Poultry Sector in Kerala: Current Scenario and Policy Options

Supply and Demand of Poultry Products in Kerala

• Demand for Eggs: 5063 million per yr

• Production : 1196 million per yr• 90% are non vegs• Demand for meat: 1.2 lakh tonnes

per yr• Production : 32,704 tonnes per yr

Per-Capita Consumption

• Recommended Egg Consumption: 180 eggs/year

• Actual consumption: 72 eggs/year

• Recommended meat consumption (NIN): 11 kg/year (total meat)

• Actual consumption of Poultry meat : 0.9 kg/year

Changes in Poultry Population (in lakhs)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1996

2003

District-wise Poultry Population (lakhs)

• Malappuram : 15.25• Thrissur : 13.06• Ernakulam : 12.26• Palakkad : 11.93• Wyanad : 3.35• Other districts : 4-10

Reasons for the Decline

• Non-availability of land• Higher cost of feed• Low availability of quality

chicks• Higher labour cost• Poor credit facilities• Poor insurance coverage• Higher VAT on chicken

Suggested Policy Options• Need for a Poultry Development Policy• Intensification of backyard poultry production• Specify preferred varieties• Backyard duck farming• Quail and turkey farming• Establishment of poultry farmer service

centres / Cooperatives• Chicks, Feed , Biologicals• Medicines , Technical Advice

Policy Options… GOVT

• Strengthening of disease surveillance centres

• Establishment of marketing network• Establishment of broiler processing units• Starting poultry waste processing units• Exemption of VAT on poultry• Better insurance coverage• Increased R&D efforts• Conservation of indigenous germplasm

•    PROJECT PLANNING 

• Before starting a project, four important points should be considered:

•  Capital  Land  Management  Marketing

•Choosing of  area•   Sufficient area of land  Good irrigation  ventilation  • Far from human activities,

good road connection, electricity, clean water supply and free from wild / other animals

•  Do not mix with other kinds of poultry such as duck and village chicken  

• Good Management practices• Start with quality chicks from reliable

sources• Keep houses and equipments clean.• Keep the litter clean, dry and free from

moulds.• Brood chicks carefully with good sanitation.• Ensure adequate ventilation.• Provide adequate floor space, feeder space

and water space.

• Provide light at night.• Adopt vaccination schedule to suit

local conditions.• Promptly dispose off dead birds.• Discourage visitors.• Provide good quality feed. • Disinfect in between batches• Adequate care of broilers during hot

weather is essential.

Record Management 

 To correct the weakness of management   To make sure the breed chosen are good   To make sure the feed is good   To minimize the mortality rate   Use suitable medication.

• Source of vaccine• Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals,

Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, District. Phone: 0472-2840262 E-mail: dirvbi@kerala.nic.in

• I.V.P.M. Ranipet, Tamil Nadu.• I.V.R.I. Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P.• I.A.H.V.B.I. Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, PIN:

560024.• Ventri biologicals, Vaccine division, 3/303, Sharda

Centre, Erandwave, Pune, 411004. E-mail: ventribiologicals@venkys.com

• Intervet India Pvt. Ltd. Intervet House 33, Pune-Nagar Road, (Behind Eden Garden) Pune - 411 014 Phone +91 20 6605 0400-01

• Indovax, Corporate Heights, SCO - 24, Sector - 14, Gurgaon - 122001 (INDIA) Phone: 0091-124-2315044 / 45 / 46 E-mail: mail@indovax.com

TURKEY FARMING

• Turkey meat is low in fat i.e 95% fat free lowest of all avian species,

• rich in unsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids especially tryptophan and vitamins like niacin, Vit-B6 and Vit B12.

• . Although body weight increases with advancement of age, feed efficiency is adversely affected.

• .

• Attain 4 kg body weight at about 12-14 weeks of age

• At 20-24 weeks of age = 8 to 9 kg. • Dressing percentage is 75-82%. • Feed efficiency is comparatively

poor in small turkeys than large turkeys

•FIXED COST:

• Shed= ( Area for 1 bird = 1 -2 square foot)  Water tank  Heater (1 small hover = 500 day old chick) Waterers for chicks ( 4 units = 100 birds)

 Feed troughs for chick ( linear feeders: 3 units = 100 birds)Automatic drinkers ( 2 unit = 100 birds)Feed troughs - hanging  (2 unit = 100 birds)

 Store for keeping apparatus and feed  Other expenditures (unexpected)

• RECURRENT COST

•  Day old chicks

•  Poultry feed - starter and finisher

•  Electrica/ / kerosene or coal /water- for brooding  Vaccine and medicine  Building depreciation

•  Equipments depreciation •  Bank loan interest

 Others expenditures (unexpected)

• Housing Design and System

•  Good air ventilation -•  Suggested dimension of the shed:

25 feet x 200 feet (1 shed) or 25 feet x 100 feet (2 sheds)

•  Location -East - West direction, • floor space = 1 m2 per bird for

large varieties • 0.81 m2 for small varieties.

