porcine pregnancy and parturition. embryology and placentation ovum8-10 h ovum8-10 h sperm34-72 h...

PORCINE PREGNANCY PORCINE PREGNANCY AND PARTURITIONAND PARTURITION

Embryology anEmbryology andd placentationplacentation

OvumOvum 8-10 h8-10 h SpermSperm 34-72 h34-72 h

2-cell2-cell 0.6-0.8 d0.6-0.8 d 4-cell4-cell 1 d1 d

uteuterus rus (46-48 (46-48 h) h)


8-cell8-cell 2.5 d2.5 d

BlastocystBlastocyst 5-6 d5-6 d

HatchingHatching 6 d6 d


Intrauterine migration andIntrauterine migration and

equidistant spacingequidistant spacing 9-12 d 9-12 d

Blastocyst elongationBlastocyst elongation 11-15 d11-15 d

Estrogen production Estrogen production 10.5-12 d10.5-12 d


Endocrine direction: luteolysisEndocrine direction: luteolysis 12-12-16 d16 d

Exocrine direction: CL graviditatisExocrine direction: CL graviditatis


At least 2 conceptuses / uterine At least 2 conceptuses / uterine hornhorn

Initial placentationInitial placentation 13 d 13 d Invasive properties: Invasive properties: – ectopic site proteolytic enzymeectopic site proteolytic enzyme– protease inhibitorsprotease inhibitors

FilamentsFilaments


Epitheliochorial, diffuse placentaEpitheliochorial, diffuse placenta

Completed placentationCompleted placentation

(Superficial, noninvasive)(Superficial, noninvasive) 18-24 18-24 dd


SECOND ESTROGEN PRODUCTION SECOND ESTROGEN PRODUCTION – 16-30 D16-30 D


BIRTHBIRTH Days Days 114-116 (112-115) 114-116 (112-115)

Dilatation of cervix:Dilatation of cervix: 2-12 h2-12 h Expulsion of fetusesExpulsion of fetuses 2.5-3.0 2.5-3.0

hh Expulsion of placentasExpulsion of placentas 1-4 h1-4 h Modest follicular developmentModest follicular development 7-10 d 7-10 d

after farrowingafter farrowing

WeaningWeaning

abrupt follicular growth: abrupt follicular growth: – estrus within 3-7 destrus within 3-7 d

Induction of abortInduction of abortionion

D 12 - farrowing: D 12 - farrowing: – PGF2aPGF2a

PREGNANCY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS

Returns to serviceReturns to service 18-24 d18-24 d

PregnancyPregnancy: : 75-95 % 75-95 % – anestrus, CLP, EManestrus, CLP, EM

Non-pregnancyNon-pregnancy: : 95-100 % 95-100 % - e- estrus during strus during pregnancy pregnancy (superfetacio) (superfetacio)


Manual palpationManual palpation Criteria:Criteria:

– fremitus, fremitus, – size and position of the middle uterine size and position of the middle uterine

artery,artery,– tone and tension of cervix, tone and tension of cervix, – size, weight contents of the uterus size, weight contents of the uterus – corpora luteacorpora lutea


Manual palpationManual palpation

Shaft of the ilShaft of the iliium: external iliac arteryum: external iliac artery

middle uterine middle uterine arteryartery

Pregnancy: Pregnancy: – 28-30 D 90-100 %28-30 D 90-100 %


Vaginal biopsyVaginal biopsy: 18-19 D: 18-19 D

Pregnancy: Pregnancy: 90-100 %90-100 %

Non-pregnancy: 80-95 %Non-pregnancy: 80-95 %

Chemical methods of pregnancy Chemical methods of pregnancy diagnosisdiagnosis

Plasma estrone sulfate assayPlasma estrone sulfate assay: 25-: 25-30 D30 D

– Pregnancy: > 97 %Pregnancy: > 97 %

– Non-pregnancy: > 88 %Non-pregnancy: > 88 %

Chemical methods of Chemical methods of pregnancy diagnosispregnancy diagnosis

Plasma progesterone assayPlasma progesterone assay: : – 17-20 D> 5 ng/ml17-20 D> 5 ng/ml

