positivistic versus naturalistic inquiry
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Positivistic versus Naturalistic Inquiry. This is a 100 year old debate Is often correlated to research methodology Is a philosophy on the way we think about human phenomenon & research Can be integrated within methodology, but philosophically they are very different - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Positivistic versus Naturalistic Inquiry
This is a 100 year old debate Is often correlated to research
methodology Is a philosophy on the way we think about
human phenomenon & research Can be integrated within methodology,
but philosophically they are very different Is the foundation for how we design
research
Positivistic Inquiry Naturalistic Inquiry (Constructivism)
Quantitative Triangulated Qualitative
Solomon Design Blended Designs Post-modern -four group design - use quantitative -pretest-treat-post test & qualitative -research self -pretest-no treat- post test methods -novel sounding -no pre- no treat- post test lacks theory -random group Quasi-Experimental Grounded Theory Phenomenology -validated tools -two of three -theory building - descriptive
Exp. controls -Basic Social Process - interpretive - hermeneutic Descriptive
Experimental Design - quantitative or Ethnography -random sample qualitative methods -living in the experience -control group -cultural immersion
-a treatment given Case Study
-single-double cases -In-depth analysis - comparative analysis
Action ResearchAdequate time commitmentCollaborative effortOpenness to changeQuality of data collection and analysis Impact on one’s practice
Positivistic Inquiry Naturalistic Inquiry (Constructivism)
Quantitative Triangulated Qualitative
Solomon Design Blended Designs Post-modern Quasi-Experimental Grounded Theory Phenomenology
Constant Comparative Analysis
Descriptive Experimental Design Ethnography
Case Study
Scientific Rigors by DesignValidity & Reliability (internal-external) Conceptual Framework Developed Descriptive Vividness Statistical Inference Methodological CongruenceGeneralizability Analytical PrecisenessTemporality Theoretical Connectedness Selection and Bias Heuristic RelevanceMeasurement validity / reliability Trustworthiness, Credibility, Controlling confounders and AuditabilityAppropriate study design for the questions Confirmability, transferabilityStylistic & Personal
Relevance, Heuristic
Sample Size by DesignPositivistic Inquiry Naturalistic Inquiry (Constructivism)
Quantitative Triangulated Qualitative
Solomon Design Blended Designs Post-modern Power Analysis 20-40 1 Quasi-Experimental Grounded Theory Phenomenology
>40 10-1000 10-saturation (10-30) Descriptive
Experimental Design 1-12 Ethnography
Power Analysis 1
Case Study 1-2
Action Research ?-100
Assumptions of Positivistic Thinking page 1
Reality is singular, tangible, & and can be dissected
The researcher and those being studied are independent
Time and context-free generalizations are possible
Inquiry is value-free
value free singular reality
Positivistic thinking
generalizableindependentvariables
Assumptions of Positivistic Thinking There are real
causes or at least high probability of a relationship.
We believe we can have independent and dependent variables as separate entities
Validity of a design is very critical to results
value free
singular reality
validity
Positivistic thinking
generalizable
cause &effectindependentvariables
Assumptions of Positivistic Thinking page 3
Reliability is based on how the design is reproducible
Generalizability is related to good internal validity and reliability with comparable samples
Hypothesis testing
generalizable
value-free
Positivistic thinking
validity
singularreality
hypothesistesting
reliability
cause & effectindependentvariable
Assumptions of Naturalistic Inquiry Realities are multiple,
pluralistic, and holistic The researcher cannot
really be separated from those being studied and relation-ships are explained
hypotheses are time and context bound - they are only working statements
researcher& subjectconnected
hypothesis is a focus area
multiple realities
naturalisticinquiry
Assumptions of Naturalistic Inquiry All entities are in a
state of mutual simultaneous shaping
Inquiry is value-bound
Validity is designed into the process
Reliability & general- izable are not concepts of value with this thinking
researcher& subject connected
hypothesisis a focusarea
Naturalistic inquiry
thick description
multiple realities inquiry is value bound
Differences in Scientific Rigorpositivistic naturalistic Validity Internal and external
reliability Hypothesis testing Statistical inferences Independent and
dependent variables Variable controls Generalizability
Descriptive vividness Methodological
congruence Analytical preciseness Theoretical
connectedness Heuristic
relevance Others
Data Collection Differencepositivistic naturalistic Tools
surveys, questionnaires objective assessment &
identification Measure the dependent
variable Convert to numeric
symbols Apply statistical
inferences to numbers Large sample sizes help
with confidence levels
Tool it is the investigator by
interview, focus groups, & observation
Data is subjective and objective. It is collected & not measured
Themes or clusters are identified and data is sorted in a theme analysis
The themes are supported by participants or experts
Differences in Results positivistic naturalistic Statistical
significance for pre-post treatment
Statistical correlations & relationships identified
Probability of errors & confidence identified
Causal relationships
The exploration & description of a phenomenon
Identification of linkages, relationships, or interpretations based on theory connections
Results are themes, clusters of ideas, or theory constructs
Positivistic Discussion of Results 250 nurses were surveyed with an 80%
response rate or N=200. Questions were rated using the Likert 5 scale. Question 1 had a mean of 4.2 with a S.D. of 0.5 suggesting the nurses had favorable opinions about continuing education. Compared to a 1994 survey asking the same question, there was a statistical difference that was less favorable (mean 3.1, S.D. 0.7, p<.05)
Naturalistic Description I sat in the classroom as a peripheral
member staying as unobtrusive as possible. The instructor came out from behind her desk, sitting on the edge as she opened with a question that brought all eyes in the room to meet her own eyes. She paused - looked at the eyes of the students.
