~~~111~
1 11~ ( 1~~~ (1 ~~ 0 11 1~11 1 ~01 1( 1~~ 0 (
111~ ~~~11 (1~~ 1 ( 111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1 (111~~15 11~~11~101~ .
2-10. ~~~~(11 ~~00. 2-9
1(
111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~~~~ ~11(15~ (111~1110111~1~(1115(0~111~~1~(1(( (1~~
111011~1 (111~~ )15 1 -0 =
0.5 1111-1.
2-11. ~ 5 1) (- ~1 1( 15 ~ 5 1( 1~ ~~~11 (1 ~~ 1 1( 15 ( 1
~ 11 ~~ 1~ ~ ~5 15 11 ~~ 1 0(1 0 0 (
~
=
1 11 ~ 5 11 ~~ 1~ ~ 01 1( 1~ ~, ~ ,,,
=
1 70 ~ , ( 11 10 1 11 ~ 5 11 11 ~1 ~ ( ~~ ((1 1~ 11 ~~ / =
6 0 1 -12 . 1)~ 1~ ~1 11 111 ~
111~ ( 1~~~ (1 ~~ 0 11 1~11 1 ~01 1( 1~~ 0 (
1 11~ ~~~11 (1 ~~ 1 (
111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~15 11~~)1011~.
2-12. ~~~~(11 ~~00. 2-11
1(
1 11~ 5 01 1~~~ 1 11 01 1~1( 11 1~~~~~ ~11 (1 5~ ( 11 1~ 11 10 11 1~1 11~ 1~( 11 15 (0 ~1 11~~
1~(1( ((1~~ 111011~1(111~~)15 1-0 =
0.51111-1.
=
1 00 0 (1 11 01 55 11~~11~0
(~0111 (1
280-~ 60-1 -12 511~ ~1~ . 11 1~ ~ ~1 11 (1~ ~(111 0 5~ ~0 110 (1~ ~ 0(
111~ 111~1111~(1115(0~111~ ~(1~~
~ 01 11 1~ ~1 ~0 11 1 ~ ~~ . 1 )~ 1~ ~1 11 11 1~ 1 11 ~ ( 1~ ~~ (1 ~~ 0 11 1~ 11 1 ~ 0) 1(1 ~~ 0 ( 1 11 ~ ~ ~~ 11 (1 ~~ 1 (
111~ 5011~~~
2-14. ~~~~(11 .,~00. 2-13
1(
111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~~~~ ~11(15~ (111~)110111~1~(1115(0~111~~1~(1( ((1~~
111011~1(111~~ )15 1 -0 =
0.5 1111-1.
2-15. 1 11 ~ 5 11 1~ 1~ -~ 11 (1 5~ 0 ~1 0~ ~ ~ ~~ 11 (1 ~~ 0 (
~1 ~. 2 -15 15 ~ ~((111 ~~ 0 10 511 ~~ )~ (111(1~ ~~ (1~ ~ ~0 )1(1 ~~
0(
~00 =
=
10 0. 1)~ 1~ ~111 111~ 1 11~ ~ 011 (1~ ~ (111 0 ~ 11~ ~~1 11
~(11111~50(
0 10 0~5 ( 11 10 1~( 11 15 (0 ~1 11~~ .
2-16. ~ 111 ~~ ~-~ 11(15~ 0~ 10~ ~ ~ ~~ 11(1 ~~ 1 5 ~ ~((11 1~ ~0 1 0 511 ~~ )~ (111 (1~ ~~ (1 ~~ ~ 011 (1~ ~ 0 ( ~ 00 = 750
~ (11 (1
0(
111~
1 ~(1 11 5(0 ~1 11 ~~ (1 ~~ ~ 01 11 1~ ~1 ~0 1 11 ~ ~~ . 1 )~ 1~ ~1 11 11 1~ 1 11 ~ ~ 01 1(1 ~~ ( 11 10 ~ 11 ~~ ~1 11 ~ (1 11 11 ~5 0 (
0 10 0~5 ( 11 10 1~( 11 15 (0 ~1 11~~ .
2-17. 1 11 ~ 5 11 1~ 1~ -~ 11 (1 5~ ~ ~~ 11 (1 ~~ 0 ( ~ 1~ . 2 -1 4(1 11 (1 5 ( 11 1
~1- 10(10. 1 1 11~~~ (1 (( ~ (1 )1 1~ 0 (
111~ 111~111
~0 11(1~ ~ 15 ~ ,,,
=
~
=
15 0 , 0~1~~111111~111~~ (1111~0( 10(10111011~1 (111~~ , 1 -, 101111111111~)0(10 ~11~~~11111(1~1110111~
10 4
100.
2-18. 1 11~ 1 11~~~- ~1 1( 15~ 5 1( 1~ ~~~11 (1 ~~ 0 (
~1~. 2-17(111(15 (111
~011(1~~ ~~~ ~11(15~ 15 ~,,,
=
170 ~ (11 60 1-12, (1110 111~ )0(10 ~~5151(111~~ 15 ~ = 15 0.
0~1~~111111~111~~ (1111~ 0 ( ) 0( 10 111011~1(111~~ ,1 -, 10 1111111111~10(10 ~11~~~11111(1~1110111~50 2
0(
111~ (1~~~(1~~ ~ (1111~ , 100 .
2-19. 11 1~ 5 111~ 1~-~1 1(15 ~ ~ ~~ 11(1~ ~ 0 ( ~ 1~ . 2-14(1 11(1 5 (1
~~51511~~ 10(10 0( ~, (1110 (1 ~(1~(1~110~ ~ 15
~ 011 11~ ~1~ 0 (1~ ~0 55 11 1~ )0(10. 1 11~ (1~ ~~ (1~ ~ ~ (1 )11~ 0( 1 11~ )0(10 ~1 1~ ~~1 111 5 100 . ~ 551 1111 111 ~
111(11111~~11(1~~111~11111~0(
111~ ~ (1~ (1~110~ 15 11~~11~10)~ ~0111~ (1~~0 10 111~ 015~11(1~~111~11111~ ,
0~1~~111111~ 111~ ~1115~(1111~ 0 ( 111~ 0111~111 ~011 (1~~ 11(1~1110111~5 ,~~0.
2-20. 111~ 1-~ 1111~~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 2-20~ 15 115~0 10 ~~011~~ 111~ ~1~~)~ ~0111~111 0(
111~ 0111~111
=
2 0 0 , 1 0(1 01 11 01 1~ 1( 11 1~ ~,
1- =
5 1111-1, (1110 5011~~~ (~~((11~11~~ 15 0 1-12. 1)~1~~111111~ 111~ ~(1111~5 0(
1 11~ ( 11 1~~
~(1~(1111~1~~5
(1110 ~ 50 111(11111~ ~ 1~~)~ ((1~10~ 0(
1 11 ~ 0 11 1~ 11 1 ~ 01 1(1 ~~ 1 5 5 .
2-21. 11 1~ 1 11~ ~~ -~1 1(1 5~ 0~ 10 ~~ ~~ ~11 (1~ ~ 0( ~ 1~ . 2 -18(1 11(15 (111
~1 -
)0 (10 (111 0 1 5 511 ~~ )1 ~0 (~0 111 (1
~-~01111~~1~0 511~~)~. (3) 05~ 111~ 111~11100
0( ~ 01 1~ 1~ ~ 5~ ~1~ 5 1 0 001 (111 1 ~ )(~ ~~ 5510 115 (0 ~
1 11~