False positive diagnosis: 15-20 %False positive diagnosis: 15-20 %

False-negative diagnosis: 1 %False-negative diagnosis: 1 %

Chemical methods of Chemical methods of pregnancy diagnosispregnancy diagnosis

Blood prostaglandin assayBlood prostaglandin assay: : – 11-16 D11-16 D

UltrasonographyUltrasonography

A-mode: 30-50 DA-mode: 30-50 D

Pregnancy: 75-95 %Pregnancy: 75-95 %


Doppler technique: Doppler technique: from 30 Dfrom 30 D



B-modeB-mode ultrasonography ultrasonography from 18 Dfrom 18 D



Sensitivity (%)Sensitivity (%)

19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)0

20

40

60

80

100

19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)

C+/C+ + I-

Specificity (%)Specificity (%)

19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)0

20

40

60

80

100

19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)

C- /C- + I+

Positive predictive value Positive predictive value (%)(%)

19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)0

20

40

60

80

100

19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)

C+ /C+ + I+

Negative predictive value Negative predictive value (%)(%)

19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)0

20

40

60

80

100

19-22 (I 83) 18-23 (MB 85) 18-21 (MB 88) 21-22 (Sz 92)

C- /C- + I-

Sensitivity (%)Sensitivity (%)

24-32(T 85)

24 (M85)

22-30(M88)

23-30(S 92)

23-28(Mart.92)

90

92

94

96

98

100

24-32(T 85)

24 (M85)

22-30(M88)

23-30(S 92)

23-28(Mart.92)

Specificity (%)Specificity (%)

24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92) 23-28 (Mar. 92)0

20

40

60

80

100

24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92) 23-28 (Mar. 92)

Positive predictive value Positive predictive value (%)(%)

24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92)90

92

94

96

98

100

24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92)

Negative predictive value Negative predictive value (%)(%)

24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92)90

92

94

96

98

100

24-32 (T 85) 24 (MB 85) 22-30 (MB 88) 23-30 (Sz 92)

Abortion: ParvoAbortion: Parvo

Roberts, 1976

Abortion: Abortion: LeptospirosisLeptospirosis

McEntee, 1973

Prolapsus vaginaeProlapsus vaginae

Utrecht, 1976

Vaginal prolapseVaginal prolapse

PARTURITIONPARTURITION

First stageFirst stage: : vulval lips swelling and is slightly vulval lips swelling and is slightly

reddenedreddened

udder enlarges: < 2-3 d:some udder enlarges: < 2-3 d:some secretion< 24 h milksecretion< 24 h milk

Behavioural changes: last 24 hBehavioural changes: last 24 h


First stageFirst stage: : increased alertness, increased alertness, →→ restlessness restlessness

with position changeswith position changes

nest building < 12 hnest building < 12 h

frequent urination, defecationfrequent urination, defecation


First stageFirst stage: : relative quiescence: 1-2 hrelative quiescence: 1-2 h

Discharge: Blood or meconium stained Discharge: Blood or meconium stained fluid: < 2 hfluid: < 2 h


Second stage: 3-4 hSecond stage: 3-4 h interval between fetuses: 10-15 minterval between fetuses: 10-15 m

posterior presentation: 25-45 %posterior presentation: 25-45 %

order of delivery: preceding litter-mateorder of delivery: preceding litter-mate


Second stage: 3-4 hSecond stage: 3-4 h Piglets attempt to stand in 1-2 m of Piglets attempt to stand in 1-2 m of

birth and move craniad on the sow,birth and move craniad on the sow,

at any protuberance until they at any protuberance until they encounter a teat sucking encounter a teat sucking


Third stage:Third stage: Expulsion of placentas: 1-4 hExpulsion of placentas: 1-4 h

Retained placenta is not commonRetained placenta is not common


Mortality during deliveryMortality during delivery: 20-25 : 20-25 % before weaning% before weaning

Prepartum death: randomlyPrepartum death: randomly

Intrapartum death: 20 % of Intrapartum death: 20 % of preweaning mortalitypreweaning mortality


last third of the litterlast third of the litter: 70-80 %: 70-80 % severe respiratory-metabolic severe respiratory-metabolic

acidosis: deep fetal gasps: acidosis: deep fetal gasps: meconium - or blood-stained fluid: meconium - or blood-stained fluid: 85 %85 %


last third of the litterlast third of the litter: 70-80 %: 70-80 % increased tension and rupture of increased tension and rupture of

umbilical cord during the latter umbilical cord during the latter stages of deliverystages of delivery


premature placental separation: premature placental separation: common late in farrowingcommon late in farrowing

or reduced oxygen carrying capacity or reduced oxygen carrying capacity (as in iron-deficiency anemia)(as in iron-deficiency anemia)

less viability: less activity (trauma less viability: less activity (trauma and chilling), less competitive in and chilling), less competitive in nursingnursing

INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN SWINESWINE

REASONS FOR INDUCTIONREASONS FOR INDUCTION ManagementManagement Cross fosteringCross fostering Age differential can be reducedAge differential can be reduced Sow productivity Sow productivity MMA MMA


Procedura for inductionProcedura for induction:: PGF2a (10 mg) or analogs PGF2a (10 mg) or analogs

Cloprostenol: 175 Cloprostenol: 175 g, alphaprostol: 1, g, alphaprostol: 1, 2 or 3 mg)2 or 3 mg)

on Day 112 or later: 24-30 h (milk: on Day 112 or later: 24-30 h (milk: within 2-6 h)within 2-6 h)


20-24 h: oxytocin 30 IU (decrease 20-24 h: oxytocin 30 IU (decrease variability in the interval)variability in the interval)

Glucocorticoids: repeated treatment, Glucocorticoids: repeated treatment, not well synchronized farrowingnot well synchronized farrowing

Duration: 4 hDuration: 4 h

MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF FARROWING AND FARROWING AND LACTATING SOWLACTATING SOW

Predicting parturitionPredicting parturition:: see see farrowingfarrowing

Farrowing: 30 m to 10 h: mean Farrowing: 30 m to 10 h: mean 2.5 h2.5 h

Nursing within 45 mNursing within 45 m Obstetric problem: < 1 %Obstetric problem: < 1 %


Maternal faultsMaternal faults:: primary uterine inertiaprimary uterine inertia: :

contractions fail to begin contractions fail to begin (hormone imbalance, nutrition, (hormone imbalance, nutrition, environment, disease)environment, disease)


secondary uterine inertia: secondary uterine inertia: uterus uterus ceases contracting during a long ceases contracting during a long and exhausting laborand exhausting labor– malpresentation, large piglets, large malpresentation, large piglets, large

litterlitter


TreatmentTreatment vaginal examinationvaginal examination: :

– looking for obstruction (hematoma, looking for obstruction (hematoma, distended bladder, constipation, distended bladder, constipation, excessive fat, swelling and edema of excessive fat, swelling and edema of soft tissues, previous pelvic soft tissues, previous pelvic fractures, immature pelvis, fractures, immature pelvis, persistent hymen) persistent hymen)

VulvaVulva

Utrecht, 1976

Vulva oedemaVulva oedema

UtrechtUtrecht

Utrecht, 1976

Cervical-vaginal Cervical-vaginal prolapseprolapse

Utrecht, 1976

Prolapsus uteriProlapsus uteri

Utrecht, 1976


TreatmentTreatment oxytocin treatment oxytocin treatment

manual removal or caesarean manual removal or caesarean sectionsection


Fetal faults:Fetal faults:

oversized fetus, malpresentation, oversized fetus, malpresentation, malformationmalformation

assistanceassistance

LACTATIONLACTATION

adequate colostrum intakeadequate colostrum intake adequate nutritionadequate nutrition Mammary gland: 14-16 functional Mammary gland: 14-16 functional

teats (blind, inverted teats must teats (blind, inverted teats must be avoided)be avoided)

Nursing every hour / 24 hNursing every hour / 24 h

LACTATIONLACTATION

Few minutes, abundant milk flow:Few minutes, abundant milk flow: about 20sabout 20s

Teat order: Fierce competition Teat order: Fierce competition

Crossfostering: within 3 d (better Crossfostering: within 3 d (better 5-6 h after farrowing)5-6 h after farrowing)

LACTATIONLACTATION

Milk supply: 3-week litter weight= Milk supply: 3-week litter weight= sow’s milk yieldsow’s milk yield

Farrowing quarters: animal Farrowing quarters: animal hygienehygiene

CARE OF NEONATAL PIGLETCARE OF NEONATAL PIGLET

Iron deficiencyIron deficiency: : – anemia, slow growth rate, reduced anemia, slow growth rate, reduced

disease resistancedisease resistance– small iron reserve: 50 mgsmall iron reserve: 50 mg– Milk: little ironMilk: little iron– Rapid growth: high iron Rapid growth: high iron

requirements: 7 mg/ drequirements: 7 mg/ d


Iron deficiencyIron deficiency: : TreatmentTreatment: im. 150 mg iron : im. 150 mg iron

dextrandextran Low birth weight: inadequate Low birth weight: inadequate

nutritionnutrition


Environmental temperatureEnvironmental temperature:: 21-27 C: no subcutaneous fat (1-2 21-27 C: no subcutaneous fat (1-2

