post conflict/ disaster areas (sudan; haiti and andean countries)

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Post Conflict/ Disaster Areas (Sudan; Haiti and Andean

countries)

Jacob Greenstein, Alvin Newman and Ernest Paultre EGAT/ I&E Engineering Service Group-

December 2009

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Principal Issues

1. Security

2. High demand for infrastructure

3. Limited funds & limited implementation capacities

4. Weak institutional and engineering capacities of public agencies and of the local contractors and consultants

5. Minimal participation of local communities

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Evidence of mines: Juba–Nimule 192 km road-the main Sudan-Uganda trade route

Security Issues

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Road programs Goals

1. Create employment & build local capacity.

2. Provide peace dividends, contribute to conflict prevention and build confidence

3. Facilitate IDP/returnee movements and resettlement.

4. Improve road access: (1) Sudan-Kenya-Uganda;(2) Peru-Ecuador-Colombia; and (3) in 2009: especially Haiti (USAID present strategy).

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Why Haiti, Why now?

Secretary of State, Clinton at the Haiti Donors Conference, April/14/09:

1. “Now is the time to step up our investment in Haiti, not just because the situation is dire and because the consequences of inaction could lead to significantly greater human suffering, but because Haiti has a real opportunity to make substantial progress”.

2. “Last year’s (2008) hurricanes blew a hole in the government’s budget ”

3. Authors: The damages of the (2008) hurricanes was more sever where the maintenance services of infrastructure and facilities has been poor

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Secretary of State, Clinton at the Haiti Donors Conference: (4/14/2009)

The USG will target our support toward four areas:

1. Security: “to be able to travel safely to work and school, and participate in civic lives without fear of violence

2. Robust the economy: “Haiti needs stronger infrastructure, particularly roads”: (The Authors: Water services is needed urgently as urgently as road services in Haiti).

3. Employment: ”going along with the infrastructure needs is the need for jobs”

4. Provision of a strong agricultural base: :for the people of Haiti to become more self-sufficient”

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Roads Programs Strategy

1. Optimize accessibility characteristics, maximize environmental/ social/ economic return (IRR>12%).

2. Consider financial and technical affordability, and social/ environmental constrains.

3. Use innovative engineering and contracting procedures to (1).

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Roads Programs Strategy

4. Improve highway safety and minimize maintenance expenditures.

5. Use performance-based lump-sum contracts (PBLSC) including pay equations and value engineering for construction, maintenance and supervision services.

6. Maximize community involvement in all aspects of the project construction and maintenance works.

What community participation accomplished-Peru

Better understanding of the transport needs as perceived by communities

Woman groups keen in picturing how lack of transport services impacts their day-to-day lifestyles.

Role of project in poverty alleviation and participation of beneficiaries / local governments became a fully shared objective

How are the M.E financed?Contract payments, which they allocate to wages (89%), tools, rentals, transportation and a saving investment fund.

Who are the new entrepreneurs?People from communities along road. On average, 36%, 18-30 years old; and 46%, 31-45 years old. A balanced education level: 60% primary education; 3% are illiterate.

Creating opportunities: micro-enterprises for road

maintenanceOutcome 1: Cost effective solution to provide year-round

accessibility on gravel roads: 650 ME maintain 20,000 km (10-14 members for 25-35 km), at about US $700/km/year

Outcome 2: Catalysts for local development by creating entrepreneurial capacity in community: e.g., 27% of M.E. engaged in productive activities bringing new services and stimulating labor markets in their communities; members ofmicro-enterprises have subsequently become leaders of their communities

Outcome 3: Generation of long-term, direct employment for ME members, and indirect for others in community through complementary activities. Focal point for community work to ensure continuous support from community.

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Haiti: Destroyed bridge and the new Ford

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Frequent pedestrian and non motorized use

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Ingenieria Estrella & E.A.T.T

(A) The ford was design to provide 3-year accessibility services, including equipment-based maintenance services;

(B) Possible road & pedestrian safety issues

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USAID/Haiti Ennery Bridge Design and Construction Supervision Project

The ford requires equipment-based maintenance to remove debris from floods/storms

2009 flood

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River training will reshape the riverbed and remove sediment in this area approximately 300 m upstream of the bridge

Additional Sediments control is needed

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Engineering conditionality for compliance with the FAR section 611

1. Produce detailed engineering surveys including topographical, geotechnical/ geological, hydrology and drainage, & seismic surveys, essential to produce detailed designs aimed at achieving cost effective, cost reliable (within 5-10% of actual costs), affordable and achievable results.

2. Include in the detailed designs risk sharing procedures and transfer to the contractor the construction risks that he can manage better, including mitigation of possible Geo-hazards.

3. Include in the detailed designs Value Engineering Incentives and Pay Equations that reward innovation, transparency and stakeholders collaboration instead of disputes and related contractual protests.

19Lake Miragoane at peak height

It is NOT going down yet- in fact it rose over the last 7 days Lake Miragoane has flooded extensive agricultural areas

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National Road 2 blocked

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Miragoane Lake: The topographical map shows the disappearances of many local

streams, indicating that the rock in the area is a fractured and cavity-prone limestone.

