populations outline: properties of populations population growth intraspecific population...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Populations
Outline:
• Properties of populations
• Population growth
• Intraspecific population
• Metapopulation
Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12
![Page 2: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Definition
• Population is a group of individuals of the same species that inhabit a given area
![Page 3: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Unitary organisms
![Page 4: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Modular organisms
![Page 5: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
genet ramet
![Page 6: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Distribution of a population
![Page 7: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Distribution of a populationRed maple
![Page 8: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Distribution of a populationMoss (Tetraphis pellucida)
![Page 9: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Abundance
versus
Population density
![Page 10: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Patterns of dispersion
![Page 11: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Effect of scale on pattern of dispersion
![Page 12: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Populations have age structure
![Page 13: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Populations have age structure
![Page 14: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Determining age
![Page 15: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
wild turkey quail
grey squirel bat
Determining age
![Page 16: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Dispersal
• Movement of individuals in space
• Moving out of subpopulation = emigration
• Moving into a subpopulation = immigration
• Moving and returning= migration
![Page 17: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Yellow-poplar
![Page 18: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ring-necked duck
Gray whale
![Page 19: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Gypsy-moth
![Page 20: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
POPULATION GROWTH
![Page 21: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Darwin’s 1st observation:
All species have such great potential fertility that their population size would increase exponentially if all individuals that are born reproduce successfully.
![Page 22: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Example of exponential growth:the ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus
• Native to Eurasia• 1937: Eight birds introduced
to Protection Island (Washington state)
• 1942: Population had increased to 1,325 birds (a 166-fold increase!)
![Page 23: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
N/t = (b - d) Nt
![Page 24: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Population Growth Models
• Assume no immigration or emigration
• Let N = population size
• Let N/ t = change in population size/unit time= total # births - total # deaths
• Let mean birth rate per individual = b= # births / individual / unit time
• Let mean death rate per individual = d= probability of death for an individual / unit time
N/ t = bN - dN
• Let r = b-d
![Page 25: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Population Growth Models
• r = instantaneous rate of increase a.k.a. per capita rate of increase
• Calculus notation is commonly used; N/t = dN/dt
• If r > 0, population will increase exponentially at rate, dN/dt, = rN
• For an exponentially growing population, the number of individuals at time t, Nt = N0e(rt) where No = initial population size and e = base of natural logarithms
![Page 26: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Exponential growth model: Nt = N0 e(rt)
![Page 27: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
St. Paul reindeer
![Page 28: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Life tables
cohort - all individuals born within a periodcohort life table – survivorship of a cohort over time
![Page 29: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
lx = represents the probability at birth of surviving to any given age
Life tables
![Page 30: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
dx = represents the age-specific mortality
Life tables
![Page 31: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
qx = represents the age-specific mortality rate
Life tables
![Page 32: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mortality curves
![Page 33: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
sedum
Mortality curves
![Page 34: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Survivorship curves - plot of lx vs. time
![Page 35: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Red deer
![Page 37: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Theoretical survivorship curves
![Page 38: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
What happened to population in 1940s?
![Page 39: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Human population growth
![Page 41: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Darwin’s 2nd observation:
Populations tend to remain stable in size, except for seasonal fluctuations
Darwin’s 3rd observation:
Environmental resources are limited
![Page 42: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• In real world, populations don’t increase exponentially for very long
--> run out of resources
• An N increases, b decreases and/or d increases
![Page 43: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Population limiting factors
Density-dependent: effect intensifies as N increases. E.g.:1. Intraspecific competition
– Between members of same species
2. Toxic waste accumulation – E.g. yeast cells: produce ethanol as by-
product of fermentation (see next slide)
3. Disease– Spreads more easily in crowded
environments
![Page 44: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Effect of crowding on birth rate
![Page 45: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Effect of crowding on survivorship
![Page 46: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Intraspecific population regulation
![Page 47: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Carrying capacity, K
= maximum number of individuals that a particular environment can support
• Take into account by the Logistic Growth Equation,
dN/dt = rN (1-N/K)
![Page 48: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Logistic model
![Page 49: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Logistic model
![Page 50: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Exponential vs. logistic model
Gray squirrel
![Page 51: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
How good is the logistic model?