% structural fat), no brown fat% structural fat), no brown fat

low capacity for fatty acid low capacity for fatty acid synthesis. 1-2 D synthesis. 1-2 D


Environmental temperatureEnvironmental temperature:: no hairno hair

relatively large glycogen depositsrelatively large glycogen deposits

limited capacity for limited capacity for gluconeogenesisgluconeogenesis


HHypoglycemiaypoglycemia: within 15-20 h: within 15-20 h limited ability to regulate body limited ability to regulate body

temperaturetemperature 39 C39 C→→ 37 C 37 C →→ eating eating →→ elevation elevation

within 1-2 hwithin 1-2 h critical temperature: 35 Ccritical temperature: 35 C

– 25 C after 1 week25 C after 1 week


Immunity:Immunity: Cold: reduce teat-seeking Cold: reduce teat-seeking

behaviour, nursing vigour, behaviour, nursing vigour, suckling timesuckling time


Behaviour: Behaviour: Heavier or less stressed: more Heavier or less stressed: more

vigorous and more successful in vigorous and more successful in competitioncompetition


Carbon monoxide: 200 ppm: Carbon monoxide: 200 ppm: diminished vigour, dyingdiminished vigour, dying

Crossfostering: uniform number Crossfostering: uniform number of pigs, uniform body weights of of pigs, uniform body weights of pigspigs


Artificial rearingArtificial rearing

Clean and warm environmentClean and warm environment

Day-one processingDay-one processing


umbilical cord: 5 cm umbilical cord: 5 cm – dipping in a disinfecting solutiondipping in a disinfecting solution

needle teeth: should be needle teeth: should be trimmed /cutting pliers/trimmed /cutting pliers/


tail should be docked (2 cm)tail should be docked (2 cm)

identification: appropriate identification: appropriate notching of the ears notching of the ears

castration: before 2 w castration: before 2 w

STILLBORN ANTEPARTUMSTILLBORN ANTEPARTUM

non-infectious cause: 70-75 %non-infectious cause: 70-75 % born in the fetal membraneborn in the fetal membrane

born with ruptured umbilical born with ruptured umbilical cordcord

Stillborn intrapartumStillborn intrapartum

asphyxiaasphyxia

born alive: only with beating born alive: only with beating heart: 70 %heart: 70 %

Stillborn intrapartumStillborn intrapartum

born with ruptured umbilical cordborn with ruptured umbilical cord

premature loosening of the fetal premature loosening of the fetal membranesmembranes

low viabilitylow viability

Mortality after parturitionMortality after parturition

Starved and weak/undersized Starved and weak/undersized (weak) pigs(weak) pigs

normal-sized pigs: not enough normal-sized pigs: not enough milkmilk

PERINATAL MORTALITY IN PERINATAL MORTALITY IN PIGSPIGS

weak pigs: small size. < 900 gweak pigs: small size. < 900 g

low viability: > 20 m first sucklinglow viability: > 20 m first suckling

can not sucklecan not suckle


locomotor disorders: difficulty in locomotor disorders: difficulty in orientationorientation

weak and undersized pigs:weak and undersized pigs:

hypoglycemia, trauma, or hypoglycemia, trauma, or infections infections

Splayleg and splayleg and Splayleg and splayleg and weak (Splayweak) pigsweak (Splayweak) pigs

temporary functional disorder: temporary functional disorder: reduced ability to adduct the reduced ability to adduct the limbslimbs

congenital hereditary diseasecongenital hereditary disease (boar: 0,8-11.7 %)(boar: 0,8-11.7 %)

Splayleg pigs: < 12 h after Splayleg pigs: < 12 h after birthbirth

only the hind legs: hind legs only the hind legs: hind legs extend to sidewaysextend to sideways

normal pigsnormal pigs

Splayleg pigs: < 12 h after Splayleg pigs: < 12 h after birthbirth

most severe within the first 24-36 most severe within the first 24-36 hh

mortality: 1.9 %mortality: 1.9 %

morbidity: 6.3 %morbidity: 6.3 %

TreatmentTreatment

taping the hind legs: recovertaping the hind legs: recover

– death: 48-72 h : trauma, starvationdeath: 48-72 h : trauma, starvation

Splayweak pigsSplayweak pigs

forelegs and hindlegsforelegs and hindlegs

990 % die, < 48 h: 0 % die, < 48 h: – starvation 1.4 % of herd mortalitystarvation 1.4 % of herd mortality


Traumatised (trauma) pigs < 36-Traumatised (trauma) pigs < 36-48 h48 h

Umbilical cord bleeding 0.1-2 %Umbilical cord bleeding 0.1-2 %– wood shavings ?wood shavings ?

