post-crystallization process changes in structure and/or composition following crystallization...
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Post-crystallization processPost-crystallization process
Changes in structure and/or Changes in structure and/or composition following crystallizationcomposition following crystallization
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ExamplesExamples OrderingOrdering
e.g. in the K-feldsparse.g. in the K-feldspars Changes result from coolingChanges result from cooling
Exsolution – another example of phase Exsolution – another example of phase diagramdiagram
RecrystallizationRecrystallization Radioactive decayRadioactive decay Structural defectsStructural defects TwinningTwinning
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Idealized feldspar structure
Fig. 12-6
Si or Al
K (or Na, Ca)
Si or Al
Fig. 4-13Fig. 4-13
Al migrates through structure with cooling:Sanidine to Orthoclase to Microcline as Al restricted
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ExsolutionExsolution
Common in alkali feldspars, also Common in alkali feldspars, also occurs in the plagioclase feldsparsoccurs in the plagioclase feldspars High T: complete solid solution between High T: complete solid solution between
K and NaK and Na Low T: limited solid solutionLow T: limited solid solution Distribution of solid solution shown on Distribution of solid solution shown on
phase diagramphase diagram
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Alkali Feldspar – complete phase Alkali Feldspar – complete phase diagramdiagram
PPH2OH2O = 1.96 kb = 1.96 kb
Only limited Only limited temperature range temperature range with complete solid with complete solid solution (770 to 680)solution (770 to 680)
Works exactly like the Works exactly like the plagioclase feldspar plagioclase feldspar except binary except binary minimumminimum
Fig. 5-7a
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Fig. 5-27Fig. 5-27
Solid homogeneous alkali feldspars
Homogeneous compositions not allowHomogeneous compositions not allowSplit into two separate phasesSplit into two separate phases
Albite matrix
K-spar matrix Start
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Exsolution occurs in solid stateExsolution occurs in solid state Time and temperature dependentTime and temperature dependent Most have sufficient time for diffusion to Most have sufficient time for diffusion to
move ions, separate two phasesmove ions, separate two phases PerthitePerthite – term for albite exsolution – term for albite exsolution
lamellae in K-spar matrixlamellae in K-spar matrix AntiperthiteAntiperthite – K-spar exsolution – K-spar exsolution
lamellae in albite matrixlamellae in albite matrix
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PPH2OH2O = 5 kb = 5 kb
Solvus line intersects the Solvus line intersects the Liquidus and Solidus Liquidus and Solidus curvescurves
Crystallization continues Crystallization continues as usual until point d – as usual until point d – eutectic, Kseutectic, Ks5353 and Ks and Ks1919 crystallize until solidcrystallize until solid
With more cooling, Albite With more cooling, Albite and K-spar “unmix” and and K-spar “unmix” and become more “pure” become more “pure” phases. Still limited solid phases. Still limited solid solution.solution.
Alkali Feldspar – phase Alkali Feldspar – phase diagramdiagram
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RecrystallizationRecrystallization
Surfaces are high energy Surfaces are high energy environment because of terminated environment because of terminated bondsbonds
Minerals change to minimize the Minerals change to minimize the surface areasurface area Edges become smootherEdges become smoother Grains become largerGrains become larger
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Fig. 5-26Fig. 5-26
Smoother boundaries from recrystallizationMinimize surface area
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Contact metamorphismContact metamorphism
Larger grain size from recrystallization
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PseudomorphismPseudomorphism Replacement of one mineral by anotherReplacement of one mineral by another
Low – T phenomenon usually, weatheringLow – T phenomenon usually, weathering Preserves the external form of original Preserves the external form of original
mineralmineral Example:Example:
quartz (hexagonal) replacing fluorite quartz (hexagonal) replacing fluorite (isometric)(isometric)
Cubic Quartz??
