Population

Key Words

Birth rate: number of children born per 1000 people per yearMortality rate: number of deaths per 1000 people per yearInfant mortality rate: number of infants who do not survive their 1st birthday per 1000 live births per yearLife expectancy: the average age that you can expect to live to at birth

Natural increase: birth rate exceeds death rateNatural decrease: death rate exceeds birth ratePopulation density: the number of people living within a square kilometre

Thomas Malthus - Pessimist

• Human population grows faster than the power to produce food

• Population grows at an exponential rate whilst food supply grows at a arithmetic rate

• Preventative checks will come into place so that food supply and population will be equal

• Negative checks will reduce population by decreasing birth rate

• Positive checks will reduce population by increasing death rate• In the past, new technologies have emerged as they have been

needed by the population

Ester Boserup - Optimist

• Human’s have the technology and knowledge to increase food supply with population

• Once it looks like population will overtake food supply, new technologies will be invested in to make food supply more efficient

• This may explain the agricultural revolution, GM crops, and the ‘green revolution’.

• However overpopulation may lead to the overuse and degrading of land for farming

Longton, Preston - Rural

• Large semi-detached and detached houses with gardens, driveways, and garages

• Small shopping parades• Supermarkets• Regular bus service to city centre• 92.7% of houses privately owned• 99% white• 30% over 60

Fishwick, Preston – Inner City

• High-density terrace housing built in industrial revolution

• Has a few corner shops• Residents must travel to city centre for shops• 60.5% of houses privately owned• 67% white• 16% over 60

From Inner City to Rural Areas

Housing: from high-density terrace to large housingEthnicity: from high % of ethnic minorities to lowAge structure: from high % young to higher % elderlyWealth: poorer to the wealthiest in rural areasEmployment: high % student and unemployed to high % workers in managerial sectorServices: urban decay (derelict warehouses) to lack of public transport and closed village shops

UK’s Ageing Population

• 19% of people are retired• By 2030, 27% of people will be retired• More pensioners living in poverty• Pressure on health service• Retirement age increased from 65 to 68• Encouraged immigration of working people• Encouraging women to have more children

Impacts of an ageing population

Economic:• More pensions• Taxes distributed differentlySocial:• Different housing demands• Pressure on health carePolitical:• Different voting patterns• Political representation

What elderly people bring to a country

Positives NegativesInspiration Health concernsWork ethic VulnerabilityLeadership UncertaintyWisdom

DTM

Pros and Cons of DTMPositives NegativesGives a good generalised picture of how population can change over time

The data used was from wealthier, developed countries, when in reality, this does not apply to all countries

It is easy to compare the data of countries with the DTM and can be used to put countries in a stage

The DTM doesn’t take things into account such as literacy rate or education or status of women in society, so may not be able to truly tell how developed a country is

It can help to predict what will happen in a country as it gets to the next stage of the DTM

It doesn’t consider thing such as diseases, war, and population control measures

Stages of the DTM

Stage 1• High birth rate and death rate• Poor health care, subsistence farmers• Large familiesStage 2• Death rate falls• Medical breakthrough• Lack of contraception

Stage 3• Birth rate begins to fall• Population growth is rapid• Medical care, water supply, accommodationStage 4• Birth rates and death rates level out• Women’s careers and small familiesStage 5• Birth rate falls below death rate• Population begins to age