The instructor displayed immediacy from the moment she started the class.
Ethics and Research Starts with the study purpose, design,
methods of measurement, and subjects Guidelines for all of these It is still a concern today More recent ethical issues are:
Fabrication of a study Falsification or forging of data Dishonest manipulation of the design or methods Plagiarism
50% of the top 50 research institutions in US have been investigated for research fraud
Ethical Problems in Historyhttp://helix.nih.gov:8001/ohsr/mpa/45cfr46.php3
Nazi medical experiments (1933-1945)
Tuskegee syphilis study by the USPHS (1932-1972)
Willowbrook study (1950-1970) Hepatitis study
Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital study with live CA cells in 1960s
Ethical Problems in History University –Atomic Energy Government Exp.
18 men and women injected with plutonium to determine body distribution (at the time said to be terminal) 1945-47
20 subjects ages 63-83 given doses of radioactive radium and thorium inj. or oral. 1961-65
64 male inmates at Washington St. Prison had testicular radiation to determine the smallest does to makes someone sterile. 1963-70
125 retarded residents were fed radioactive ir9n and calcium to see if a diet rich in cereal would block the digestion of those two minerals. 1946-56
Nuremberg Code-1949 Voluntary consent Must yield fruitful results for society Anticipated results justify the type of experiment Avoids all unnecessary physical-mental injury Cannot do studies that have a known injury or
death unless the exp. Physician is a subject Risk does not out weight humanitarian benefit Proper precautions to prevent injury, dis., death Conducted by qualified persons Subjects can always stop the study Researcher must always be ready to stop the
study (risk)
Declaration of Helsinki-1964-84
Differentiated therapeutic vs. nontherapeutic research
Clinical vs. Basic Greater care to protect subjects in
nontherapeutic research There must be a strong, independent
justification for exposing a healthy vol. to substantial risk
The investigator is to protect the health and life of research subjects
The Belmont ReportThree Ethical Principles
Principle of respect for persons Right to self determination and freedom to participate or
not Principle of Beneficence
Do no harm to others Principle of Justice
Treat everyone fairly without discrimination Led to USDHHS Code on Ethics
Title 45, Part 46 (45 CFR 46) Office of Human Subjects Research (OHSR) within NIH http://helix.nih.gov:8001/ohsr
Institutional Review Board IRB review process 4-6 weeks Consent forms (voluntary subjects) Disclosure forms Confidentiality Compensation disclosure Ethics documented in the research Accountability to rules, regulations, and
legal entities
The Literature Review Primary Sources Secondary Sources Theoretical literature Empirical literature Integrative reviews (Evidence
Based Research) www. clinicalevidence.com/ www.cochrane.org/ www.guideline.gov www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/
Definition of a Literature Review
A systematic and explicit approach to the identification, retrieval, and bibliographical management of independent studies … locating information … synthesizing … developing guidelines …
Purposes of the Lit. Review Facilitate development of the Conceptual
Framework by summarizing knowledge Clarify the research topic Clarify the research problem Verify the significance of the research
problem Specify the purpose of the study Describe relevant studies or theories Develop definitions of major variables Select a research design, data measurement,
data collection & analysis, & interpret findings