potential effects of cmb product water on soil, water, plants, and land resources kristin keith...
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Potential effects of CMB product water on soil, water, plants, and land
resources
Kristin KeithJames Bauder
Dept of Land Resources & Environmental SciencesMontana State University
Photograph compliments of John Wheaton
Water is a Finite Resource
other
Lakes/Streams 0.01%
Clouds 0.001%
Oceans 97.2%
Groundwater 0.6%
Glaciers/Ice 2.1%
Background Information
Extraction of CBM requires withdrawal of large amounts of from coal seams containing methane.
Projections call for disposal or management of one quarter million acre-feet of product water annually in the Powder River Basin.
Water Quality Issue: Common signature of CBM product water is salinity x sodicity.
Objectives What is saline water? What is sodic
water? Current CBM product water
management methods MSU research on potential effect of
CMB product water on soil, plants, water, and land resources
Can we manage CBM product water?
What is saline water and why is it considered saline?
Saline water has a relatively high concentration of dissolved salts.
Salinity of water is referred to in terms of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity is estimated by measuring the Electrical
Conductivity (EC) of water
The U.S. Department of Agriculture defines water with an EC greater than 3.0 dS/m as saline.
What is sodic water and why is it considered sodic?
The sodicity of water is expressed as the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) which is:
(These values are in meq/L)
Sodic water is any water with a SAR greater than 12. Sodic water is not necessarily saline.
SAR N a / (CA + M G ) / 2
Current CBM Product Water Management
Discharged into a stream channel
Impounded Holding pond, infiltration pond, “0 discharge” pond
Land applied to crop or range land
MSU CBM Product Water Research Goals
Understand the chemistry, quantity, and distribution of CBM product water in the Montana portion of Powder River Basin.
Assess the interaction between surface dispersed CBM product water and soil, water, plants, and land resources.
Conduct research with the primary focus of defining CBM product water management strategies which will ensure sustainability of Montana’s soil, plant, and water resources.
Soil Chemistry Responses to Saline-Sodic Water
Kimberly RobinsonMSU Graduate Research
Objective: Determine how valley soils which may be subjected to
irrigation will react with repeated wetting with saline-sodic water
Sampling locations within Powder River watershed, Prairie County Conservation District, and Buffalo Rapids Irrigation District.
Soil textural triangle, illustrating representation of individual soil materials treated with various water quality x wetting regimes.
Irrigation Simulation Conditions
Water Quality Powder River
EC = 1.6 dS/m SAR = 4.5 pH = 8.0 CBM Product Water
EC = 3.1 dS/m SAR = 13.0 pH = 8.0 Irrigation Treatment
Powder River: 1x 5x 5x then distilled
water CBM Product Water:
1x 5x 5x then distilled water
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
4 6 7 8 9 15 17 18 19 21 21 22 23 26 28 29 30 33 33 34 37 44 45 52 56
Ranked Clay %
EC
(d
S/m
) (S
atu
rate
d P
aste
Ext
ract
)
Baseline
1X Wet/Dry-P.R.
1X Wet/Dry-CBM
5X Wet/Dry-P.R.
5X Wet/Dry-P.R.+distilled
5X Wet/Dry-CBM
5X Wet/Dry-CBM + distilled
Copyright: K. M. Robinson, MSU-BozemanLand Resources Environmental Science-2002
Textural Class 1 Textural Class 2 Textural Class 3 Textural Class 4
P.R. Treatment EC
CBM Treatment EC
Soil solution saturated paste extract (ECsat) versus percent clay of soil material prior to
treatment (baseline) and following treatment with various water quality x wetting regimes
Soil solution SAR versus percent clay of soil material prior to treatment (baseline) and following treatment with various water quality x wetting
regimes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
4 6 7 8 9 15 17 18 19 21 21 22 23 26 28 29 30 33 33 34 37 44 45 52 56
Ranked Clay %
SA
R (S
atu
rate
d P
aste
Ext
ract
)
Baseline
1X Wet/Dry-P.R.
1X Wet/Dry-CBM
5X Wet/Dry-P.R.
5X Wet/Dry-P.R.+distilled
5X Wet/Dry-CBM
5X Wet/Dry-CBM+distilled
Copyright: K. M. Robinson, MSU-BozemanLand Resources Environmental Science-2002
Textural Class 1 Textural Class 2 Textural Class 3 Textural Class 4
CBM Treatment SAR
P.R. Treatment SAR
What are the common difficulties with the use of sodic
water for irrigation?
