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Recent Development and Future of Botanical Pesticides in India Shaon Kumar Das

ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Sikkim Center, Gangtok-737102, India Email: [email protected]

Introduction Botanicals are derived from fresh or dried plants, plant parts, or plants' isolated or extracted in water, ethanol, or other organic solvents used for flavoring, fragrance, functional health benefits, medicine, or other biological and technical activities. These are either naturally occuring plant products or materials derived rather simply from plant materials. These may be crude preparations of plant parts ground to produce a dust or powder that may be used full-strength or diluted in carriers such as clay, talc or diatomaceous earth. Some worth mentioning are discovery of pesticidal properties of perthenin (from Parthenium hysterophorus) and related compounds (Datta and Sternberg 2005), insect growth inhibition, antifeedent and antifungal activity of compounds isolated/derived from Zingiber officinale Rosae (Ginger) rhizomes (Agarwal et al. 2001), Antifungal activity of limonoids from Khaya ivorensis (Abdelgaleil et al. 2005), Antifeedant/IGR activity of Aza-A and Tetrahydro Aza-A against Helicoverpa armigera (Wakita et al. 2003). All of the researches showed a general trend of getting specific, bioactive and safe molecule with least environmental hazard and main emphasis is given on producing analogues of existing bioactive molecule and exploitation of the unexplored wealth of flora and fauna for plant protection which will certainly be a distinct order of tomorrow. As they contain a virtually untapped reservoir of pesticides, they can be used directly or as templates for synthetic pesticides. Numerous factors have increased the interest of the pesticide industry and the pesticide market in this source of natural products as pesticides.

Why Botanical Pesticide? Botanical pesticides are environmentally safer, unique with novel mode of action, rich source of biologically active compounds. There is still an unexplored area of study in the field of

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Botanical pesticides are emerging as a potential option for an environment friendly pest management. Advances in the chemical and biochemical sciences since 1950s made possible extraction and biological characterization of main active ingredients of all currently used pest control agents. The proper extraction of botanical pesticides encouraged broader testing for diverse utility enabling alternative strategies to coup up with the increasing problems associated with chemical pesticides.

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agrochemicals, chemically complex in nature and different stereoisomers are possible imparting less resistance, showed excellent activity in pharmaceuticals (Gill and Garg 2014).

Promising Plant Species More than 6000 species of plants have been screened and more than 2500 plant species belonging to 235 families were found to possess biological active ingredients against various types of pests. This is just only 10% of the plant species indicating that there is enormous scope for further work (Saxena, 1998). The eight most important plant families containing the bio pesticide plants are Apocyanaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae (maximum), Myrtaceae, Ranunculaceae and Rosaceae.

Major Botanical Insecticides Botanical pesticides, though ‘natural’ in origin, are not nontoxic. Some of them are more toxic to humans than many common synthetic pesticides (Table 1). But their limited persistence in nature helps to minimize their adverse effects (Upasani et al. 2003).

Table 1: Major botanical pesticides and their mode of action

Name Source Mode of action Uses Pyrethrum Flowers Interfere with Na & K ion

movement in nerve axons Aerosol bombs for mosquitoes

Rotenone Roots Disrupts energy metabolism in mitochondria in nerve axons

Beetles, fish poisoning

Sabadilla Seeds Interferes with Ns & k ion movement in nerve axons

Control of squash bug, citrus thrips

Ryania Woody stem Activates Ca ion release channels & causes paralysis in muscles

For control of catterpillars and thrips

Nicotine Tobacco plants

Mimics the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

For control of aphids, thrips and bugs

Promising plant species with pesticidal properties With the advent of new millennium, the pest management aspects have seen a clear paradigm shift. The goals of new millennium pesticides can be designated as higher productivity and sustainability, target specific and safe to non-target organisms, biodegradable with very less residue problem, ecofriendly and low dosage, safety and phytosanitary measures. Some promising plant species with pesticidal properties have been shown in Table 2.

