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HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

Multiplicity of Roles

No Average person; People are different

Personal dignity of peopleConsideration of the whole person

Motivation

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LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP

Dynamic process whereby one individual

in a group is not responsible for the

groups result, but actively seeks thecollaboration & commitment of all the

group members in achieving group goals

IMPORTANCESecuring Co-operation

Creating Confidence in the minds of employees

Providing good working conditions

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TYPESTYPES

Based on AuthorityAurocratic

Democratic / Participative

Laissez Faire

Benevolent

Supportive

Based on ContinuumAuthoritarian to Democratic

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Based on Managerial GridImprovised style

Country club style

Produce or Perish style

Middle-of-the-road style

Team style

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COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

Process of transmitting ideas, facts,

opinions & feelings to others

Mutual interchange process Sender &Receiver

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PROCESSPROCESS

Sender / Source

Message

Encoder

Channel

Receiver

Decoder

Understanding

Feedback

NoiseNoise

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FORMSFORMS

Based on CommunicationDownward

Upward

Horizontal

Diagonal

Based on ChannelFormal

Informal

Based on ExpressionWritten

Oral

Non - verbal

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BARRIERSBARRIERS

Lack of Planning

Fear orEmotions

PoorListening

Timing

Loss of transmission

Unclarified assumptions

Distrust or Threat

Overloading of Information

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CONTROLLINGCONTROLLING

Process of Checking, Regulating, Verifying

or making adjustments to keep things on

track.

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NATURE & CHARACTERISTICSNATURE & CHARACTERISTICS

Planning & Controlling are closely related

Controlling is forward looking

Controlling is goal orientedControlling should be flexible

Controlling should be flexible

Controlling should be economically realisticControlling Should be participative

Controlling enables to make quick actions

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IMPORTANCEIMPORTANCE

Controlling is the basis for future action

Controlling is helpful to achieve goals

Controlling copes with uncertaintyControlling facilitates Decentralisation

Controlling facilitates co-ordination

Improves morale & job satisfactionFacilitates Supervision

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BASIC PROCESSBASIC PROCESS

Establishing StandardsQuantitative Standards

Qualitative Standards

Measure Actual Performance

Compare Actual Performance against

Standards

Take corrective actions

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BENCH MARKINGBENCH MARKING

Process of identifying, learning & adoptingoutstanding practices & processes fromany organisation anywhere in the world to

help an organisation to improve itsperformance.

TYPESInternal

Competitive

Functional

Generic

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TOOLS / TECHNIQUESTOOLS / TECHNIQUES

TraditionalBUDGETORY CONTROL

Functional Budgets

Transaction types

Activity types Time Interval Basis

NON BUDGETORY CONTROL

Personal Observation

Statistical Data

Special Reports & Analysis

Break even Analysis

Operational Audit

Logical Control System

Ratio Analysis

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ModernManagement Audit

Return on Investment

Responsibility Accounting

Network Techniques

Management by Exception

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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION

SYSTE

MComputer based user machine system

Integrated system

Needs a databaseDecision Support System

Expert system