population issues. table of contents 1. overpopulation 2. population control 3. population futures
TRANSCRIPT
Population Issues
Table of Contents
• 1. Overpopulation
• 2. Population Control
• 3. Population Futures
Overpopulation
Overpopulation
The demographic trap:
Birth rate remains high in late transition stage
Concerns:
1. Food
2. Education
3. Employment
Overpopulation
Overpopulation
Population Control:India
India’s Population Control has had only moderate success
Total fertility rate has been cut in half (from 6 to 3 children per woman)
Improvements in sanitation, and famine and epidemic control meant quick population growth
Population Control:IndiaSix Stages:
1. Clinic Approach
2-3. Target oriented sterilization (encouraging sterilization)
4. Coercive Approach (forced sterilization)
5. Backlash and Recovery
6. Reproductive and Child Health Approach
Population Control:India
• No attention to women in society, education levels, economic development and health.
Population Control:India
• Impact?
• 1. Distrust of sterilization and contraception
• Only used by a small percentage of the population
Population Control:India
• Impact?
• 2. Gender gap 113 to 129 males to 100 females (world average is 105 to 100)
• Preference of males
• Males stay to take after family - - females are married off (no old-age security in India)
• Infanticide (killing newborns) and high rates of abortions
Population Control:India
• Shortage of women in society
• Some evidence that girls are sold into marriage from poor families into rich families
Population Control:China
• One Child Policy:
• Strict but effective
Population Control:China
• Impacts:
• Gender gap
• 118 men to 100 women (in 2005)
• By 2020 40 million Chinese men will be unable to marry
China vs. India• China more effective:
• India’s population will outgrow China by 2025
• Chapter 6 Questions
Population Futures
• 3 factors affect the size of any population:
• 1. Total Fertility Rate
• 2. Life expectancy
• 3. Migration (immigration and emigration)
Population Futures
• Very difficult to accurate predict
• Example: 2050
• Low Variant: 7.8 billion
• High Variant: 10. 8 billion
• Medium Variant: 9.2 billion
Population Futures
• Population growth in developing nations but in the core….
• Core Population
• 2006 = 731 million
• 2050= low – 566 million
• Medium – 664 million
• High – 777 million
Population Futures
• Birth Dearth: the situation in a country where a low Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is causing the population to decline.
Population Futures
• Birth Dearth Implications:
• 1. Family Structures:
• Smaller families (1 child families)
• In a marriage who will look after parents (4 people) and grandparents (8 grandparents)?
Population Futures
• Birth Dearth Implications:
• 2. Aging Population
• More Old people
• Costs more money as a society
Population Futures
• Example: Pension
• - America in 1955 for each person collecting pension there were 9 people working
• - By 2030 only 2 people working per person collecting pension.
• - Effect: Higher taxes, larger national debt, people have to work longer
Population Futures• Birth Dearth Implications:
• 3. Labor Shortages
• - Not enough people to fill important jobs
• - Increase in immigration
• - Racism towards migrants increases
• Problem: What if a country like China gets a decreasing population?
Population Futures
• Birth Dearth Implications:
• 4. Economic effects:
• economic growth and stability depends on need
• population decline means less demand.
Population futures
• Birth Dearth Implications
• 5. Shift in World Power
• UN Security Council was determined post-WWII
• What will the power balance be in the future?
Population futures
• Possible Benefits:
• Easier to educate everyone
• Carrying capacity might not be be a problem
• Better for environment (rich people use more resources)
Population Futures
• P.111
• Questions 3. a),4. a), 5, 6, 10 a) b) c)
Population Futures
• Opinion Paper:
• By the end of the century, will Earth reach its carrying capacity?