POST HARVEST FUNGAL SPOILAGE IN LOCAL

MARKETS OF PUNJAB

Introduction

Continued…

•Mango is an important fruit crop

•Pakistan ranked 5th in mango production

•In Pakistan 250 cultivars of mango

•Mango is grown over an area of 151.535 thousand hectares in Pakistan.

•Mango production is 1637.947 thousand tones (Anon, 2007).

Mango post harvest diseases minimize fruit quality and cause losses.

Major post harvest diseases in the world are:AnthracnoseStem end rot Soft rot : Alternaria rot, Aspergillus rot

In Pakistan most prevalent post harvest diseases are:- Anthracnose

Stem end rot.

Aim of Study

Assessment of post harvest diseases of mango in the major markets of Punjab.

Objectives

To know the prevalence, Incidence and severity of post harvest mango diseases in domestic markets and consignments for export.

Identification and characterization of the post harvest fungal pathogens.

Materials and Methods

Survey and Sampling: local markets (Faisalabad, Shujaabd,Rahim yar Khan, Rawalpindi, Multan), October 2011, White Chonsa (variety)

Assessment of Prevalence

Prevalence % = Locations showing mango disease X 100Total Locations

Continued…

Objective 1: To know the prevalence, Incidence and severity of post harvest mangoes diseases in domestic markets and consignments for export.

Incidence = No. of diseased mangoTotal no. of mango

Continued…

Disease Severity 1 : 0 – 1%2 : 2- 5%3 : 6 – 10%4 : 11 – 49%5 : 50 – 100%

PERCENT DISEASE INCIDENCE

P.D.I = No. of diseased mango * 100Total no. of mango

Incidence

Lesion and diseased area

Objective 2: Identification and characterization of the post harvest fungal pathogens.

Preparation of different Media:1. Potato Dextrose Agar ( for general type of

fungi)2. Oat Meal Agar (for Aspergillus and

Lasiodiplodia)3. Malt extract agar (Lasiodiplodia spp.)4. Potato Carrot Agar (Alternaria, Botrytis)5. V - 8 Agar (Colletotrichum)

Continued…

Parameters investigated

Total number of fungi Frequency of each class of fungi Fungal characters Disease symptoms and associated fungi

Results

DISTRICTS Anthracnose Stem end rot

Alternaria rot Aspergillus rot

Rahim Yar Khan

+ + - +

Multan + + + +

Shuja Abad + + + +

Faisalabad + + _ +Rawalpindi + + _ +

5 5 2 5

District wise prevalence of post harvest diseases

Objective 1: To know the prevalence, Incidence and severity of post harvest mangoes diseases in domestic markets and consignments for export.

Continued…

Diseases % Prevalence

Anthracnose 100

Stem end rot 100

Aspergillus rot 100

Alternaria rot 40

Overall prevalence of post harvest diseases across Districts (%)

DISTRICTS Anthracnose Stem end rot

Alternaria rot Aspergillus rot

Rahim Yar Khan

3.333 6.666 0 10

Multan 26.66 13.33 0 30Shuja Abad 26.66 3.333 6.666 33.33Faisalabad 63.33 10 0 6.666Rawalpindi 33.33 30 0 16.66Range 3.333-63.33 10-30 0-6.666 6.666-30Average 30.66 12.66 1.333 19.33

Percent disease incidence of various post harvest diseases of mango from different markets of Punjab

Continued…

Frequency %ageSeverity % of Different Post Harvest Diseases of Mango

Severity Scale

1 2 3 4 5

Severity(% area)

0-1 2-5 6-10% 11-49% 50-100%

Anthracnose 83.33 10 6.666 3.333 0

Stem end rot 96.66 3.333 0 0 0

Alternaria rot 100 0 0 0 0

Aspergillus rot 100 0 0 0 0

Faisalabad

Severity Scale

1 2 3 4 5

Severity % 0-1% 2-5% 6-10% 11-49% 50-100%

Anthracnose 83.33 0 0 0 16.66

Stem end rot 93.33 0 0 0 6.666

Alternaria rot 100 0 0 0 0

Aspergillus rot 83.33 10 3.333 0 6.666

Multan

Rahim Yar Khan

Severity Scale

1 2 3 4 5

Severity % 0-1% 2-5% 6-10% 11-49% 50-100%

Anthracnose 100 0 0 0 0

Stem end rot 96.66 0 3.333 3.333 0

Alternaria rot 100 0 0 0 0

Aspergillus rot 100 0 0 0 0

Rawalpindi

Severity Scale

1 2 3 4 5

Severity % 0-1% 2-5% 6-10% 11-49% 50-100%Anthracnose 66.66 10 20 3.333 0

Stem end rot 90 10 0 0 0

Alternaria rot 100 0 0 0 0

Aspergillus rot 86.66 3.333 3.333 6.666 0

Shuja Abaad

Severity Scale

1 2 3 4 5

Severity % 0-1% 2-5% 6-10% 11-49% 50-100%

Anthracnose 90 3.333 3.333 3.333 0

Stem end rot 96.66 0 3.333 0 0

Alternaria rot 100 0 0 0 0

Aspergillus rot 70 6.666 6.666 0 16.66

Spores of Colletotrichum Gieosporides Plate No. 2 (F.S.D)

27-10-11(Cause Anthracnose Disease)

Identification and characterization of the post harvest fungal pathogens.