LACTATIONAL INSUFFIENCYLACTATIONAL INSUFFIENCY

COLIFORM MASTATISCOLIFORM MASTATIS PERIPARTURIENT HYPOGALACTIC PERIPARTURIENT HYPOGALACTIC

SYNDROMESYNDROME AGALACTIA TOXEMIAAGALACTIA TOXEMIA PUERPERAL METRITISPUERPERAL METRITIS DYSGALACTIADYSGALACTIA MMA SYNDROMEMMA SYNDROME PUERPERAL TOXEMIAPUERPERAL TOXEMIA

I. CLINICAL I. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION Inability to produce enough milk: Inability to produce enough milk:

within 1-3 days, seldom also after D 3within 1-3 days, seldom also after D 3 50 % insufficient milk production 50 % insufficient milk production

within 24 hrs /incidence: 20-23,3 %/within 24 hrs /incidence: 20-23,3 %/ Milk ejection: absent or of brief Milk ejection: absent or of brief

duration: trauma of the nipples duration: trauma of the nipples /Normal: milk ejection: /Normal: milk ejection: 30 sec, 30 sec,

duration: duration: 30 sec/ 30 sec/

I. CLINICAL I. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION Sternal recumbancy, not Sternal recumbancy, not

permitting to nursepermitting to nurse First clinical sign of PHS: change in First clinical sign of PHS: change in

nursing behaviournursing behaviour Milking activity decreases: crushed Milking activity decreases: crushed

piglets piglets Increase in rectal temperature Increase in rectal temperature

(1-1.5 (1-1.5 ooC C 50 %/ 50 %/

I. CLINICAL I. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION Metritis: seldomMetritis: seldom Urinary tract infection: commonUrinary tract infection: common Mammary gland oedemaMammary gland oedema Mammary gland: normal, mastitisMammary gland: normal, mastitis Milk: normal abnormal: serous, Milk: normal abnormal: serous,

creamy, or fibrin, bloodcreamy, or fibrin, blood Anorexia, obstipatio,Anorexia, obstipatio, depressiondepression

Rectal temperatureRectal temperature

38,238,438,638,8

3939,239,4

39,639,8

4040,2

PHS Normal

Clinical signsClinical signs

0

10

2030

40

50

6070

80

90

100

Mastitis Discharge Standing


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Apathia Depressio


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

No eating No drinking Constipatio

PERIPARTURIENT PERIPARTURIENT HYPOGALACTIC SYNDROMEHYPOGALACTIC SYNDROME

ETIOLOGY:ETIOLOGY:– More than 30 different aetiologiesMore than 30 different aetiologies

NON-INFECTIOUSNON-INFECTIOUS INFECTIOUSINFECTIOUS MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT AND

ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT NUTRITIONNUTRITION

1. NON-INFECTIOUS:1. NON-INFECTIOUS:

Teat malformation: inverted nipplesTeat malformation: inverted nipples Ergot toxicity /Claviceps purpurea/: Ergot toxicity /Claviceps purpurea/:

prolactin prolactin Psychogenic agalactia: mild Psychogenic agalactia: mild

tranquilizer /chlorpromazin/tranquilizer /chlorpromazin/ Failure of milk ejection: oxytocin /5 NE/Failure of milk ejection: oxytocin /5 NE/ Mammary gland oedema: antidiuretic, Mammary gland oedema: antidiuretic,

or PGF2a/or PGF2a/

1. NON-INFECTIOUS:1. NON-INFECTIOUS:

Miscellaneous: Miscellaneous: – Ketosis: 2-3 weeks after farrowing, Ketosis: 2-3 weeks after farrowing,

anorexia, hypoglycemia, general anorexia, hypoglycemia, general weakness, weight loss, ketonemiaweakness, weight loss, ketonemia