• Describes growth of simple organisms well, e.g. Paramecium in a lab
• Water fleas (Daphnia spp.): population initially overshoots K until individuals use up stored lipids --> crash down to K
• Song sparrows: populations crash frequently due to harsh winter conditions– N never have time to reach K– Population growth not well described by the
logistic model
![Page 52: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Life History Strategies
• When N is usually << K, natural selection favors adaptations that increase r
--> lots of offspring
= r selection– E.g. species that colonize short-lived environments
• When N is usually close to K, better to produce fewer, “better quality” (i.e. more competitive) offspring
= K selection• E.g species that live in stable, crowded environments
![Page 54: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Density dependence
![Page 55: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Density dependencewith Allee effect
![Page 56: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
American ginseng
Density dependencewith Allee effect
![Page 57: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Types of competition
• Competition: individuals use a common resource that is in short supply relative to the number seeking it
• Intraspecific vs. interspecific• Scramble vs. contest• Exploitation vs. interference
![Page 58: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Density effect on growth
![Page 59: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Density effect on growth
![Page 60: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Density effect on growth
![Page 61: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Horseweed
Density effect on growthSelf thinning
![Page 62: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Density effect on reproduction
![Page 63: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Territoriality
![Page 64: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Grasshopper sparrowAmmodramus savannarum
![Page 65: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Banding study in California: 24% of current territory holders had been floaters for 2-5 yrs. before acquiring a territory.
White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys
![Page 66: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Uniform distribution of plants occurs due to the development of resource depletion zones around each individual
![Page 68: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Population limiting factors
Density-independent: effect does not depend on N. – E.g. weather / climate– Thrips insects:
• Feed on Australian crops (pest)• Population growth very rapid in early
summer• Drops in late summer due to heat,
dryness--> N never has time to get close to K
![Page 69: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Density-independent factors
![Page 70: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
DRYTurbid
WETClear
Density-independent factors
![Page 71: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
e.g. Dungeness crabs
• Density-dependent factors: competition; cannibalism
• Density-independent factors: water temperature
![Page 72: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Metapopulationsa population of populations
Chapter 12
![Page 73: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Metapopulation: A group of moderately isolated populations linked by dispersal
![Page 74: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Criteria for a metapopulation
1. Habitat occurs in discrete patches
2. Patches are not so isolated as to prevent dispersal
3. Individual populations have a chance of going extinct
4. The dynamics of populations in different patches are not synchronized
– i.e., they do not fluctuate or cycle in synchrony
![Page 75: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Metapopulation dynamics:spatial scales
1. Local (within-patch)2. Metapopulation (regional)
Shifting mosaic of occupied and unoccupied patches
![Page 76: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Checkerspot butterfly
![Page 77: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Levin’s model of metapopulation dynamics
• E - subpopulation extinction rate = eP• e – probability of a patch going extinct/unit time• P – proportion of occupied patches
• C – colonization rate = mP (1-P)• m – dispersal rate• (1-P) – unoccupied habitats
![Page 78: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
E = C equilibrium point,Where0 = [mP(1-P)] - eP
If C>E, P increases; If C<E, P decreasesPequilibrium= 1-e/m
![Page 79: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Bush cricket
![Page 80: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Larger patches have larger populations (and therefore lower risk of extinction)
![Page 81: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Skipper butterfly
![Page 82: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Effect of habitat heterogeneity
![Page 84: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Mainland-island population structure: one large population (low extinction risk) provides colonists for many small populations (high risk)
Rescue effect: island recolonized from “mainland”• High quality / permanent population = source population• Temporary patches = sink populations
Checker-spot butterfly
![Page 85: Populations Outline: Properties of populations Population growth Intraspecific population Metapopulation Readings: Ch. 9, 10, 11, 12](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56649e3a5503460f94b2bfb8/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Skipper butterfly