Shaon Kumar Das, 2014, Pop. Kheti, 2(2):93-99


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Table 2: Promising plant species with pesticidal properties Plants Active compounds Activity

Abies balsamea Juvabione JH agonist

Acorus calamus Asarone Antifeedant Ageratum houstonianum Precocene, Anacylin Anti-JH Ajuga remota Ajygarin Feeding deterrent Allium sativum Diallyl sulfide Repellent Atlantia racemosa Luvangetin Antifeetant

Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitacin-B Antifeedant

Citrus paradisi Isolimonic acid Oviposition deterrent Clerodendron infotunatum Clerodin Antifeedant Curcuma longa Termeron Growth inhibitor Glycine max Glyceollin Antifeedant activity Tagetes minuta E-Ocimenone Repellent Ricinus communis Ricinine Oviposition deterrent Medicago sativa Butyric acid Repellant Ocimum basillicum Juvocimene JHA Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenin Growth inhibitor Piper nigrum Piperin Oviposition deterrent Quassia amara Quassin JHA Pongamia pinnata Karanjin Antifeedant, JHA

Recent Development in Botanical pesticides Now a day’s scientists are working to develop some new botanical pesticides which are very safer for human beings. Some of these are discussed below:

A) Mesotrine It is a new selective herbicide for use in maize. They helps in pre and post emergence control of broad leaved and grass weeds in maize. These are member of benzoyl cyclohexane-1,3- dione class which are derived from phytotoxin obtained from Callistemon citrinus. They inhibits 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate deoxygenase (HPPD). They converts tyrosine into

plastoquinone and α-tocopherol. They are rapidly taken up by weed species following foliar application and distributed through acropetal and basipetal movement. Maize is tolerant to it due to its metabolism in crop plants and slower uptake.

B) Activities of constituents from foeniculum vulgare They are harmful to stored-product pests like rice weevil, been weevil, and cigarette beetle. It has fumigant properties to control the stored grain pests.



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C) Essential Oil Volatile essential oils from Korean medicinal plants like Adenophora remotflora, Artemisia princeps, Caranga sinica having potent fumigant activity against the rice weevil. Menthone was the most biologically active fumigant. They inhibit the AChE.

(D) Anethole Methanol extract from the fruit of Illicium verum has potential activity against Blattela germanica, Musca domestica is already established. It has attractant, ovicidal effect on Acanthosclides obtecuss. It has fumigant action against Blattela germanica.

E) Astilbin Astilbin has isolated from Lonchuphorus speciosus Vitis and Wulffia baccata (Kotker et al. 2001). Radical forming from phenolic group during oxidation causing disruption of cell membrane integrity (Abdelglaeil et al. 2002). Here, astilbin is isolated from Dimorphandra mollis and is using to control Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda.

F) Flavonoids Castor oil due to its purgative properties used in Ayurvedic medicine (Liu 2006). They have antimicrobial activity against Bacillus firmus, Pseudomonas putida and excellent insecticidal activity against Callosobruchus chinensis.

G) Limonoids It is the first report on antifungal effects of these compounds. Chemical investigations of diethyl ether extract of the stem bark of Khaya ivorensis (african mahogany) afforded ten limonoids of angolensates, limonoids and mexicanolides.

H) Pristimerin and celastrol β-amyrin, 12-oleanaen- 3β- caffeate, n- octadecyl caffeate etc isolated from the aerial part of C hypoleucus (Wakabayashi et al. 2002). Pristimerin and celastrol inhibit the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Glomerella cingulata by 83.6% and 62.2% level respectively at10 µg/ml.

I) Parthenin The aerial parts of Parthenium hysterophorus plant contain eleven sesquiterpene lactone among which parthenin is the most important (Rajendran et al. 2005). Eleven analogues were prepared and tested for activity. It has herbicidal activity. It shows insect growth regulatory activity against the cotton stainer, fifth instar larvae of S. litura and cabbage leaf webber. Nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita, antifeedant activity against 6th instar larvae of Spodoptera litura, Tribolium castaneum, termite.

