posted 1-27-12 in 2nd pass - nelson

AUTHOR TEAM

Maurice DiGiuseppe, Ph.D.University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT)Formerly of Toronto Catholic District School Board

Stephen Haberer, B.Eng., B.Ed., M.Ed.Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute, Limestone District School Boardand Queen’s University

Kristina Salciccioli, B.Sc., B.Ed., M.Sc.Head of Science, Cathedral High School,Hamilton–Wentworth Catholic District School Board

Milan Sanader, B.Sc., B.Ed., M.Ed.Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), University of TorontoFormerly of Duff erin–Peel Catholic District School Board

Angela VavitsasUniversity of Toronto Schools

SENIOR PROGRAM CONSULTANT

Maurice DiGiuseppe, Ph.D.University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT)Formerly of Toronto Catholic District School Board

PROGRAM CONSULTANT

Milan Sanader, B.Sc., B.Ed., M.Ed.Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), University of Toronto Formerly of Duff erin–Peel Catholic District School Board

7924_Chem_FM.indd 1 1/26/12 2:35 PMposted 1-27-12 in 2nd pass

Contents

Organic Chemistry . . . . . . . . 2

Focus on STSE: The Medicine Hunter . . . . . . . . .3Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Chapter 1: Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . 6 1 .1 Alkanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1 .2 Alkenes and Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1 .3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1 .4 Alcohols, Ethers, and Thiols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1 .5 Aldehydes and Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1 .6 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Fats . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1 .7 Amines and Amides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Investigation 1 .4 .1: Properties of Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . 63Investigation 1 .5 .1: Reactions of Three

Isomers of Butanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Investigation 1 .6 .1: Properties of Carboxylic Acids . . . 65Investigation 1 .6 .2: Synthesizing Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Investigation 1 .6 .3: Making Soap

(Teacher Demonstration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Investigation 1 .7 .1: Building Organic

Molecular Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Chapter 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Chapter 1 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Chapter 2: Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 2 .1 Introducing Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2 .2 Synthetic Addition Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2 .3 Explore an Issue in Polymer Technology:

Plasticizers and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2 .4 Synthetic Condensation Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2 .5 Chemistry Journal: The Invention of Nylon . . . . 100 2 .6 Natural Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Investigation 2 .4 .1: Preparation of a Polyester . . . . . . . 106

Chapter 2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Chapter 2 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Unit 1 Task: Using Safer Solvents . . . . . . . . . . .116Unit 1 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118Unit 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

Structure and Properties of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Focus on STSE: Nanotechnology: A Tiny Technological Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Chapter 3: Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3 .1 Early Atomic Theories and the Origins of

Quantum Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3 .2 Bohr’s Model of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3 .3 The Quantum Mechanical Model

of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 3 .4 Quantum Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 3 .5 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table . . . . . . 160 3 .6 Applications of Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . 173 3 .7 Explore an Application in Quantum

Mechanics: The Tiny World of Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Investigation 3 .1 .1: The Photoelectric Effect . . . . . . . . 179Investigation 3 .2 .1: Bright-Line Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Investigation 3 .4 .1: Simulation of

Electron Orbitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Investigation 3 .5 .1: Paramagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Chapter 3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Chapter 3 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Unit 1

Unit 2

NELiv Contents


Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding . . . . . . . . . . 192 4 .1 Types of Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 4 .2 Molecular Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 4 .3 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity . . . . . . . . . . 217 4 .4 Chemistry Journal: Gillespie and the

VSEPR Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 4 .5 Molecular Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 4 .6 Quantum Mechanics and Bonding:

Hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 4 .7 Intermolecular Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 4 .8 The Structure and Properties of Solids . . . . . . . . 248Investigation 4 .2 .1: Molecular Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Investigation 4 .5 .1: Testing for Polar Molecules . . . . . 256Investigation 4 .7 .1: Hydrogen Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Investigation 4 .7 .2: Boiling Points and

Intermolecular Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Investigation 4 .8 .1: Identifying Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Chapter 4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Chapter 4 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Unit 2 Task: Altered Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268Unit 2 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270Unit 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272

Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction . . . . . . . . . 280

Focus on STSE: Artificial Photosynthesis . . . . .281Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282

Chapter 5: Thermochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . 284 5 .1 Energy Changes in Chemical

and Nuclear Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 5 .2 Calorimetry and Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 5 .3 Bond Energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

5 .4 Hess’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 5 .5 Standard Enthalpies of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 5 .6 Present and Future Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . 325 5 .7 Explore an Issue in Wind Technology:

Is Wind Technology the Answer? . . . . . . . . . . . . 331Investigation 5 .2 .1: Molar Enthalpy of

a Chemical Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333Investigation 5 .4 .1: Hess’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334Investigation 5 .5 .1: Calorimetry versus

Enthalpies of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Chapter 5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336Chapter 5 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Chapter 6: Chemical Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . 344 6 .1 Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 6 .2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 6 .3 Explaining Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 6 .4 Explore Applications of Chemical Kinetics:

Biocatalysts and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 6 .5 Rate Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 6 .6 Reaction Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 6 .7 Chemistry Journal: Global Warming

and Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388Investigation 6 .1 .1: Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390Investigation 6 .2 .1: Factors Affecting the Rate of

Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Investigation 6 .5 .1: The Iodine Clock

Reaction System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392Chapter 6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Chapter 6 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Chapter 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Unit 3 Task: Evaluating Different Catalysts . . .402Unit 3 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404Unit 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406

Unit 3

NEL Contents v


Chemical Systems and Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Focus on STSE: Striking a Balance: Breathing, Blood, and Basketball . . . . . .415

Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416

Chapter 7: Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . 418 7 .1 Equilibrium Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 7 .2 Equilibrium Law and the

Equilibrium Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 7 .3 Chemistry Journal: Fritz Haber:

Explore an Equilibrium, Feed the World . . . . . . 437 7 .4 Qualitative Changes in

Equilibrium Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 7 .5 Quantitative Changes in

Equilibrium Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 7 .6 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility

Product Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460Investigation 7 .1 .1: The Extent of a

Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Investigation 7 .2 .1: The Equilibrium Law . . . . . . . . . . . 473Investigation 7 .4 .1: Testing Le Châtelier’s

Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474Investigation 7 .6 .1: The Ksp of

Calcium Hydroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476Chapter 7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Chapter 7 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Chapter 7 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Chapter 8: Acid–Base Equilibrium . . . . . . . 486 8 .1 The Nature of Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 8 .2 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 8 .3 Explore Applications of Acids:

Equilibrium in an Industrial Process . . . . . . . . . . 510 8 .4 Calculations Involving Acidic Solutions . . . . . . . 512 8 .5 Calculations Involving Basic Solutions . . . . . . . . 526 8 .6 Acid–Base Properties of Salt Solutions . . . . . . . . 531

8 .7 Acid–Base Titration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 8 .8 Buffer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 8 .9 Explore an Issue in Acids and Bases:

Additives in the Food and Beverage Industry . . 568Investigation 8 .6 .1: The Acidity of Salt Solutions . . . . 570Investigation 8 .7 .1: Acid–Base Titration . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Investigation 8 .8 .1: Buffer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572Investigation 8 .8 .2: The Effectiveness

of an Antacid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573Chapter 8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574Chapter 8 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575Chapter 8 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

Unit 4 Task: Testing Consumer Product Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582

Unit 4 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584Unit 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586

Electrochemistry . . . . . . . 594

Focus on STSE: What Comes after Gasoline? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595

Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596

Chapter 9: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 9 .1 Electron Transfer Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 9 .2 Balancing Redox Reaction Equations . . . . . . . . . 608 9 .3 Predicting Redox Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618Investigation 9 .1 .1: Single Displacement

Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624Investigation 9 .3 .1: Spontaneity of Redox

Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625Chapter 9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626Chapter 9 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627Chapter 9 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

Unit 4

Unit 5

NELvi Contents


Chapter 10: Electrochemical Cells . . . . . . . 634 10 .1 Galvanic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 10 .2 Standard Reduction Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 10 .3 Cells and Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 10 .4 Explore an Issue in Electrochemistry:

Pick Your Energy Source: Lithium or Hydrogen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

10 .5 Chemistry Journal: Cold Fusion: The Discovery That Never Happened . . . . . . . . . 656

10 .6 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658 10 .7 Electrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663Investigation 10 .1 .1: Investigating

Galvanic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671Investigation 10 .2 .1: Constructing a

Galvanic Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672Investigation 10 .2 .2: Investigating Cell

Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673Investigation 10 .6 .1: Testing the Corrosion

of Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

Chapter 10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676Chapter 10 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677Chapter 10 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678

Unit 5 Task: The Energy Pack . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684Unit 5 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .686Unit 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688

Skills Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . .696

Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720

Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxCredits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

NEL Contents vii


posted 1-27-12 in 2nd pass - nelson

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