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Radioactivity – Beta decayRadioactivity – Beta decay
Generate new elements cause Generate new elements cause substitution defectssubstitution defects Decay of Decay of 4040K to K to 4040Ca and Ca and 4040ArAr Beta decay (electron or positron emitted)Beta decay (electron or positron emitted) The newly created elements are not same The newly created elements are not same
size or charge as the original elementsize or charge as the original element Not typically substituted in mineralNot typically substituted in mineral
Below closing T, Ar trapped, used for Below closing T, Ar trapped, used for datingdating
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Radioactivity - Alpha decayRadioactivity - Alpha decay
Alpha particle dislodges atomsAlpha particle dislodges atoms Causes defect in crystal structureCauses defect in crystal structure
MetamictMetamict minerals form if long enough minerals form if long enough time and high enough radioactivitytime and high enough radioactivity
Change physical properties because loss Change physical properties because loss of long range orderof long range order Less denseLess dense DarkerDarker Optical properties changeOptical properties change
Also may change physical properties of Also may change physical properties of surrounding mineralssurrounding minerals
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Structural DefectsStructural Defects
Disruptions in ordered arrangement of Disruptions in ordered arrangement of atoms within crystalsatoms within crystals Common in natural mineralsCommon in natural minerals
Occur as point, line, or plane defectOccur as point, line, or plane defect Different from compositional variationDifferent from compositional variation
Systematic throughout crystal latticeSystematic throughout crystal lattice I will only talk about types of point I will only talk about types of point
defectsdefects
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Point DefectsPoint Defects
Schottky Defect Schottky Defect - Vacant Sites- Vacant Sites Frenkel defect Frenkel defect - Atoms out of correct - Atoms out of correct
position – position – Impurity defectsImpurity defects::
Extraneous atoms or ionsExtraneous atoms or ions Substituted atoms or ionsSubstituted atoms or ions
Similar to solid solution series or Similar to solid solution series or substitutionssubstitutions
Difference is magnitude of substitutionDifference is magnitude of substitution
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Schottky defectsSchottky defects Vacancy – i.e. both cation and anion Vacancy – i.e. both cation and anion
missingmissing 1:1 ratio vacancy if similar charge – 1:1 ratio vacancy if similar charge –
e.g. Halite missing equal amount of Cle.g. Halite missing equal amount of Cl-- and Naand Na++
Can be more complex with higher Can be more complex with higher chargecharge
Fig. 5-15a
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Frenkel DefectsFrenkel Defects
Dislocation defectsDislocation defects Generally cations because they are Generally cations because they are
smallersmaller No change in the charge balanceNo change in the charge balance
Fig. 5-15b
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Frenkel and SchottkyFrenkel and Schottky
Mechanisms for changes in solid Mechanisms for changes in solid statestate Diffusion through mineralsDiffusion through minerals Allows metamorphismAllows metamorphism
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Impurity DefectsImpurity Defects
Interstitial defectsInterstitial defects Ions or atoms in sites not normally occupiedIons or atoms in sites not normally occupied Requires charge balance of mineralRequires charge balance of mineral
Substitution defectsSubstitution defects Substitution of one ion for another ion in the Substitution of one ion for another ion in the
structurestructure Identical to “substitution”, but depends on Identical to “substitution”, but depends on
expectation of pure compositionexpectation of pure composition Example – radioactive decay, Example – radioactive decay, 4040K to K to 4040ArAr
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Fig. 5-11Fig. 5-11
Interstitial defect – Interstitial defect – foreign cation foreign cation located in located in structurestructure
Substitution defect Substitution defect – (1) foreign cation – (1) foreign cation substitutes for substitutes for normal cationnormal cation(2) Radioactive (2) Radioactive decaydecay
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TwinningTwinning Intergrowth of two or more crystalsIntergrowth of two or more crystals Related by symmetry element not Related by symmetry element not