– Hypocalcemia: restlessness, Hypocalcemia: restlessness, incoordination, reluctant to rise, incoordination, reluctant to rise, rarely comararely coma

– Overheating: milk production Overheating: milk production , , injuries: localised burninginjuries: localised burning

2. INFECTIOUS2. INFECTIOUS

COLIFORM MASTITISCOLIFORM MASTITIS

URINARY TRACT INFECTION /UTI/URINARY TRACT INFECTION /UTI/

VIRUSES, MYCOPLASMAVIRUSES, MYCOPLASMA

2.1. COLIFORM MASTITIS2.1. COLIFORM MASTITIS

MILK FEVERMILK FEVER FARROWING FEVERFARROWING FEVER LACTATIONAL FAILURELACTATIONAL FAILURE HYPOGALACTIA HYPOGALACTIA AGALACTIAAGALACTIA

2.1. COLIFORM MASTITIS2.1. COLIFORM MASTITIS

MMA SYNDROMEMMA SYNDROME AGALACTIA TOXEMIA AGALACTIA TOXEMIA PUERPERAL MASTITISPUERPERAL MASTITIS PUERPERAL TOXEMIAPUERPERAL TOXEMIA

2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS Intramammary infusion of endotoxin: Intramammary infusion of endotoxin:

agalactiaagalactia plasma prolactin level plasma prolactin level rectal temperature: elevatedrectal temperature: elevated Puerperal metritis: toxemia /?/Puerperal metritis: toxemia /?/ (Experiment: no agalactia, no clinical (Experiment: no agalactia, no clinical

signs)signs) Gastrointestinal disorders: toxemia /?/Gastrointestinal disorders: toxemia /?/

2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS

INSIDENCEINSIDENCE agalactia pp: 0,5 - 50 %, average: agalactia pp: 0,5 - 50 %, average:

12,8 %12,8 % inadequate milk production: inadequate milk production: 50 50

% coliform mastitis% coliform mastitis piglets suffer more than the piglets suffer more than the

affected dam: 55,8 % MMA, 17,2 affected dam: 55,8 % MMA, 17,2 %: normal%: normal


ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY Gram -: E. coli, Klebsiella, Gram -: E. coli, Klebsiella,

Enterobacter, CitrobacterEnterobacter, Citrobacter LPS endotoxin: immune, LPS endotoxin: immune,

cardiovascular and endocrine system: cardiovascular and endocrine system: PHSPHS

Half life of LPS: less than 10 minHalf life of LPS: less than 10 min Seldom: Gram Seldom: Gram : Streptococcus, : Streptococcus,

StaphylococcusStaphylococcus


CLINICAL FINDINGS:CLINICAL FINDINGS: D 1-2, seldom: D 3, / also D 0/D 1-2, seldom: D 3, / also D 0/

Not more than 2-3 daysNot more than 2-3 days

temperature: moderately elevated temperature: moderately elevated /seldom: above: 42 C//seldom: above: 42 C/


CLINICAL FINDINGS:CLINICAL FINDINGS: Listlessness, weakness, lost of interest Listlessness, weakness, lost of interest

in the piglets, sternal recumbancyin the piglets, sternal recumbancy

Severe case: stiff, dizzy, do not stand Severe case: stiff, dizzy, do not stand up, coma: deathup, coma: death

Feed and water consumption: reduced Feed and water consumption: reduced or absentor absent

2.1. COLIFORM 2.1. COLIFORM MASTITISMASTITIS CLINICAL FINDINGS:CLINICAL FINDINGS: HR, RPR: elevatedHR, RPR: elevated

Nursing behaviourNursing behaviour

Mammary gland: reddened, pain, firm, Mammary gland: reddened, pain, firm, swollen, serous to creamy milkswollen, serous to creamy milk


DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Any hypogalactia arouses suspicion Any hypogalactia arouses suspicion

of CMof CM /Fever, anorexia, reluctance to stand /Fever, anorexia, reluctance to stand

up, lying on the gland, disinterest in up, lying on the gland, disinterest in the piglets/the piglets/

Severe case: reddened, swollen, firm Severe case: reddened, swollen, firm mammary gland, abnormal secretionmammary gland, abnormal secretion


TREATMENTTREATMENT Treatment with antibiotics: Treatment with antibiotics:

ampicillin, neomycin, gentamycin, ampicillin, neomycin, gentamycin, enrofloxacinenrofloxacin

