potential of solar pv in india.pdf

7/30/2019 Potential of Solar PV in India.pdf

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Potential of Solar

EnergyinIndia

NITT

Tiruchirappalli

2009



2

Solar PV energy applications outside

India

Opportunities for India to

Leapfrog technology,

Achieve energy security and

Create high employment

Considerable saving in import of oil and

generate exports and employment as good as, if not

better, than the ICT sector

How it is done in the world?



3

Solar Energy Potential

Kwh/m2

energy availability from the Sun



4



5

Germany –Solar Data

No. of Sunny days/year 95

Highest daytime temp. 22-280C

Lowest daytime temp. 2-60C

Solar insolation kwh/m2

1050-1200PV electricity 2005 (MW) 837 MW



6

Solar PV in India- OpportunitiesSolar Data India Germany

No. of Sunny days/year 300-320 95Highest daytime temp. 35-480C 22-280C

Lowest daytime temp. 10-250C 2-60C

Solar insolation kwh/m2 1900-2100 1050-1200

PV electricity 2005 (MW) 55 MW 837 MW



7

In 2004 installed capacity of solar PV

in the EU countries is higher thanIndia.

Most European countries have about 80 to 100 sunnydays in a year compared to 300 to 320 days in India.

EU Total 1010.13 MW

Germany 798.00 MW

Netherlands: 49.08 MW

Spain: 37.70 MW

Italy: 30.70 MW Rest EU: 50.95 MW

India 45.00 MW



8

PV in India- Opportunities

India has ideal solar conditions for applications

of PV technology nearly similar to California,Spain and Australia and far better than Germany

Experience of Germany, Japan, USA and other

Western Countries show that the solartechnology is more suitable for commercialisedmajor cities and urban areas



Solar PV power

for rural Electrification



10

Definition of Rural

From Socio-economic perspective thedefinition of rural areas is based on

population densities and living conditions. Let us define rural as areas remote from the

national grid and have no chances of

accessing the grid even in the near future But these areas have a potential for the

demand of electric energy services or expect

to develop the potential in the foreseeablefuture.



11

Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems

Battery charging system,

Electrical power for lighting,

Electrical Power for pumping water,

Electrical Power for telecommunication

Electrical Power for rural industry



12

Rural Electrification

Storage batteries are widely used in remote

areas to provide low voltage electrical powerfor lighting and communications as well as for

vehicles. A PV powered battery charging system

usually consists of a small PV array plus a

charge controller.



13

Components for stand-alone

PV Systems-1

Stand-alone (off-grid) PV systems require a battery,

[the lead acid type], to store the energy for future

use.

High-quality batteries designed for solar applications

with lifetimes of up to 15 years are available. However, the lifetime of the battery strongly

depends on the battery management and the user’s

behaviour.



14

Components for stand-alone

PV Systems-2

The battery is connected to the PV array via

a charge controller. The charge controllerprotects the battery from overcharging ordischarging, and can also provide information

about the state of the system or enablemetering and pre-payment for the electricityused.

If AC output is needed, an inverter isrequired to convert the DC power from thearray.



16

Solar powered lamp-posts

[with battery backup preferably]



17

Remote Lighting Systems Lighting is required at remote locations where the cost of

power is too high to consider using the grid.

Such applications include security lighting, navigation aids,

illuminated road signs, railway crossing signs and village

lighting.

Solar PV are suited to such applications, although a

storage battery is always required in such systems. They

usually consist of a PV panel plus a storage battery, power

conditioner and a low voltage, high efficiency DC

fluorescent lamp. These systems are viable for remote areas, and this is one

of the major applications of solar PV.



18

Battery Charging



19

Water Treatment Systems

In remote areas electric power is often used

to disinfect or purify drinking water.

Photovoltaic cells are used to power a

strong ultraviolet light that can be used to

kill bacteria in drinking water. This can be

combined with a solar powered waterpumping system.