J) IGR, antifeedent and antifungal activity of Zingiber officinale Rosae (Ginger) rhizomes Compounds exhibited moderate IGR activity and antifeedant activity against Spilosoma obliqua and antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani. [6]-dehydroshogalol showed maximum IGR activity and dehydrozingerone showed maximum antifungal activity.



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Some Other Significant Works � Foliar extracts of Anona squamosa show activity against Callosobruchus spp. They also

showed antimicrobial activity (Chollet et al. 2001) � Moringa seed extracts show good activity as seed treatment biofungicide against Aspergillus

and Rhizopus (Donli and Dauda 2003) � Extract from Tagetes sp.containing polythienyls or terpenoids show nematicidal, biocidal,

bactericidal and fungicidal activity (Talavera et al. 2005) � Extract from herb Mentha pulegium show acaricidal activity against Dermwtophagoides

farine (Mitchell et al. 2001)

Table 3: Modern day native uses of plants for pest control Area Plants Used for pest control

Nigeria Annona sp. Dried leaves used for post harvest pests Zimbabwe Spirostachys sp. Sap from bark for granagies America Mammea sp. Leaves Wrapped around plants for pest control Philippines Gliricidia sp. Twings inserted in paddy field to control stem borer Nepal Artemesia sp. Twings inserted in paddy field to control stem borer Asia Azadirachta sp. Leaves mixed with grain for post harvest pest control China Tripteregium sp. Aqueous extracts used for various pests

Environmental impact of Botanical pesticides They are environment friendly, biodegradable and very less residue problem, target specific and safe to beneficial organisms like pollinators, predators, parasites, growth of natural enemies of pests is not affected and thus reducing the pesticide application (Gill and Garg 2014). Effect on non-target organisms The results of a number of studies have been revealed that botanical pesticides are relatively safe to non-target organisms, natural enemies, pollinators, fish, bird and fish, predators, parasitoids, pollinators, secondary insect pests, wild relatives of crops, and soil biota. Scope of Botanical Pesticide in India The use of botanical pesticide plays an important part of IPM program over the synthetic pesticides. Naturally occurring botanical pesticide exerts a wide range of behavioral and physiological effects on insects and it is difficult for insect to develop resistance to these pesticides. Village cooperatives can take up formulation of locally available plants and thus, farmer will be saved from spending large sums of money for the purchase of costly synthetic agrochemicals. There is a great demand in international market for residue free cotton, fruits, vegetables, and beverages.



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Table 4: Some important Plants use as Botanical Pesticides in India Name of tree Plant parts Compounds Commercial product

East Indian walnut Seeds, Leaves Caffeic acid, Quercetin Botanical Pesticide

Cashew Oil of shells Phenolics Same

Custard apple Stems, Leaves Annonine Same Margosa Leaves, Seed oil Azadirachtin,

Nimbidin, Salanin Antifeedant

Flame of forest Extract of flower Chakcones, Aurones Termiticidal

Anjan Heart wood Mopanol, Epicatechin Antifeedant

Present Scenario in India

� Registered Botanical pesticide under Insecticides Act, 1968 in India is- Azadirachtin (Neem based product), Cymbopogon sp., Pyrithrum sp.

� Farmers have to invest Rs 500/ha for neem based product & Rs. 350/ha. for Synthetic Pesticide

� Aza-A based neem materials registered in India- � Technical concentrates (Min.)---10, 15, 25% Aza � Formulations (Min.) ---0.03, 0.15, 0.30, 1.00, 2.00,

2.50, 3.00, 5.00% Aza

Market Potential of Biopesticides The synthetic pesticides market is expected to show a declining trend at the rate of 1.5% per annum. Biopesticides today represent about 2.5% of the overall pesticides market, and are expected to grow to about 4.2% by 2010

Why Botanical Pesticide not much available in Market? There are some reasons due to which botanical pesticide are not so much commercial in market. The main reason are low persistence in field condition, not as much quick acting as synthetic pesticides, very much difficult to formulate, comparatively high cost, not very much host specific, farmers’ inclination to traditional pesticides.

