pork crc – sub-program 1b quality assessment of feed ingredients objectives & research...
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Pork CRC – Sub-Program 1bPork CRC – Sub-Program 1b
Quality assessment of feed ingredientsQuality assessment of feed ingredients
Objectives & Research StrategiesObjectives & Research Strategies
John Black – Sub-Program CoordinatorJohn Black – Sub-Program Coordinator
Quality assessment of feed ingredientsQuality assessment of feed ingredients
Components• Adoption, enhancement & maintenance of
NIR calibrations for measurement of energy value of cereal grains
• Rapid methods for measuring the nutritional value of pulses and protein rich ingredients
• Novel processing methods to increase energy and protein yield from target grains & other ingredients
BackgroundBackground
Premium Grains for Livestock Program• Understand the reasons for variation in the
nutritional value of cereal grains for different animal types (sheep, cattle, pigs, broilers, layers)
• Improve Nutritional Value of cereal grains through processing, breeding & storage
• Develop rapid methods for measuring determinants of grain quality – NIR calibrations
• Develop a rational basis for trading grains for livestock based on rapid measurement of quality
Energy value of grains for animalsEnergy value of grains for animals
Cereal grains are fed to livestock as a source of energy because of their high starch content
– Available (digestible energy) content (MJ/kg)– Intake (kg/d) influenced by rate of passage
– Available energy intake (MJ/d) – total energy available for production
Total available energy expressed as:DE for pigs, but proportion digested in small intestines is
important for determining the energy available for metabolism
Range in available energy Range in available energy (MJ/kg DM)(MJ/kg DM)
PGLP Results
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Faecal DE 12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5 15.5-16.6
Ileal DE 10.1-15.7 6.7-14.0 9.0-14.7 10.2-15.3
Ileal:Faecal 0.71-0.91 0.58-0.87 0.64-0.89 0.81-0.91
Very wide variation in energy availability across and within grain species
Barley (20X) Wheat (20X)
Barley and Wheat micrographs
Cost of variation in available Cost of variation in available energyenergy
A 5% change in the digestible energy value of wheat (0.7MJ/kg) - $190/t
Changes annual profitability of a 200 sow piggery by $7,500
Kopinski PRDC Report
1 MJ/kg changes value of grain by $14.30/tEdwards PGLP report
No relationship between available No relationship between available energy content and intakeenergy content and intake
Relationship between DE and intake for pigs
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00
Digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)
Fee
d in
take
(kg
/d)
Wheat
Barley
Triticale
Sorghum
Relationship between available Relationship between available energy content and intake - Pigsenergy content and intake - Pigs
Pigs - Mean grain DE
12
13
14
15
16
17
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Gra
in D
E (
MJ/
kg D
M)
Mean intake of 7 kg pigs
0.050
0.150
0.250
0.350
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Inta
ke (
kg/d
)
Mean DE intake for 7 kg pigs
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
DE
inta
ke (M
J/d
)
Protein Matrix SorghumProtein Matrix Sorghumγγ-kafirin proteins – high S bonds-kafirin proteins – high S bonds
Micrwaved sorghum
Pig Faecal DE – effect of Pig Faecal DE – effect of processingprocessing
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.0017
18 O
xle
y
1727
Oxl
ey
1826
H45
(Fi
rsts
)
3728
Nig
rinu
du
m(F
irsts
)
3734
Tan
tan
ga
ra(F
irsts
)
7710
Wa
xy
7711
No
rma
l
9701
Bro
wn
Ric
e
9702
Po
lish
ed
Ric
e
9703
Po
lish
ed
Ric
e
Grain
Dig
est
ible
en
erg
y (M
J/kg
, as
rec
eiv
ed
)
Unprocessed Extruded (ground) Extruded (whole)
Wheat Barley Sorghum Rice
PGLP – NIR CalibrationsPGLP – NIR CalibrationsPig faecal DEPig faecal DE
Pig faecal DE - dry matter basis (WHOLE - MJ/kg dm)
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
predicted pig faecal DE (MJ/kg dm)
actu
al p
ig f
aeca
l D
E (
MJ/
kg d
m)
wheat
barley
triticale
sorghum
rice
BLACK - 1st O/L passBLUE - 2nd O/L pass
1906
3828
6901
3904
1725
3909
3902
N 901-VR 0.81SECV 0.35SD 0.82
PGLP – NIR CalibrationsPGLP – NIR CalibrationsPig ileal DEPig ileal DE
Pig ileal DE - dry matter basis (WHOLE - MJ/kg dm)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
predicted pig ileal DE (MJ/kg dm)
actu
al p
ig i
leal
DE
(M
J/k
g d
m)
wheat
barley
triticale
sorghum
rice
BLACK - 1st O/L passBLUE - 2nd O/L pass
1906
3828
6901
3904
3808
1725
N 911-VR 0.75SECV 0.56SD 1.44
Research Strategies for 1bResearch Strategies for 1b
• Enhance NIR calibrations for predicting the nutritional quality of feed ingredients for pigs (available energy content (MJ/kg - faecal & ileal), DE intake (MJ/d), growth and FCR)
• Cereal grains (wheat, barley, triticale & sorghum)• Pulses• Heat treated canola meal & milk products
Use ileal, faecal digestion trials & separate intake and growth trials with young pigs
Grains selected carefully from sub-program 1a & other sources; special attention to sorghum cultivars & performance re wheat
Alternate years of cereal grains & pulses + protein meals
Deliver : Rapid ‘on site’ measurement of ingredient quality
Research Strategies for 1bResearch Strategies for 1b
• Develop processing methods for improving the utilisation of feed ingredients by pigs
• Examine PGLP grains showing wide variation using a suite of diagnostic tools (Microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, solid state NMR, X-ray diffraction, particle sizing, RVA, DCS, invitro amylase etc.)
• Develop & validate a lab model of pig digestion for screening grains and processing techniques
• Special attention to sorghum breaking γ-kafirin bonds (chemical, enzymic, genetic enzyme production)
• Small scale processing & screening• In vivo pig digestion• Commercial processing trials & commercialisation
Novel methods to increase nutrient availability