20

Telecommunications and Remote

Monitoring Systems

Photovoltaics provides a cost-effective

development of remote area telecommunicationsrepeater stations.

Similar principles apply to solar powered radios and

television sets, emergency telephones andmonitoring systems.

Remote monitoring systems may be used for

collecting weather data or other environmentalinformation and for transmitting it automatically viaradio to the home base.



21



22

White LED Lamp for PV based systems

WLED lamps represent a new low-cost entrypoint for rural households in less developedcountries.

LED-based lighting systems for PV ruralwhite lighting applications can help take theone-third of the world literally still living in thedark ages into the modern age.

Emerging high efficiency WLED technologiescan significantly improve the quality, safety,and quantity of illumination for both rural andurban homes, while reducing overall costsand environmental emissions.



23

White LED Lamp with PV system-1

PV modules are the best option to power WLEDs

lamps in rural areas, since they can be installed

at the site where the energy is needed and no

further imports are required.

Therefore, investment in infrastructure is notrequired. There are projects that are promoting

WLEDs lamps technology powered with

photovoltaic modules, which are reportingexcellent technical results.



24

White LED Lamp with PV system-2

However, the high initial cost, compared

with fuel based lighting, is a barrier toachieve them, so other evaluationmethods must be used such as the life

cycle cost methodology, which found thePV LEDs are twice as cost effective asfluorescent lights, and three times more

cost effective than traditional kerosenelighting technologies.



25

Photovoltaic pumping systems

Photovoltaic pumping systems provide a

welcome alternative to fuel burning generatorsor hand pumps.

They provide the most water precisely when it isneeded the most - when the sun shines thebrightest!

Solar pumps are simple to install and maintain.The smallest systems can be installed by oneperson in a couple hours, with no experience orspecial equipment required.



26

Advantages of using PV-powered

pumps

include:

low maintenance

ease of installation

reliability

scalability



27

PV- powered pumps

Solar power differs fundamentally from

conventional electric or engine-poweredsystems, so solar pumps often departfrom the conventional.

PV arrays produce DC power, rather thanthe AC from conventional sources. And,the power available varies with the sun’s

intensity.



28

PV- powered pumps

Since it costs less to store water (in

tanks) than energy (in batteries) solarpumps tend to be low in power, pumpingslowly through the duration of the solar

day. Simple, efficient systems are the key to

economical solar pumping. Special, low-

power DC pumps are used withoutbatteries or AC conversion.



29

Modern DC motors work well at varying

voltage and speed. The better DC motors

require maintenance (brush replacement)

only after periods of 5 years or more. Mostsolar pumps used for small scale application

(homes, small irrigation, livestock) are

“positive displacement” pumps which seal

water in cavities and force it upward. This

differs from faster, conventional centrifugal

type pumps (including jet and submersible

pumps) which spin and “blow” the water up.



30

Building integrated photovoltaics-1

BI-PV are components of buildings thathave photovoltaic cells embedded in them

– For example, photovoltaic window glass or

roof shingles that can be used instead ofregular building materials to produceelectricity.

There are others where whole buildingfacades are made from photovoltaics.



31

Building integrated photovoltaics-2

There are others where whole building facades

are made from photovoltaics.

The significance of this development is that thesephotovoltaic materials can replace something else thatwould have been used anyway, so the actual cost is theincremental cost between the two.

This is often very small, which makes photovoltaics verycost-effective in these applications.

In building facades, for example, they have made

photovoltaic panels that look like marble and thatactually cost less than the real thing!



32

At present the initial cost of the PV system is high. The PV

modules account for a significant share of the overall cost

of a PV system. During the past five years a downward

trend in the cost of Photovoltaic modules in India has been

experienced. This reduction in cost was possible due to

• Expanded Government supported programme;

• Increasing competition among the PV products

manufacturers;• Incentives provided by the government;

• Increased production volumes; and

• Improvements in the product quality andperformance.

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