Housing System

• Raised Floor System

• Deep Litter System

• Cage

• Slat

• Slat cum wire

•   

• BREED SELECTION   •  FEED •  Starter Feed age 1 day - 4 weeks

(Crude Protein content = 23 %• Finisher/Fattening Feed for chicken age

5 weeks - 6 weeks/sale (Crude Protein content = 20 %)

•  ad lib feeding      • PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF

DISEASES • vaccination program • Biosecurity measures

Marketing Strategy

Location / Place (near to the marketing place, no communication problem).  Production (sold as live chicken, processed and frozen, cuts and others.)  Price (Depends on the location and market demand)  Advertisement

• To know the profit/loss level • To minimize wastage cost • As a guide in preparing paper

work for expanding project in future

Comparison of performance of common layer birds.

Characteristics Gramalakshmi

Gramasree Gramapriya Athulya

Age at sexual maturity in days 160 152 150 139

Age at 50% egg production 180 175 180 150

Annual egg production (upto 72 weeks of age) in numbers

180-200 190-200 200-225 300

Body weight at 72 weeks in kg 1.8 2 1.8 1.6

Egg weight in g 50 52-55 55 56

Egg Colour Light Brown

Brown tinted White

Livability in % 95 95 95 96

Purpose Backyard Backyard Backyard Commercial

Feeding Scavenging + 25-30 g balanced layer ration

Scavenging + 25-30 g balanced layer ration

Scavenging + 25-30 g balanced layer ration

110-120g/day

Comparative performance of Native breeds of chicken in India

Breed

Body weight

(20 weeks)

Age at sexual

maturity (days)

Annual egg production

(No.)

Egg weight at 40 weeks (g)

1. Aseel1220 196 92 50

2. Frizzle1005 185 110 53

3. Kadaknath 920 180 105 49

4. Naked neck 1005 201 99 54

•  Housing : -deep litter system. • open area on one side of the shed, • No litter material. • The shed is cleaned twice a day.• The space per adult bird 4 to 6 Sq.ft.• Roof hanging of 2 to 4 feet • The average cost of construction

ranged from Rs.100 to 120 per Sq.ft.• All in all out system • flock size was small ( 200 to 500

birds),

Turkey Farming

- ve

Long generation interval

High investment

Low demand

+ ve

White Meat

Low Fat

Low Cholesterol

Seasonal Premium Price

• Equipments :

one drinker for 15 to 25 birds.one feeder for 50 to 75 birds.Brooding using electrical bulbs.

feed requirement :20 to 25 Kg. per bird up to Six months male birds are heavier to females. chopped green grasses ad lib

Space Allowances Under Semi-intensive System

Space Allowance in Feeders and Waters (per bird)Feeder Waterer

0 - 4 weeks 4 cm 2 cm

5 - 8 weeks 8 cm 4 cm

9 - 12 weeks 12 cm 6 cm

13-16 weeks 16 cm 8 cm

> 16 weeks 20 cm 10 cm

• by NRC - 1994 is as follows:

• Nutrient Age (weeks) • 0 – 4 4 - 8 8 –12 12 –16 16–20 20–24 Br

• ME (Kcal/kg) 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 33002900

• Protein (%) 28 26 22 19 16.5 14 14• Lysin (%) 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.80 0.65 0.60• Methionine (%)0.55 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.25 0.25

0.20• Methionine + 1.05 0.95 0.80 0.65 0.55 0.45

0.40

Growth Performance of Turkeys

Breeding Management

Ratio : 10:1

Feed : 14% CP 2650 KCal/ kg ME

2.5% Ca 0.40% A.P.

Incubation period : 28 days

Diseases

M.D. and I.B. : Resistant

Fowl Cholera

Coli Septicaemia

Mycoplasmosis : egg, semen

Fowl Pox, NCD

Avian Influenza

Worms

RDF or Lasota : 5-7 days and 30 days

Pox vaccine : 6 weeks and 22 weeks

RDVK : 10 weeks

20 weeks

40 weeks

Vaccination Schedule

Disease Control Measures

Water Sanitation

Quality Feed

Disinfection Procedure

Bio-security Measures

Egg Dipping.

Turkey Research Station / Farms in India

• Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar• Central Poultry Development Organization,

Hessarghatta• Poultry Research Station, Nandanam, Chennai• University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal,

Karnataka• Poultry Farm Department of Animal Husbandry,

Quilon, Kerala• Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

• 5 to 20%. mortality• vaccination done - RD and Pasturellosis • Sex determination is not easy --Vent

Sexing at the time of hatchingBy weight - Males are heavier Matured male - conspicuous black bearing attached to the skin of the upper region.Dewbill or snood, - relatively large, plump and elastic in males and small , thin and elastic in females.