Glucocorticoid: 50-100 mg Glucocorticoid: 50-100 mg prednisolon: sign. decrease in prednisolon: sign. decrease in piglet losspiglet loss


TREATMENTTREATMENT OxytocinOxytocin

Crossfostering, artificial feeding: Crossfostering, artificial feeding: 5 % glucose inj. i.p. /15 ml/, 20 % 5 % glucose inj. i.p. /15 ml/, 20 % intragastralis glucoseintragastralis glucose


PREVENTIONPREVENTION General hygieneGeneral hygiene

Nutrition of the sow: instead of 3.2 kg Nutrition of the sow: instead of 3.2 kg only 1 kg food: less faeces, urine / 26 only 1 kg food: less faeces, urine / 26 %% →→14.4 %/14.4 %/

Immunoprofilaxis: E. coli vaccine: poor Immunoprofilaxis: E. coli vaccine: poor protectionprotection


PREVENTIONPREVENTION Prolong gestation: PGF2aProlong gestation: PGF2a

Chemoprophylaxis /antibiotics/: with Chemoprophylaxis /antibiotics/: with small amount of food, individual feedingsmall amount of food, individual feeding

/ 0,4 g trimetroprin, 1 g sulfadimidin, 1 / 0,4 g trimetroprin, 1 g sulfadimidin, 1 g sulphathiasol/ 150 body weight, 2 g sulphathiasol/ 150 body weight, 2 x/day, from D 112: 4 days:/30 %x/day, from D 112: 4 days:/30 % → → 12 %/12 %/

2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Urinary Tract Infection /UInfection /UTITI//

10-50 % of pregnant sows with 10-50 % of pregnant sows with puerperal disease have sign. bacteruriapuerperal disease have sign. bacteruria

Mainly E. coli and enterococci are Mainly E. coli and enterococci are involvedinvolved

Bacteriuria, albuminuria:Bacteriuria, albuminuria:→→ PHS: PHS: positive correlation /positive correlation /,,:97 % :97 % probability, -,-: 76 % not/probability, -,-: 76 % not/


Endotoxemia: UTI potential source /?/Endotoxemia: UTI potential source /?/

Low water consumption, fat sow Low water consumption, fat sow syndrome:syndrome: → → UTI /close correlation/UTI /close correlation/

UTIUTI → → PHS: not clearPHS: not clear


ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY Ascending bacterial infection, adults: Ascending bacterial infection, adults:

Eubacterium /Corynebacterium/ suisEubacterium /Corynebacterium/ suis

Other pathogens: A. pyogenes, E. coli, Other pathogens: A. pyogenes, E. coli, Streptococci, Staphylococci: Streptococci, Staphylococci: pyelonephritispyelonephritis

LeptospiraeLeptospirae


ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY Systemic infections: Streptococci, Systemic infections: Streptococci,

Salmonella,Salmonella,

Erysipelas, Virus: chronic HC, ASF: Erysipelas, Virus: chronic HC, ASF: glomerulonephritisglomerulonephritis

Urothiliasis: pyelonephritisUrothiliasis: pyelonephritis

TumourTumour


PREDISPOSE FACTORS: PREDISPOSE FACTORS: /E. suis//E. suis/ /Gram /Gram , non-spore forming, obligatory , non-spore forming, obligatory

anaerobe bacteria, growth well on blood anaerobe bacteria, growth well on blood agar under anaerobic conditions, but agar under anaerobic conditions, but also aerobic circumstances, as well/also aerobic circumstances, as well/

/Corynebacterium/ Actinomyces: /Corynebacterium/ Actinomyces: features similar/features similar/


PREDISPOSE FACTORS: PREDISPOSE FACTORS: /E. suis//E. suis/ Trauma: coitus, farrowingTrauma: coitus, farrowing

Reduced water intake /4-40 L, mean 17 Reduced water intake /4-40 L, mean 17 L/: L/:

Infrequent micturation /failure to Infrequent micturation /failure to empty/empty/


PREDISPOSE FACTORS: PREDISPOSE FACTORS: /E. suis//E. suis/ High urinary pH, change in composition High urinary pH, change in composition

of urineof urine

Restricted movementRestricted movement


INCIDENSEINCIDENSE Transmission during mating: Transmission during mating:

vestibulumvestibulum → → urethraurethra 3-4 days after mating: clinical sign: 3-4 days after mating: clinical sign:

cystitiscystitis At any time within two weeks after At any time within two weeks after

