Post-national challenges to Citizenship Post-national challenges to Citizenship Research: Gender Equality, Diversity & Research: Gender Equality, Diversity &

National belongingsNational belongings

Birte Siim, Aalborg UniversityBirte Siim, Aalborg University

Beyond Citizenship: Feminism and the Beyond Citizenship: Feminism and the Transformation of Belonging, London Transformation of Belonging, London

30 June – 2 July, 201030 June – 2 July, 2010

The post-national challenge to The post-national challenge to move beyond the nation state move beyond the nation state

Cosmopolitan citizenshipCosmopolitan citizenship: : Add human rights to Add human rights to citizenship rights & global governance to tackle citizenship rights & global governance to tackle poverty, inequality, the environment (Linklater)poverty, inequality, the environment (Linklater)

Transnational identities & translocal loyalitiesTransnational identities & translocal loyalities : : EU, transnat. civil society, transborder migration EU, transnat. civil society, transborder migration networks, global solidaritynetworks, global solidarity

EUEU - - a test case for approaches pro and against a test case for approaches pro and against expanding rights, responsibilities and belonging expanding rights, responsibilities and belonging beyond the nation state beyond the nation state

Gendering European CitizenshipGendering European Citizenship

Critique of the EP models (U.Liebert):Critique of the EP models (U.Liebert):1.1.The The liberalliberal market model is exclusionarymarket model is exclusionary

2.2.The The republicanrepublican citizenship model – is citizenship model – is homogenizinghomogenizing

3.3.The The cosmopolitancosmopolitan model – is built ’from model – is built ’from above’above’

4.4.Only the Only the deliberativedeliberative model is able model is able empower women as social & political actorsempower women as social & political actors

Democratic citizenship: Diversity Democratic citizenship: Diversity in the Public Spherein the Public Sphere

Dimensions of the public sphere, Dimensions of the public sphere, Ferree 2002:Ferree 2002:

1.1.WhoWho should participate, on what occations? should participate, on what occations?

2.2.WhatWhat should be the form of content of their should be the form of content of their contribution to the public discourse?contribution to the public discourse?

3.3.HowHow should the actors communicate with should the actors communicate with one another?one another?

4.4.WhatWhat are the desired outcome of the are the desired outcome of the process?process?

Eurosphere: Diversity and the EPS Eurosphere: Diversity and the EPS http://www.eurosphere.uib.nohttp://www.eurosphere.uib.no//

WWhat are social & pol. actors hat are social & pol. actors views about views about diversity & EPSdiversity & EPS? What models do organizations ? What models do organizations believe in - a centralized or fragmented (or another believe in - a centralized or fragmented (or another model of) European Polity? Organizations’ views model of) European Polity? Organizations’ views on EU polity/policies: views on the development of on EU polity/policies: views on the development of EU-polity; and views concerning EU's involvement EU-polity; and views concerning EU's involvement and power in policy-makingand power in policy-making

Do actors/organizations Do actors/organizations communicate/ communicate/ participate participate in EURO-networks spaces?in EURO-networks spaces?

What are their perceptions of What are their perceptions of diversity, PS & EPSdiversity, PS & EPS

Methodological ReflectionsMethodological Reflections

Multi-level model – macro-meso & micro Multiple approaches to the EPS Comparative approach: 16 countries, 200

organisations, 1300 interviews Multiple sites: Political parties, social

movements/NGOs, think tanks, and media Data: Elite interviews, institutional data,

media and surveys Methods: Content analysis, critical frame

analysis and discourse analysis of texts

Research Questions and Research Questions and DimensionsDimensions

Where are the women -Where are the women - presence, voice & presence, voice & power/empowerment- who participates?power/empowerment- who participates?

Gendering as a process Gendering as a process – framings, – framings, arguments & discourse, silencing - gender arguments & discourse, silencing - gender issues as a part of the public discourse? issues as a part of the public discourse?

Diversity & pluralism Diversity & pluralism – intersections of – intersections of gender and diversity - communication?gender and diversity - communication?

The European Public Sphere The European Public Sphere (EPS) –(EPS) –outcome, policies outcome, policies andand visions for EPS? visions for EPS?

Constructions of national and Constructions of national and European BelongingsEuropean Belongings

Perceptions of DIVERSITY – the Danish case:Perceptions of DIVERSITY – the Danish case:

Universalist adaptation model – Universalist adaptation model – the prevalent the prevalent modelmodel

Particularistic assimilation model – Particularistic assimilation model – overlaps with overlaps with the universalist modelthe universalist model

Mutual Integration model – Mutual Integration model – a minority modela minority model

How do actors link (national) diversity models with How do actors link (national) diversity models with EPS models beyond the nation stateEPS models beyond the nation state

Forms of genderingForms of gendering

Where are the women? How are the issues gendered? How are women articulated as bearers of cultural meanings?