What Can Be Done? New formulations which are stable in nature should prepare. We should emphasis to increase market potential, use simple photostable molecule, chemo informatics may prove itself to be a good tool maintain cost of production.

Conclusion The trends in researches show sharp and continuous increase in the preference for botanicals. Major emphasis over the last 10 years has been given to identify active principles of new molecules as compare to synthesis of analogue. Hence, the future emphasis should be on development of molecules which are ecofriendly, effective, low dose, selective and target specific, exploitation of the unexplored wealth of botanicals and biopesticides for plant



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protection-a distinct order of tomorrow, research on botanicals continues to be the area of maximum interest and with lot of still unexplored potential.

References Abdelgaleil SAM, Hashinga F and Nakatani M. 2005. Antifungal activity of limonoids

from Khaya ivorensis. Pest Management Science 61:186-190. Abdelglaeil SAM, Hashinga F and Nakatani M. 2002. Isolation of diterpenes from

Euphorbia paralias. Pest Management Science 58: 123-127. Agarwal M, Walia S, Dhingra S and Khambay BPS. 2001. Insect growth inhibition,

antifeedent and antifungal activity of compounds isolated/derived from Zingiber officinale Rosae ( Ginger) rhizomes. Pest Management Science 57:289-300.

Chollet BC, Stevens D and Clayton R. 2005. Development of phloem mobile fungicides: Acidic derivatives of the fungicide Fenpiclonil. Pest Management Science 61:1816-1819.

Datta S and Saxena DB. 2001. Pesticidal properties of perthenin (from Parthenium hysterophorus) and related compounds. Pest Management Science 57:95-101.

Donli L and Dauda P. 2003. Moringa seed extracts as seed treatment biofungicide against Aspergillus and Rhizopus Pest Management Science 59:24-28.

Gill HK, and Garg H. 2014. Pesticide: Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies, pp. 187-230. In: Solenski S and Larramenday ML (eds.). Pesticides- Toxic Effects. Intech. Rijeka, Croatia. (http://www.intechopen.com/books/pesticides-toxic-aspects/pesticides-environmental-impacts-and-management-strategies).

Kotker P, Kamat MM and Serpone N. 2001. Foliar extracts of Anona squamosa against Callosobruchus spp. Pest Management Science 57: 456-460.

Liu A, Ou X, Huang M, Wang X, Liu X and Yao J. 2006. Mesotrine: a New Selective Herbicide for use in Maize Pest Management Science 57: 112-117.

Rajendran P and Muralidharan M. 2005. Allyl acetate as an effective fumigant activity against stored grain beetles. Pest Management Science 61:263-265.

Sternberg P, Hatch A and Matthes B. 2005. Famoxadone: the discovery and optimization of new agricultural fungicide. Pest Management Science 62: 1228-1234.

Talavera M and Mizukubo T. 2005. Effects of DL-methionine on hatching and activity of Meloidogyne incognita eggs and juveniles. Pest Management Science 61:413-416.

Upasani SM, Kotker HM, Mendki PS and Maheshwari VL. 2003. Partial characterization and insecticidal properties of Ricinus communis L. foliage flavonids. Pest Management Science 59:1349-1354.

Wakabayashi K and Boger P. 2002. Target sites for herbicides: entering the 21st century. Pest Manag Sci. 58:1149-1154.

Wakita T, Kinoshita K, Yamada E, Yasui N, Kawahara N, Naoi A, Nakaya M, Ebihara K, Matsuno H and Kodaka K. 2003. The discovery of dinotefuran: anovel neonicotinoid. Pest Management Science 59:1016-1022.



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