AI.AI. After farrowing /?/After farrowing /?/


CLINICAL SIGNSCLINICAL SIGNS Mild case: appetite, thirst, health Mild case: appetite, thirst, health

status: normal, some purulent status: normal, some purulent discharge, hematuriadischarge, hematuria

Severe case: inappetence, excessive Severe case: inappetence, excessive thirst, polyuria, pyuria, hematuria, thirst, polyuria, pyuria, hematuria, rapid loss of body weight, afebrilerapid loss of body weight, afebrile

Death /acute renal failure/Death /acute renal failure/


DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Most reliable diagnostic sign: Most reliable diagnostic sign:

frequently bloodstained, turbid urinefrequently bloodstained, turbid urine E. suis: blood agar 37 C anaerobic E. suis: blood agar 37 C anaerobic

condition: 3-4 dayscondition: 3-4 days Normocytic, normochromic anaemiaNormocytic, normochromic anaemia


DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS NeutrophiliaNeutrophilia UraemiaUraemia HypercreatinaemiaHypercreatinaemia a,b globulinsa,b globulins, albumin, globulin , albumin, globulin


TREATMENTTREATMENT Acute UTI:

– Immediately, i.m.Immediately, i.m.– broad spectrum antibiotics with high broad spectrum antibiotics with high

urinary concentrations to prevent urinary concentrations to prevent death within 24 hdeath within 24 h


TREATMENTTREATMENT Chronic UTI (>15% infected herd):

– Which sow, when and howWhich sow, when and how Vulvar discharge (especially white) at the Vulvar discharge (especially white) at the

end of micturationend of micturation Regular return to heatsRegular return to heats Urinary analysis: nitritsUrinary analysis: nitrits Bacteriological counting: > Bacteriological counting: > 101044 E-coli/ml E-coli/ml

(suspicious)(suspicious)

2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract InfectionUrinary Tract Infection /U /UTITI//

When:When:– Whole herd during pregnancyWhole herd during pregnancy– Batch per batch before and after Batch per batch before and after

farrowing (4 days before, 4 days farrowing (4 days before, 4 days after)after)

– Before and after mating to prevent Before and after mating to prevent infertilityinfertility

2.2.2.2. Urinary Tract InfectionUrinary Tract Infection /U /UTITI//

How:How:– A. suis: amoxicillin*A. suis: amoxicillin*– E.coli: TMP-sulfonamides* or E.coli: TMP-sulfonamides* or

quinolones**quinolones**

– *time-depending*time-depending– **concentration-depending**concentration-depending– Collective or individual treat.: Collective or individual treat.: depending on depending on

the moleculethe molecule


PREVENTIONPREVENTION– Water: 12-15 L/gilt, 15-18 L/sow or 3-3,5

L/kg feedSummer: 10-20% more

– Hygiene

– Loose sows


PREVENTIONPREVENTION– Herd demography: 3rd return heat: culling

– Acidify urine: acidifiants or ammonium chloride (3000 ppm)

– Vaccination: Polyvalent (e. coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella

pneumoniae, Strep. fecalis): little effect Human: local or oral immunization ???

2.3. Viruses, Mycoplasmas2.3. Viruses, Mycoplasmas

TGE, Pseudorabies: milk TGE, Pseudorabies: milk production production

Mycoplasma: /?/Mycoplasma: /?/

2.4. Management and 2.4. Management and environmentenvironment

Decreased water consumption: Decreased water consumption: UTIUTI

High summer temperature: milk High summer temperature: milk production production

Poor sanitation: PHS /but there is Poor sanitation: PHS /but there is no positive correlation/no positive correlation/

2.5. Nutrition2.5. Nutrition

Wheat bran /laxative/, 15 % Wheat bran /laxative/, 15 % alfalfa meal: PHS alfalfa meal: PHS , others: no , others: no

Dietary fibber content: Dietary fibber content: constipation, slow intestinal constipation, slow intestinal transit timetransit time

2.5. Nutrition2.5. Nutrition

Dietary energy: most importantDietary energy: most important

Protein supply: less importantProtein supply: less important

Vitamin E, selenium /normal Vitamin E, selenium /normal leukocyte function/: deficient diet: leukocyte function/: deficient diet: PHS PHS

porcine pregnancy and parturition. embryology and placentation ovum8-10 h ovum8-10 h sperm34-72 h...

Documents