Zanker Urban Space!

- Initially, Pompeii was studied aesthetically only no attention to its spacing overall!- Unlike Romans, Pompeiians encountered no political, etc. obstacles to luxury!- Around 100 BC, Pompeiians were rich, there was lots of trade and connection with

the Hellenistic world showed in town because of the proliferation of private homes,

etc.!

- Huge influence of Greek culture, which Pompeiians were okay with!!- Theaters!

- Most public buildings from Sammite era reflected the Pompeiians desire to be influenced by the Greeks!

- Most boys and men of Oscan Pompeii participated in athletic training (amphitheater activities) !

- Temples with Dionysis and Zeus found Greek monuments in Pompeii placed close to each other!

- Amphitheater was on the outskirts of Pompeii, with contrasts with most Hellenistic towns were the gymnasiums and theaters were in the center of the town!

- Donated by towns two major benefactors!!- Tombs!

- Lots of self promotion on tombs to commemorate whoever was buried!- Stories about actual person + other people in his/her life!

!

!Foss & Dobbins Pompeian Women!

- Women of Pompeii were privileged members of the upper class, slaves in big households and businesses, and/or freedwomen working long hours!

- Elite Pompeian women had access to power and prestige!!- Women and the Family/ Economy!

- Birth of a girl/ girls were cherished in Roman families (as opposed ____)!- Death of a girl was a horrible event!

- Terms coniunx, uxor, and concubina used to describe relationships between men and women!

- Most important role of a woman was to become a mother and produce an heir!- Most women inherited money or earned money through work!

- Often charged with managing the domestic budget!- It was common for women to sell property, build tombs, etc. and some influenced

political campaigns with their support!

- More wealthy women influenced politics through money and gift-giving, and there was a big emphasis on a patron-client relationship!

- Well connected women were able to participate in religious rituals, but normal women were in charge of religious life in their families!

!!!

Kliener Etruscan Art (Interesting Points)!

- Background info on the Etruscans!- People who occupied Italy in early Roman days also wiped out by later Romans!- Heartland was territory between the Arno and Tiber rivers of central Italy!- Were highly skilled seafarers and traded abroad!

!- Etruscan Art!

- Succesfully mined iron, tin, copper, and silver!- Villages that were agriculturally based gave way to big trading cities!- Elite had a taste for luxurious Etruscan art!

-Etruscan Temples!

! - Temples honoring Etruscan gods vs. Greek gods were very different!

! - Stone gable-roofed temples with wood columns and tile- covered wood roofs

almost looks asian?!

- Columns of Etruscan temples resembled Greek Doric columns!- Etruscan figures similar to Greek vases!- Later Etruscan Art!

- Golden age for Greeks, but not Etruscans expelled completely by Romans!- Number of grandiose Etruscan tombs decreased!

- And elites didnt fill tombs with imported Greek vases, gold, etc.!- Romans began to actually acquire Etruscan land/ cities!!!

Kliener - Roman Art (Interesting Points)!

- Roman monuments of art are most numerous of any ancient civilization.!- Roman temples have afterlife as churches in Middle East, Africa, etc.!

- Architecture!- 211 BCE was turning point!

- Greek art brought back as spoils of war (armor, weapons, gold, etc.)!- Craze for Greek everything started!

- Etruscan influences as well as they were ejected from Rome!- Developed CONCRETE construction different from Etruscans, Greeks, and other

ancient peoples!

- Could fashion concrete shapes unachievable in masonry construction (domes, vaults, etc.)!

- Roman ancestor portraits (sometimes sculptures) were popular!!- Sculpture!

- Verism subjects were mostly men of advanced age!- Most subjects had power in the Republic of Rome!- Big desire to illustrate Roman ancestry, so lost of portraits of important figures in

the Republic be can to show up on coins, buildings, etc.!

- Architecture in Pompeii!- Streets heavily flagstoned (pavements, sidewalks)!- Big parts of life:!

- Forum!

- Center of civic life, closed to all but pedestrian traffic!- Very similar to Etrusco-Roman temples (chief side)!

- Amphitheater!- After Romans took control of Pompeii!

