population and migration push and pull factors types of migration
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Population and Migration
•Push and pull factors
•Types of migration
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Migration basics:
• Long-distance change of residence
• International or internal• Voluntary or forced• Affects both receiving and
sending regions
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Pull and Push factors: what causes people to move?
• Pulls: People are “drawn” to new regions because of different opportunities elsewhere, such as economic or political/religious freedoms
• Pushes: People flee to new regions because of conflicts, natural disasters
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Voluntary or Forced Migration?
•Voluntary: free choice•Forced: not your choice
–Slavery–Refugees
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International migration
• 3% of world’s population migrates to new homelands each year
• Wide range of push and pull factors• Major impact on past and future
homelands
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European Migrations to
USA
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Examples of PUSH Factors:
• Some “push” factors include persecution (racial or ethnic), including frequent abuse or oppression (even genocide)
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Other “push” factors:
• Political “push” factors include escape from dictatorships where civil liberties (like free speech, voting, and religious freedoms are restricted.)
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Many people risk their lives to find a better or safer homeland…
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Example of “push” migration: SUDAN
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• In the African nation of Sudan, drought, famine and civil war have brought about increased migration over the past
two decades. • The number of Sudanese changing
residence has climbed from 1.3 million in 1983 to 3.4 million in 2000.
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Examples of Pull Factors: Economic
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• Poor individuals from developing countries can have higher standards of living in developed countries than in their originating countries.
• The availability of jobs is the pull factor.
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For some migrants, education is another primary pull factor. Getting a better education assures a better job!
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• Retirement migration from highly developed countries to lower-cost countries with better climate, is a new type of international “PULL” migration.
• An example is immigration of retired United States citizens to Mexico and Central America.
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• Some migration is for personal reasons, based on a relationships
• People are drawn to move in order to join other family members in a new homeland.
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Internal migration…People move within a nation’s boundaries:
•Rural to Urban migration•Region to Region
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Example of Internal Migration
“Push” Factor- Natural Disaster
• In the 1930s, the drought in the Great Plains (Dust Bowl) drove many farmers from their homes to find work in western states’ farms, such as California.
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2005-2006 (thousands of people)
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Factors Where People decide to Resettle?
• People tend to migrate to new homelands after considering:– Distance– Accessibility to other regions (Will new regions accept migrants?)– Cultural or social similarities– Personal contacts
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• Illegal immigration refers to migration across national borders in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country.
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Example of Illegal Immigration: PULL factor
• People seeking economic opportunities account for most of the illegal immigration to the United States.
• 57% of illegal aliens are of Mexican origin and about 75% are of Latin American origin.
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Example of Illegal Immigration: PUSH factor
• After years of armed conflict, roughly one of every 20 Colombians have fled.
• Colombia is the fourth-leading source country of unauthorized immigration to the United States.
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Information About International Migration:
• According to, the United Nations, most international migrants move to high-income developed countries
• This means that most migrants are seeking better economic opportunties
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• Opposition to immigration is prominent in the United States, which has the largest absolute numbers of immigrants.
• However, many European countries are experiencing population decline. In such circumstances, immigration helps fill vacant jobs in the economy.
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Population and Migration