Spores of Lasiodiplodia theobromaePlate NO.1

19-10-11Cause stem End rot Disease

Spores of Alternaria alternata Plate NO.1 (F.S.D)

27-10-11CAUSE Alternaria Rot Disease

Spores of Aspergillus niger Plate No.1 (R.Y.K)

27-10-11Cause Aspergillus rot Disease

Media Fungus No of Colonies

Potato Carrot Agar A.AlternataA.nigerC.gleosporides

511

Malt Extract Agar L.theobromaeA.alternata

22

Potato Dextrose Agar C.gleosporidesA.nigerC.Acutatum

442

V-8 Agar C.gleosporidesA.alternata

151

Faisalabad

40%

20% 20%

60% 60%

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

A.alternata A.niger C.gleosporides C.acutatum L.theobromae

Fungi

Freq

uenc

y %

Faisalabad

Media Fungus No of Colonies

Potato carrot agar L.theobromaeA.nigerC.gleosporidesA.alternataA.flavus

43141

v-8 agar C.acutatumA.alternataA.flavusA.nigerL.theobromae

864712

Malt extract agar A.alternataA.nigerL.theobromaeC.gleosporidesA.flavus

861321

Oat meal agar A.nigerC.gleosporidesA.niger

10121

Potato dextrose agar A.nigerA.alternata

44

Multan

50% 50% 50%

17%

67%

83%

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

A.Alternata A.Niger a.Flavus C.gleosporides L.Theobromae C.acutatum

fungus

F.%

age

Multan

Media Fungus No of Colonies

Potato carrot agar A.nigerA.alternataC.Gleosporides

621

v-8 agar C.gleosporidesA.alternataL.theobromae

3121

Malt extract agar A.alternataL.theobromae

214

Oat meal agar A.nigerC.Gleosporides

123

Potato dextrose agar A.alternataC.gleosporidesA.nigerA.flavus

13921

Rahim Yar Khan

60%

20%

40%

80% 80%

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

A.alternata A.niger A.flavus C.gleosporides L.theobromae

Fungi

Freq

uenc

y %

Rahim Yar Khan

Media Fungus No of Colonies

OAT MEAL AGAR A.nigerA.alternata C.gleosporides

416

V-8JUICE AGAR C.gleosporidesAspergillus flavus

198

POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR

L.theobromaeAspergillus flavusC.gleosporides

1172

Malt extract agar L.theobromaeC.gleosporides

91

Rawalpindi

20% 20%

40% 40%

80%

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

A.alternata A.niger A.flavus C.gleosporides L.theobromae

Fungi

Freq

uenc

y %

Rawalpindi

Media Fungus No of Colonies

Potato carrot agar A nigerA.alternataC.gleosporidesL.Theobromae

4622

V-8 AGAR C.gleosporidesA.nigerFusarium. Sp

821

POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR

L.theobromarC.gleosporidesC.acutatumA.niger

4828

OAT MEAL AGAR A.alternatA.nigerC.gleosporides

8113

MALT EXTRACT AGAR

L.theobromaeA.nigerC.gleosporides

825

Shuja Abaad

33%

17%

50%

17%

83% 83%

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

A.alter

nata

A.nige

r

Fusari

um sp

C.gleo

spori

des

L.the

obrom

ae

C.acuta

tum

Fungi

Freq

uenc

y %

Shuja Abaad

Faisalabad Multan Rahim Yar Khan Rawalpindi Shujaabad

A.alternata L.theobromae A.niger A.niger A niger

A.niger A.niger A.alternata A.alternata A.alternata

C.gleosporides C.gleosporides C.gleosporides C.gleosporides C.gleosporides

L.theobromae A.alternata C.gleosporides C.gleosporides L.theobromae

A.alternata A.flavus A.alternata Aspergillus flavus C.gleosporides

C.gleosporides C.acutatum L.theobromae L.theobromae A.niger

A.niger A.alternata A.alternata Aspergillus flavus Fusarium. Sp

C.Acutatum A.flavus L.theobromae C.gleosporides L.theobromar

C.gleosporides A.niger A.niger L.theobromae C.gleosporides

A.alternata L.theobromae C.gleosporides C.Gleosporides C.acutatum

10

A.alternata A.alternata

10

A.niger

A.niger C.gleosporides A.alternat

L.theobromae A.niger A.niger

C.gleosporides A.flavus C.gleosporides

A.flavus

14

L.theobromae

A.niger

C.gleosporides 1568

A.niger

A.niger

19

Total fungi of surveyed Locations

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

A.Alternata A.niger C.gleosporides L.theobromae C.Acutatum A.flavus Fusarium. Sp

Fungi

Tota

l num

ber

Total Number of fungi

Further Research

More varieties and detailed research Pathogenicity Molecular characterization Field Management

Dr.Shazia Iftikhar, Assistant Professor & P.I ASLP – Mango Post-harvest component FJWU.

Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad Programme Leader ASLP Munawar Raza Kazmi, Program Officer ASLP Faisal Sohail Fateh, Project Coordinator ASLP Hamd Meer, M.phil student

Project Team