Use of sodic water for irrigation can be risky business on soils having significant amounts of swelling clay. On such soils: sodium changes soil physical properties, leading
to poor drainage and crusting, which can affect crop growth and yield.
Irrigation with sodic water on sandy soils does not cause crusting and poor drainage. However, if the water is saline-sodic, it may affect crop growth and yield.
Suggested range in EC and SAR of irrigation water for various soil
texturesSource: Western Fertilizer Handbook
Soil Texture EC range (mmhos/cm)
SAR upper limit
Flood Sprinkler
Flood Sprinkler
Very Coarsesand, loamy sand
0-4 0-5 18 24
Coarsesandy loam
0-3 0-4.5 12 15
Mediumloam, silt loam
0.2-2.5 0-3 12 15
Medium fineclay loam, sandy clay loam
0.3-2.5 0.2-3 8 12
FineSilty clay loam, sandy clay, clay, silty clay
0.5-2 0.3-2.5 6 9
What are the common problems or difficulties with the use of saline water for irrigation?
Crop production becomes a problem as salts accumulate in the root zone high enough to negatively affect plant growth.
Excess soluble salts in
the root zone restrict plant roots from withdrawing water from the surrounding soil.
Tolerant EC > 10
Semi-Tolerant EC = 4-10
Sensitive EC < 4
Crops BarleySugarbeetSunflower
WheatOatsCornSafflower
PotatoField BeanPeasLentils
Forages Tall wheatgrassBearless wildryeAltai wildryeSlender wheatgrassWestern WheatgrassRussian wildryeBarley
SweetcloverAlfalfaTall FescueWheat (hay)OrchardgrassCicer milkvetch
White cloverRed cloverLadino cloverAlsike cloverMeadow foxtail
Crop Tolerance to Saline Water
Salinity & Sodicity Tolerance of Selected Plant Species of the
Northern Cheyenne Reservation
Nikos J. Warrance
MSU Graduate Student
Dr. James W. Bauder
Krista E. Pearson
LRES Department
MSU-Bozeman
Tolerance and/or sensitivity of selected plants on the Northern Cheyenne
Reservation to salinity, sodicity, and flooding
Understand how native and culturally significant plants would respond to increases in salinity and sodicity.
A list of native and culturally significant plant species was obtained from the Department of Environmental Protection, Northern Cheyenne Tribe.
A thorough search of references dealing with salinity, and sodicity tolerances for the plants in question was then undertaken.
Examples of culturally significant plant species of the Northern Cheyenne
Reservation
Sensitive (EC < 2 dS/m, SAR 1.6 - 8
June/Service Berry Red Osier Dogwood Red Shoot Goose
Berry Chokecherry Wild Plum Quaking Aspen Leafy Aster Red Raspberry
Moderately Sensitive (EC 2-4 dS/m, SAR <8)
Common Spikerush Field Horsetail Horsemint Sweet Medicine Sandbar Willow Snowberry Cattail Sweet Grass Saw Beak Sedge Stinging Nettle Western Yarrow
Chemistry of CBM Product Water upon Surface
Dispersal
Holly SessomsMSU Graduate Research
Objective:Determine the behavior of chemistry of CBM product water
in stream channels
Change in water chemistry for three water qualities over a 9 day time
period; subject to evapoconcentration.
Initial
pHFinal pH
Initial EC
Final EC
Initial SAR
Final SAR
% Change
EC
% Change
SAR
WQ6 7.4 8.1 3.07 3.75 3.7 4.4 22.15 18.92
WQ7 7.7 8.4 3.36 4.01 12.5 18 19.35 44.00
WQ8 7.5 9.1 5.42 6.71 20.7 33.8 23.80 63.29
Average %
Change
21.77 42.07
Other Research
Aaron DeJoia Cascade Earth
Sciences
Change in water chemistry from outfall to irrigation
Source pH SAR ECmmhos/cm
Outfall 7.5 20-26 3.8-4.2
Pump 8.2 27-30 2.6
Irrigation Nozzle
8.7 32 2.9
Summary
Sustainable CBM product water management requires rigorous monitoring and coordinated management Essential requirements – Soil, water, and plant baseline information Amount and quality of CBM product water Rigorous monitoring at all points Coordinated water management with
multiple strategies
http://waterquality.montana.edu