posterior pituitary gland. embryonic origin infundibulum –base of mesencephalon –downward growth...
TRANSCRIPT
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Posterior pituitary gland
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Embryonic origin
• Infundibulum– Base of mesencephalon– Downward growth
• Composition– Axons of hypothalamic neurons
• Magnicellular neurons
– Blood vessels• Part of peripheral circulation
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Cellular composition
• Pituicytes– Unknown function
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Hormone secretion
• Magnicellular neurosecretion– Hypothalamic nuclei
• Hormone production• Extend axons to posterior pituitary gland• Specific nuclei produce specific hormone
– Oxytocin– Vasopressin/ADH
• Specific localization of nuclei within the specific region of hypothalamus
– Supraoptic– Paraventricular
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Regulation of hormone secretion
• Sensory stimuli– Changes in blood pressure– Suckling stimuli– Generation of neural impulses
• Interaction between magnicellular neurons and higher brain– Generation of action potential
• Travels through axons to the posterior pituitary
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• Action potential– Increased Ca permeability and increased Ca
influx• Migration and fusion of secretory granules
– Release of hormones into perivascular space• Into the capillary subsequently
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• Rate of hormone production– Transcription level
• Increased transcription after receiving stimuli
• Transport of hormones from hypothalamic neural cells– Transport stops when synthesis stops
• Some storage in the posterior pituitary gland– Asynchrony between synthesis and release of
hormones
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• Paracrine/autocrine regulation of hormone production– Intrinsic pattern of firing by neurons
• Oxytocin – high amplitude burst followed by long pause (pumping action of smooth muscle within the mammary gland)
• VP – strongly and weakly active neurons alternatively fire
• Structural plasticity– Contraction of dendrites during firing
• Efficient propagation of action potential
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Posterior pituitary hormones
• Nonapeptide– 9 amino acids
• Formation of ring via disulfide bridge
• Highly conserved amino acid sequences
– Pigs have lysine-vasopressin instead of arginine-vasopressin
• Structurally similar– Completely different
function
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Vasopressin
• Synthesis and secretion– Two systems
• Osmotic• Pressure-volume
• Action– Different receptors
• V1 (blood vessels)• V2 (renal collecting duct)• V3 (corticotrophs)
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Vasopression
• Function– Regulation of osmolarity
• Control/conservation of water– Simple relationship
• Regulation of Na concentrations in plasma– Pressure-volume– Different system (renin-angiotensin system and
aldosterone)– Complicated
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• Regulation of osmolarity– Osmoreceptors in brain (outside of blood-
brain barrier)• Hypothalamic neurons• Cells in organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis
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• Extracellular fluid osmolarity– Affected greatly by
vasopressin• Change in plasma
osmolarity• Change in urine
osmolarity• Change in urine volume
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• Vasopressin– Acts on the collecting duct of the kidney
• Increased water permeability and uptake– Increased number of aquaporin (water channel) of the
cell surface (cAMP)
• Result in production of concentrated urine and decreased urine output (antidiuresis)
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Thirst
• Replacement of water in the body– Urine production– Insensible water loss
• Thirst– Defense mechanism– Triggered by changes in osmolarity or volume
• Strongly triggered by hypovolemia• Decrease in blood pressure
• Generally people ingest excess fluid
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Vasopressin and thirst
• Water balance– Osmolarity
• Changes are usually too small to trigger thirst– 1 to 2 % of basal level
– Under normal condition• Regulated by water excretion
– Vasopressin
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Oxytocin
• Physiological regulation of oxytocin secretion– Complicated
• Difference among species• Extrapituitary synthesis of oxytocin
– Ovaries (corpus luteum)– Uterus in some species
– Regulated by suckling stimuli• Classical regulatory mechanism
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Function of oxytocin
• Lactation– Critical for milk let-down
• Oxytocin receptors– Grandular cells in the
mammary alveoli– Myoepithelial layers in
the mammary ducts
• Contraction of myoepithelial layer
– Secretion stimulated by suckling
• Tactile response
• Regulated by the CNS
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Function of oxytocin
• Contraction of smooth muscle around uterus during parturition– Uterine myometrium
• Relaxed during pregnancy– Progesterone and relaxin (hormone from cervix)
• Become responsive to oxytocin as parturition approaches
– Increased number of receptors– Formation of gap junctions (synchronous contraction)
• Works in concert with prostaglandin F2
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Function of oxytocin
• Contraction of smooth muscle around uterus during parturition– Burst of oxytocin secretion by the posterior
pituitary gland during labor• Pulsatile manner• Triggered by Fergusson reflex (dilation of cervix
and vagina)
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• Postpartum secretion of oxytocin– Primed by changes in steroid hormone
concentrations during parturition• Increase in estradiol• Decrease in progesterone• Affects oxytocin responsiveness
– Receptors in the mammary gland
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• Other functions– Action at the CNS level
• Maternal behavior• Sexual arousal
– Regulation of reproductive cycle• Ruminants