present in original single mineralpresent in original single mineral Several Several twin operationstwin operations (i.e. symmetry (i.e. symmetry
element):element): ReflectionReflection RotationRotation Inversion (rare)Inversion (rare)
““Twin Law” Twin Law” – describes twin operation – describes twin operation and axis or plane of symmetryand axis or plane of symmetry
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ReflectionReflection
Two or more segments of crystalTwo or more segments of crystal Related by mirror that is along a Related by mirror that is along a
common crystallographic planecommon crystallographic plane Can not be a mirror in the original Can not be a mirror in the original
mineralmineral
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Fig. 5-20Fig. 5-20
Crystallographic axes
Reflection on {011}
Twin law: Reflection on (011)
Rutile TiO2 - Tetrahedral
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RotationRotation
Two or more segments of crystalTwo or more segments of crystal Related by rotation of Related by rotation of
crystallographic axis common to allcrystallographic axis common to all Usually 2-foldUsually 2-fold Can not duplicate rotation in original Can not duplicate rotation in original
mineralmineral
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Fig. 5-16Fig. 5-16
Twin Law: Rotation Twin Law: Rotation on [001]on [001]Very common in K-Very common in K-spars – called spars – called “Carlsbad twins”“Carlsbad twins”
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Twin terminologyTwin terminology
Composition surface Composition surface – plane joining – plane joining twins, may be irregular or planartwins, may be irregular or planar
Composition plane Composition plane – if composition – if composition surface is planar; referred to by surface is planar; referred to by miller indexmiller index
Contact twin Contact twin – no intergrowth across – no intergrowth across composition planecomposition plane
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Fig. 5-21Fig. 5-21
Contact Twins
Spinel isometricSpinel isometric – – reflected on {111}reflected on {111}
Gypsum MonoclinicGypsum Monoclinic – – reflected on {100}reflected on {100}
Calcite hexagonalCalcite hexagonal – – reflected on {001}reflected on {001}
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Fig. 5-22Fig. 5-22
Penetration twin Penetration twin – inter-grown twins, – inter-grown twins, typically irregular composition surfacestypically irregular composition surfaces
Pyrite Isometric – Pyrite Isometric – 180º rotation on 180º rotation on [001][001]
Staurolite Staurolite Monoclinic – Monoclinic – reflection on reflection on {231}{231}
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Simple twins Simple twins – two twin segments– two twin segments Multiple twins Multiple twins – three or more segments – three or more segments
repeated by same twin lawrepeated by same twin law Polysynthetic twins Polysynthetic twins – succession of – succession of
parallel composition planes (plagioclase)parallel composition planes (plagioclase) Cyclic twins Cyclic twins – succession of composition – succession of composition
planes that are not parallelplanes that are not parallel
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Fig. 5-23Fig. 5-23
PolysynthetiPolysynthetic Twins c Twins
Plagioclase:Plagioclase:Albite twinning: repeated Albite twinning: repeated reflection on {010}reflection on {010}Allows Michel – Levy techniqueAllows Michel – Levy technique
Cyclic Twins
Rutile – repeated Rutile – repeated reflection on reflection on {011}{011}
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Mechanism forming twinsMechanism forming twins
GrowthGrowth – occur during growth of – occur during growth of mineralsminerals
TransformationTransformation – displacive – displacive polymorphspolymorphs Occurs during cooling of mineralsOccurs during cooling of minerals E.g. leucite, transforms from cubic to E.g. leucite, transforms from cubic to
tetragonal system - @ 665º Ctetragonal system - @ 665º C Space change accommodated by twinsSpace change accommodated by twins
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Fig. 5-20Fig. 5-20
Isometric above 665º C Tetragonal below 665º C
Can be elongate along any three directions
Twinned crystals can fill all available space
LeuciteKAlSi2O6
A feldspathoid
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Fig. 5-20Fig. 5-20
Deformation twinningDeformation twinning Result from application of shear stressResult from application of shear stress Lattice obtains new orientation by Lattice obtains new orientation by
displacement along successive planesdisplacement along successive planes