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Topographic survey realised by Jean-Roger Magloire Topographic Services

Hydrology: Site Description and Observations

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Hydrology & drainage bridge design issues

Vulnerability of riverbanks, approaches & homes to erosion and flooding make the design of a “smart” bridge, a real challenge.

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Ford Bridge and Gabion wall-3 year service


Collapsed Bridge

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River layout, bends, river aggradations upstream of the

Ford


Floods marks, recurrent flooding in the area, overflow on the Ford Bridge

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Hydrology: Available rainfall data

Precipitation in Gonaives Ennery and Marmelade

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Jan Fev March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rain

fall (

mm

)

Ennery Marmelade Gonaïves

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Hydrology: Available Data

•Pluviographic data only in Port-au-Prince (Damien)

Code Station Elevation (m)

Observation Years

Annual Precipitation

(mm)

020106 ENNERY 320 1921-1988 1200

030273 MARMELADE 710 1922-1991 1800

040501 DAMIEN 20 1926-2007 1300

Rainfall stations used

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Hydrology: Available Data•Watershed characteristics: situation map

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Hydrology: Available Data•Watershed characteristics: Topography and Drainage network

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Hydrology: Available Data•Watershed characteristics: Geology

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Hydrology: Available Data•Watershed characteristics: Erosion risk

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Hydrology: Available Data

Watershed characteristics: Land Use

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Hydrology: Hydrologic Analysis

•Precipitation Characteristics (Truncated Gamma law)

•Maximum Daily Precipitation in mm

Return PeriodT

Ennery Marmelade DamienPrecipitation, in mm

2 years 65 89 7310 years 87 134 12325 years 95 153 15050 years 101 166 169100 years 107 179 188

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Hydrology: Hydrologic Analysis

•Floods estimatesReturn period (year) Peak Flow (m3/s)

100 47050 35025 24010 1505 1302 80

Remark: protection works for Gonaives on Quinte river:

Q100= 1696 m3/s and Q25= 831 m3/s for A= 457 km2

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Hydrology: Hydraulic Analysis•Actual conditions: Flow Characteristics with the Ford

Return Period Discharge (m3/s)

Water level (m)

Flow velocity at the exit of the culverts (m/s)

1 : 2 years 80 313.45 2.811 :10 years 150 313.92 3.401 :25 years 240 313.96 3.961 :50 years 350 314.23 4.471 :100 years 470 314.66 4.90

Remarks :•Elevation of the Ford : about 313.3 m•The annual flood (2 years) reach the top of the Ford Bridge•Besides, if the openings of the culvert are clogged, the flowpass over the Ford•This situation has been observed this year-2009

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Hydrology: Hydraulic Analysis•Future Conditions: Flow Characteristics with the Bridge after removal of the ford and cleaning the channel and river training works

Remarks :•The level for the 100 years flood and the 50 years flood are close: difference of 0,46 m•The hydraulic analysis has been done with the 100 years flood•Bottom controlling elevation of the bridge is 313.93m

Return Period Discharge (m3/s) Water level (m) Flow velocity under the

bridge (m/s)1 : 2 years 80 310.84 1.411 :10 years 150 311.46 1.841 :25 years 240 312.14 2.221 :50 years 350 312.39 3.041 :100 years 470 312.85 3.58

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River Training

•Scour Depth – estimated with a different method

NorthAbutments

Pile

General scourDischarge intensity method 0,8 0,8Mean velocity method 0,6 0,6Competent velocity method 4,7 4,7US FHWA method 0,9 0,9HEC-RAS 4,0 4,0Average 2,2 2,2

Local scour:Guide to Bridge Hydraulics 8,2 5,0HEC-RAS 1,6 3,9Average 4,9 4,5

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River Training

Pile protection•Riprap around the pile•Minimum distance : 2 times the width of the pileBank protection•Gabions walls•Reinforcement and extension of the existing wallRiver shaping•Ford bridge removed•Sediment accumulated before the Ford Bridge removed

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Geotechnical

•Geological Conditions•Seismicity•Geotechnical Investigations•Geophysical Investigations•Soil Profile•Soil Parameters

•Foundation Design

•Construction Materials

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Ingenieria Estrella & E.A.T.T

(A) The Ford was design to provide 3-year accessibility service including equipment-based maintenance services;

(B) road & pedestrian safety issues

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Lessons Learned

1. Detailed engineering and innovative procurement procedures are necessary to optimize road investment and maintenance projects in post conflict/disasters areas.

2. Using performance based lump-sum construction, maintenance and supervision contracts (PBLSC)including pay equations and value engineering is a good mechanism to share construction risks and to restrict cost overruns.

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Concluding remarks

1. Follow section 611 of the FAR and produce detailed engineering surveys and detailed designs documents and cost estimate within 10% (preferable 5%) of actual costs.

2. Include risk sharing procedures and transfer to the contractor the construction and Geo-hazard risks that the contractor can manage better.

3. Include in the detailed designs quantitative routine & preventive maintenance program

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Thank you very muchAny questions?

Jacob Greenstein EGAT/I&[email protected]

202-712-1385

post conflict/ disaster areas (sudan; haiti and andean countries)

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