• Male sturt even at day-old age and continue to do so throughout their life- Sturting is not seen in females.

• Marketing :• at the age of six months for meat

purpose. • The average body weight is 6 - 8

Kgs. • No retail market for the birds on

day to day basis except during Christmas, Easter

• Reproductive parameters

• Age of laying - 24 - 28 weeks• No. of eggs produced 70 – 100

per year -• Egg weight - 85 gm• Incubation Period - 28 days• Male female Ratio - 1 : 5• No.of chicks /female - 43 - 63

• Marketing :• The demand for turkey poult is

mostly seasonal • The demand is slowly picking up • There is no established market for

the turkey• High average weight (6 to 8 Kg.) it

is not finding a place in the diet of middle class families

Duck farming has following advantages:-

more egg s

Wt= 70g

Ducks require lesser attention and thrive well in scavenging conditions.

Ducks supplements their feed by foraging. They eat fallen grains in paddy fields, insects, snails, earthworms, small fishes and other aquatic materials.

From commercial point of view, ducks have a longer profitable life. They lay well even in second year.

Ducks do not require any elaborate housing like chicken

Ducks are quite hardy, more easily brooded and more resistant to common avian diseases.

Marshy river side, wet land and barren moors upon which chicken or no other type of stock will flourish, are excellent quarters for duck farming.

Ducks lay 95 – 98% of their eggs in the morning before 9.00 AM. Thus saving lot of time and labour. Ducks are suitable for integrated farming systems such as duck-cum-fish farming, duck farming with rice cultivation. In duck-cum-fish farming the droppings of ducks serve as feed for the fishes and no other feed or manuring of the pond is necessary for fishes (200-300 ducks per hectare of waste area). Under integrated duck farming with rice cultivation, the ducks perform four essential functions viz., intertillage as they search for food, their bills loosen up the soil around the rice plants-weeding, insect control and manuring. Ducks are good exterminators of potato beetles, grasshoppers, snails and slugs. In areas plagued with liver flukes, ducks can help correct the problem (2 to 6 ducks per 0.405 hectare of land). Ducks can be used to control mosquito pupae and larvae (6 to 10 ducks per 0.405 hectare of water surface) Ducks are quite intelligent, can be tamed easily, and trained to go to ponds and come back in the evening of their own.

Water for swimming is not essential at any stage of duck rearing

Ducks should never have access to feed without water.

Performance parameters of Khaki Campbell ducks are given as under :

 

1)       Age at first egg                                     120 days (4 months)2)       Age at 50% production                        146 days ( 5 months)3)       Annual egg production                                    300 eggs4)       Body weight at 40 weak                                   1.8 kg5)       Daily feed consumption per                            120-130 gms6)       Bird            (which can be reduced to 50% under foraging )7)       Duck mortalityi)         0-8   weeks                                    2 to 3%ii)       8-20 weeks                                    0.2 to 0.5%iii)      Adult mortality                                5 to 7%

Feed Consumption- Egg type Ducks• Feed for 1st 6 months                           9

kg per bird  6 months to 12 months                        

12 kg per bird• 2nd year                      24 kg per bird•   3rd year                      25 kg per bird

•  ECONOMIC UTILISATION OF SPACE - 10 /SFT.   

• * SHORT GENERATION INTERVAL (3-4 GENERATIONS IN A YEAR) 

•   * FAST GROWING BIRD - 5 WEEKS    •  * START PRODUCING EGGS AT 6

WEEKS EGG PRODUCTION UPTO 40 WEEKS

•  * EGG SIZE IS 10 GM. - products   • * FEED CONSUMPTION IS LOW  •  * WEIGHT OF BROILER BIRD IS 250 g

AND OF LAYER 180g

MEAT TYPE DUCKS

• Pekin,• Muscovy, • Aylesbury, • Cherry Valley Rouven

Performance of the Commercial Meat Ducks

  BreedMarketing age (days)

Feed Conversion

ratioweight (kg)

1Cherry Valley (U.K)

49 - 56 2.5 : 1 3.00

2C.P Duck (Thailand)

47 2.8 : 1 3.09

3Quick Gro (Philippines)

47 2.8 : 1 3.09

4 Pekin 49 - 56 3.18 : 1 3.00

5 Muscovy 16 weeks2.7 : 1 (M)2.7 : 1 (F)

5.6 kg3.0 kg

• Waterers should be placed on elevated platform

• Avoid wet litter• Provide Meat ducks with 24 hours

of light• Meat bird marketed =7 to 8 weeks

of age.  • new quills appearing during the

ages of 9 to 14 weeks.

• FCR =2.8 : 1• Average Live weight

@ 47 days = 3.0 kg• Ex farm price live wt of Broiler

Duck = 80-100/ kg• Income