Different categories intersect, creating inequality in inclusionary or exclusionary ways (in the political argumentation)

Political Actors Perceptions of Political Actors Perceptions of Gender and DiversityGender and Diversity

The The universalist adaptation and particularist universalist adaptation and particularist assimilationassimilation model resembles each other most model resembles each other most

The models are based upon ideas of The models are based upon ideas of samenesssameness as as well as well as differencedifference

Denmark as a forerunner Denmark as a forerunner when it comes to when it comes to gender equality gender equality – to be integrated and be part of – to be integrated and be part of the insider group one has to be gender equalthe insider group one has to be gender equal

In the Danish national identity construction In the Danish national identity construction being equal means being integrated on the labour being equal means being integrated on the labour market market

Constructions of identities Constructions of identities Women as gatekeepers/border guards (symbols of

belonging/membership): language proficiency (Wodak), gender identity (Yuval-Davis)

Symbolic meaning of gender significant in reproduction of communities: the empowered working woman as border guard of national identity

National/European identity, gender equality and ethno-national diversity intertwined: gender equal, progressive insider vs gender unequal, old-fashioned outsider

Implications for the in/exclusion into national and European spheres of belonging and for the development of Europe as a diverse society

Finding: Young minority women as bearers of integration!

Intersectionality IIntersectionality I

(IP, Danish, Social Democrat)(IP, Danish, Social Democrat)

Intersection of generation, age, ethnicity and gender Creation of category of belonging and membership: who is defined as the

European woman Belonging – integration – gender equality – labour market participation

“I think one should be very careful not to make too general conclusions in this matter because we also see second generation children of immigrants doing great, especially the girls we see at the universities and the schools in Denmark do absolutely marvellous. So, again we should be much more accurate about what we are talking about. Is it the first generation or is it the second generation?The girls are good at finding their way into our educational system but the boys are, so to speak, hopelessly maladjusted and they findsome subcultures which are hopeless to deal with.”

The ’includer’The ’includer’

“I become extremely happy when I see some of these immigrant girls, who are the ones that manage the best, who just develop very fast and also handle having a good relationship with their parents who are proud of them, naturally, but who also think that they do a lot of things wrong. […] Just as somebody like me, coming from [a marginal region in Denmark], coming from such an Inner Mission environment. I mean, most people do not live the same life as their parents and do not share the same values either. […] It is something you have to be able to handle as a human being”.

(IP, Socialist People’s Party)

The ’excluder’The ’excluder’

““Since for instance many Since for instance many MuslimsMuslims come with a Middle Age world come with a Middle Age world view in terms of view in terms of womenwomen, then [gender equality and diversity] is a , then [gender equality and diversity] is a problem but I actually always think that, well, the thing about problem but I actually always think that, well, the thing about gender equality, I think, we are really on the way to achieving it gender equality, I think, we are really on the way to achieving it without… if we do not consider the without… if we do not consider the ethnicethnic groups, then we are well groups, then we are well on our way to a reasonable gender equality. In relation to this, it on our way to a reasonable gender equality. In relation to this, it puzzles me that these women’s movements do not touch the other puzzles me that these women’s movements do not touch the other thing even though it ought to be their first objective to get many of thing even though it ought to be their first objective to get many of these these Muslim womenMuslim women out of these slave-like relations they are in. I out of these slave-like relations they are in. I remember in the 60’s how they stood and shouted, the women’s remember in the 60’s how they stood and shouted, the women’s movements, outside schools where meetings in the housewife movements, outside schools where meetings in the housewife association were held. And, back then, I thought that was a bit association were held. And, back then, I thought that was a bit ridiculous. I still think it is. But it shows how strong feelings there ridiculous. I still think it is. But it shows how strong feelings there were […]. And then there are no feelings at all when it comes to were […]. And then there are no feelings at all when it comes to what is going on right in front of us”.what is going on right in front of us”. (IP, (IP, Danish People’s Party)

Models & Visions for the Models & Visions for the Public Sphere/EPSPublic Sphere/EPS

The Pragmatic Approach The Pragmatic Approach – the prevalent – the prevalent model across the political spectrummodel across the political spectrum

The Nationalist Model The Nationalist Model – a counter – a counter discourse expressed by DPP & Danish Ass.discourse expressed by DPP & Danish Ass.

The Democratic Participatory Approach – The Democratic Participatory Approach – a minority positiona minority position

Multilayered Citizenship and Politics Multilayered Citizenship and Politics of Belongingof Belonging

Social divisions are about Social divisions are about macro axis of social macro axis of social power power but also involve actual concrete people. but also involve actual concrete people. Social divisions have Social divisions have organizational, organizational, intersubjective, experiental &intersubjective, experiental & representational representational forms…forms…In other words they are expressed in In other words they are expressed in specific institutions and organizations, such as specific institutions and organizations, such as state laws and state agencies, trade unions, state laws and state agencies, trade unions, voluntary organizations and the family. In addition, voluntary organizations and the family. In addition, they involve specific power and affective they involve specific power and affective relationships between actual people… relationships between actual people…

(Yuval Davis 2006, 198)(Yuval Davis 2006, 198)