post world war i india indian troops made great contribution to british war effort – expected...
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• Post World War I India Indian troops made great contribution to British war
effort – expected self-government Indian National Congress - advancements in numbers
of legislators offset by reductions in civil libertiesRise of Mohandas Gandhi as nationalist leader
• Support from educated middle class who were base for nationalist cause
• Support from the peasant classes
Rival Muslim League founded to represent India’s Muslim minority
Radical Muslim and Hindu factions
The symbolism of the spinning wheel
The Salt March Gandhi’s political use
of hunger strikes Passive Resistance Jawaharlal Nehru
• Post World War II India“Quit India” movement 1942British repression – Gandhi and Nehru
arrestedGrowing power of Muslim League led by
Muhammad Ali Jinnah – support during war1947 – India and Pakistan gain independence
• Huge population displacement due to migrations• Atrocities committed by Muslims and Hindus• Gandhi assassinated 1948
• India after IndependenceThe military has defended Indian secular democracy
from religious extremism and would-be dictatorsLarge middle-class makes India different from other
former Asian and African colonies India has invited foreign investment allowing it to build
on its colonial-era infrastructureAgricultural output increased under the Green
RevolutionWealth gap remains between poor population and the
wealthy upper classes
• Post World War I Middle EastBetrayal of Arabs by British and FrenchAcquisition of Mandates through League of
NationsThe Balfour Declaration 1917The Zionist Movement – Theodor Herzl
• Jewish nationalism• Jewish immigration to Palestine• British restriction of Jewish migration• Jewish-Palestinian conflict
• Iran Monarchy headed by the Shah
established by the British after WWI
Shah pushed modernization and Westernization
The Shah’s defiance of conservative clergy and lack of reforms for poor laid foundation for revolution
1978 – Iranian Revolution establishes theocracy under Ayatollah Khomeini Khomeini
Moderates and leftists were repressedPromised reforms did not happenUS embassy held hostage until election of
ReaganAnnexation of Iranian oil-rich provinces by
Iraq resulted in long destructive war ending in 1988
Iranian government still anti-American but bulk of Iranian people pro-American
The Iranian bomb?
• EgyptStrategic location due to Suez CanalBritish occupation during warWidespread discontent with British controlRioting caused Britain to begin long-term
withdrawalEgypt left in hands of Khedival governmentEgyptian elites ruled at expense of Egyptian
poor
1930’s - Free Officers Movement – organization of idealistic reformist Egyptian military officers
1930’s – The Muslim Brotherhood – Islamic reformist group
1952 military coup against khedive by army officers – Gamal Abdul Nasser takes power
First Egyptian rule since 6th century BC
Egypt run as quasi dictatorship Gamal Abdul Nasser
Initially relationship with United States and Soviet Union but soon turned to USSR
Advocated Pan-Arabism – established UARDomestic mismanagement combined with
increase in population made Egypt poorAswan DamAid from West dried upLoss in 1967 Six Day War
Successor Anwar SadatSadat expelled Russians and
encouraged Western tiesLoss in 1973 Yom Kippur
War Peace treaty with IsraelSadat assassinated by
Muslim fundamentalists
Anwar Sadat
• The Palestinian QuestionWWII Holocaust sparked large migration of
Jews to PalestineBritish resistance to Jewish migration resulted
in growing terrorism and formation of Jewish military arm, Haganah
United Nations partitions Palestine between Muslims and Jews
War erupts as Muslim states attack JewsIsrael wins war – created Israel in 1948
• Ghana Nkrumah pushed ambitious
modernization programs but many were blocked by rival political parties and ethnic groups
Many of Nkrumah’s policies were socialist – gained support of USSR but scared away Western investment
Ghana dependent on single export crop of cocoa
Nkrumah became increasingly dictatorial
Ghana leader of the Non-Alignment movement
Nkrumah overthrown by military coup in 1972
Kwame Nkrumah
Mau Mau
Non-Settler Africa - Ghana Settler Africa - Kenya
First Black African state 1957Kwame Nkrumah – educated in WestMore radical than Ghanan African elitesUsed boycotts, rallies, and strikes against BritishMore political control given to Africans Peaceful transfer of power to Africans in stages
Substantial numbers of Europeans lived in colonyWhites blocked rise of nationalist movements and concessions on part of BritainWhites refused reforms or give up landsBlacks turned to violent revolutionary struggles for independence (Mau Mau)Moderates like Jomo Kenyatta imprisonedWar with nationalist guerrillas brought Britain to peace table giving Kenyatta presidency over new country
• French AlgeriaFrench and Dutch less willing to give up
coloniesLarge French population in Algeria (1 million+)Nationalist movement under National
Liberation Front (FLN) Characterized by violence on both sidesSettler backlash caused collapse of French
Fourth Republic in 1960
The Secret Army Organization (OAS) planned assassination of De Gaulle
Algeria granted independence in 1962900,000 settlers along with thousands of pro-
French Arabs and Berbers Algeria currently undergoing war with Islamist
fundamentalists
• South AfricaVery large white populationNo homeland for Afrikaners (Boers) to fall
back onSociety based on white supremacy and
segregation (apartheid)South Africa became independent in 1961
under the control of the white Afrikaner National Party
Apartheid became law of land in 1948
Vote denied to black Africans and coloreds
Blacks restricted to “homelands,” or “Bantustans” based on tribal groups
Black homelands poverty-stricken – created pool of labor for white businesses
All protests against the state severely repressed by the police and army
The African National Congress (ANC) was outlawed and leaders (Mandela) jailed or murdered (Biko)
International boycott weakened the economy
Conflicts with guerrillas in Angola and Namibia seemed endless
Afrikaner President F. W. De Klerk began dismantling apartheid system – freed Mandela
Mandela elected president in 1994 Bitterness between whites and
blacks remain – inter-tribal conflict between Zulus and Xhosas remains as well
• Problems Facing AfricaPopulation pressures
• New food crops• Better distribution due to
railroads and steamships• Colonization ended tribal
warfare• Improved hygiene and infant
mortality rates• Resistance to birth control
measures• AIDS epidemic? Malaria
epidemic?
Urbanization• Rural poor move to cities that lack jobs• Urban poor turn to crime, scavenging, or begging• Urban poor a volatile factor in political struggles• Lack of urban planning spawns huge slums• Increased pollution
Damaged Ecosystems• Deforestation• Overgrazing• Desertification• Poaching
• Neocolonialism?Neocolonialism- the belief that developed nations
(West) is politically and economically exploiting lesser developed nations much like they did under colonialism
Little money to industrializeMain economic activity – selling raw resources or
cash cropsDependence on single exportLoans from World Bank or other states comes with
strings attached