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Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

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Page 1: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

Population Studies

In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990

United Nations

Page 2: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

Population Studies

Demography: study of human populations with respect to their size, structure and development.

Why do we need to know changes in human population?

*we need to remember that the situation is dynamic in population studies.*

- numbers, distribution, structures and movements constantly change in time and space

Page 3: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

Population Studies

Page 4: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

Population Studies

Until about 200 years ago, population growth was slow.

Since then, there had been an enormous increase (previous graph).

Population Explosion: sudden and great increase in world’s population.

Rate of increase has become exponential.

Page 5: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

Reasons for the rapid increase

• onset of agricultural and industrial revolution in the 18th C.

• improvements in medical sciences

Page 6: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

Reasons for the rapid increase

Birth rate (BR): number of live births per year per 1000 people

Death Rate (DR): number of deaths per year per 1000 people

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): number of deaths per children below one year of age per 1000 people

Page 7: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

Reasons for the rapid increase

Natural Increase (NI): excess of births over deaths per 1000 person

Population Density: number of people per sq. km of an area

Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average number of children each woman would bear during her childbearing years

Replacement Fertility Level: level of fertility at which a given population is replacing itself.

Page 8: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

Reasons for the rapid increase

Zero Population Growth: When the BR is the same as the DR.

Page 9: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

Reasons for changes in Birth and Death rates

1. standard of living

- medical facilities, health care

- housing

- hygiene

- water supply

- sanitation and nutrition

Page 10: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

Reasons for changes in Birth and Death rates

2. Cultural factors

- way of living, customs and beliefs

- role of children, religion

- region of the world (developed Vs. under-developed)

3. Government policies

- increase/slow down BRs

Page 11: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

Demographic Transition Model

Page 12: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

4 stages of demographic transition

Each stage is linked to the economic and

social development of the individual

country

•Stage 1•Stage 2•Stage 3•Stage 4

Page 13: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

4 stages of demographic transition

STAGE 1 - AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY -

HIGH BRs & DRs = SLOW GROWTH

High DRS due to:•poor medical facilities•sanitation•water supply•diet•natural catastrophies•high IMR

Page 14: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

4 stages of demographic transition

High BRs due to:

•social desire for larger families because children are economic assets•high IMR•security purposes•ignorance of birth control

Page 15: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

4 stages of demographic transition

STAGE 2: AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY +

EARLY INDUSTRIALISATION - HIGH

BRs, FALLING DRs, RISING RATE OF

INCREMENT

FALLING DRs :•improvement in medical care•sanitation•water supply•sewerage disposal•food supply

Page 16: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

4 stages of demographic transition

HIGH BRs:

•social norm still that of an agricultural society•low wages so children can work to get money•child L is allowed•birth control still NOT available

Page 17: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

4 stages of demographic transition

•Asian Countries - because of western colonisation & missionary influence may experience a decline in the DRs, but not the accompany industrial development and agricultural improvement of the West.

•Some experience a slower rate of development undertaken by newly independent governments.

•Stage 2: India, Malaysia & Indonesia

Page 18: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

4 stages of demographic transition

STAGE 3: MATURE INDUSTRIALISED

SOCIETY - FALLING BRs & LOW DRs

FALLING BRs:•increased urbanisation brings about a change in the society - •smaller families - cost of a child•families can enjoy higher living standards with fewer members•practising birth control methods

Page 19: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

4 stages of demographic transition

•Education to girls - good job prospects instead of marrying at an early age and bearing children•delay marriage - reducing the number of children being born (Fertility Rate) - all leads to a decline in the BRs•government policies

DRs:•slight decline as most advances made in the previous stages

•SINGAPORE FALLS IN THIS CATSINGAPORE FALLS IN THIS CAT..

Page 20: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

4 stages of demographic transition

STAGE 4:

ADVANCED INDUSTRIALISIED SOCIETYADVANCED INDUSTRIALISIED SOCIETY

BRs:•TFR continues to decline as the role of women changes - education, working, career-minded instead of getting married at an early age and having children•having No kids!•Marriage under institution also comes under battering, also ending in divorces

Page 21: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

4 stages of demographic transition

•Role of woman as a traditional child bearer becomes INVALID

•economic security with greater income, $avings, insurance policie$ erodes the concept that children are a source of old age security

•children leaving home earlier

•Fluctuation in BRs may indicate govt. efforts in increasing BRs!!

Page 22: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

4 stages of demographic transition

•Egs: many European countries such as Sweden, France, Germany & Japan

DRs:

•levels out as advances in medical sciences extends life expectancy

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