- Used to fund town, advertisements for events, big meeting place/ celebration place for Romans of Pompeii!

- Word amphitheater means double theater!- Were very big in size elliptical shape, and made entirely of concrete because

they were built on natural hillsides!

- Pompeiian Painting!- Houses and villas were adorned with frescoes/ wall paintings!

- First style (Masonry style)!- Style was to basically imitate costly marble panels with painted stucco!

- Second style!- Basically to dissolve a rooms confining walls and create 3-d illusions of grandeur!

- almost the opposite of First style!- Third Style!

- Artists no longer tried to replace walls with 3-d structures, but covered walls with linear designs on one-color backgrounds!

- Fourth style!- Taste for illusionism returned (landscapes, views, people, etc.)!

!!

New Perspectives on the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale!

- Collection of frescoes in villas revealed aspects of life in Campania.!- Actual frescoes could not be reconnected with each other, so architectural replica of

buildings were created.!

- Frescoes are considered as actual parts of walls, whereas they are portrayed as individual pieces in museums why?!

- BIG focus on identification of buildings/ people depicted in wall paintings.!!- Other Aspects that influenced Fresco placement!

- The environment of a building/room, length of time that people would spend in the room, etc. influenced the type of fresco on the walls.!

- Things experienced OVER TIME.!- Many small areas run by villa rusticae, which were run by families/ looked after by

slaves.!

- Consisted largely of wine making and olive oil production!- Compared to other villas, Villa of P. Fannius was smaller and less complex!- Entrance had paintings of trees (outdoors), but inside had painted walls depicting

marble columns, etc.!

- Walls showed the purpose of the room leisure was associated with leaves/ocean frescoes!

- Floor to ceiling con sited of peristyle walls with different animals, minerals, and foods importance?!

!

- Other interesting aspects of Roman homes/villas!- Romans enjoyed visual paradoxes!

- Large frescoes suddenly ended with wide arch entrances/exits that showed the actual landscape!

- Some houses in Pompeii area had very high standards of living!- Villa of P. Fannius had complete sets of bathes with hot and cold water!- There were wine presses and olive presses in the agricultural area!

- Houses had visual unity, but were both for maintaining a farm and also running a home.!

- Some rooms had mixture of both people and divine beings depicted obviously were a big part of Pompeiian life.!

- Three pictures on back wall, one of Venus!- Very unusual placement of windows that mixed pictures of the outdoors with frescoes

inside the building.!

!A Basic Feel of: Christensens Piece on Hellenistic Floor Mosaics!

- Main Points!- Proliferation of floor mosaics in House of the Faun originally started showing up in

Italy following their expansion in Hellenistic palaces and homes of the elite.!

- Background info on the House of the Faun!- House is well known for large size, grand peristyles, and well-preserved Pompeian

Style wall decorations!

- Originally constructed with two atria and a single peristyle in Doric order. all info discerned from ruins??!

- The paper basically discusses the appearance of Hellenistic mosaics first in the House of the Faun followed by an analysis of their role in palaces and elite

residences.!

- Some interesting points are. !- Decorative flooring was used in dining rooms (Palaces)!- Vestiules controled access into palaces, and also impressed visitors!

- Some dining rooms were not accessible unless you went through separate rooms!

- In Alexandrian Palace ruins, no complete walls or floors have been able to be recovered!

- Total of five mosaics have been found.!- Warrior Mosaic!- Dog Fighting Mosaic!- Rosette Mosaic in dining room!- Centaur and Stag!- Erotes Stag Hunt Mosaic (hunting mosaic in East paviolion)!

!- Interesting aspects of The House of the Faun!

- At north end of atrium is a dancing bronze faun origin of the houses name!- House was designed to allow guests passing through the house to have different

points of view for the mosaics.!

- (Not related to the House of the Faun, but space theory is the study of how certain placement of furniture allows entrance/exit into rooms)!

- Tells a lot about the activities that occurred/ what was allowed in the rooms.!- Author ends with analysis of the meaning of mosaics!

- To impress, to announce the purpose of certain rooms, etc.