pool water treatment seriescorrosionirritation costly maintenance poor air quality hazy water
TRANSCRIPT
RECREATIONAL WATER TREATMENTRECREATIONAL WATER TREATMENT
Pool Water Treatment Series
CorrosionCorrosion
IrritationIrritation
Costly MaintenanceCostly Maintenance
Poor Air QualityPoor Air Quality
Hazy WaterHazy Water
Breakpoint w/ Organic Nitrogen
Nitrogen-containingcompounds
Sweat Urine
Mean content(mg/litre)
Portion of total nitrogen (%)
Mean content(mg/litre)
Portion of total nitrogen (%)
Urea 680 68 10 240 84
Ammonia 180 18 560 5
Amino acids 45 5 280 2
Creatinine 7 1 640 5
Other compounds 80 8 500 4
Total nitrogen 992 100 12 220 100
Table 4.9: Nitrogen-containing compounds in sweat and urine
The ammonia reacts rapidly with hypochlorous acid to form monochloramine, dichloramine and trichloramine (Hailin et al., 1990), whereas nitrogen-containing organic compounds, such as amino acids, may react with hypochlorite to form organic chloramines (Taras, 1953; Isaak & Morris, 1980). The organic nitrogen compounds found in urine and sweat are also possible precursors for chlorination by-products, such as THMs (Ueno et al., 1996).
Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultationVol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000
Country
Disinfectant by-product concentration (µg/litre)
Pool type Reference
Chloroform BDCM DBCM Bromoform
mean range mean range mean range mean range
USA 37.9 indoor Copaken, 1990
4–402 1–72 <0.1–8 <0.1–1 outdoor Armstrong & Golden, 1986 3–580 1–90 0.3–30 <0.1–60 indoor
<0.1–530 <0.1–105 <0.1–48 <0.1–183 spa
Table 4.4: Concentrations of trihalomethanes measured in swimming pool water
Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultationVol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000
Table 4.13: Concentrations of trihalomethanes in alveolar air samples from 163 swimmers
THM No. positive/no. samplesMean THM
concentration (µg/litre)Range of THM concentrations
(µg/litre)
Chloroform 163/163 94 14–312
BDCM 163/163 94 1–42
DBCM 25/163 12.6 2–28
Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultationVol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000
Table 4.10: Comparison of trihalomethane concentrations in blood of swimmers after a 1-h swim, in pool water and in ambient air of indoor and outdoor pools
THM concentration (mean, range)
Indoor pool Outdoor pool
Blood of swimmers (µg/litre) 0.48 (0.23–0.88) 0.11 (<0.06–0.21)
Pool water (µg/litre) 19.6 (4.5–45.8) 73.1 (3.2–146)
Air 20 cm above the water surface (µg/m³) 93.6 (23.9–179.9) 8.2 (2.1–13.9)
Air 150 cm above the water surface (µg/m³) 61.6 (13.4–147.1) 2.5 (<0.7–4.7)
Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultationVol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000
Ebba Lund (1962)
Univ. of GothenburgGothenburg Sweden
Graph shows effect of oxidationGraph shows effect of oxidationpotential on Polio virus. Graphpotential on Polio virus. Graphcompares inactivation rates usingcompares inactivation rates usingcombined chlorine, & free chlorinecombined chlorine, & free chlorineirrespective of the residual irrespective of the residual concentrations.concentrations.
Full Range of Treatments
All-In-One Treatment
Chlorine-Supporting Treatment
Rapid Recovery Treatment
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Each treatment is “Custom Designed” to handle the specific demands of yourapplication. Residential pools require less supplementary oxidants, while municipal pool treatments require higher levels to handle the higher demands.
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Chlorine Demand Test
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Truox Treatment Demand Test
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FACDPD = Total Oxidant
Glycine Addition
Oxidation without Irritation®
OXIDATION WITHOUT IRRITATIONOXIDATION WITHOUT IRRITATION®®