pome fruit heat damage to increase with climate change unless actively managed - malcolm mccaskill
TRANSCRIPT
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Pome fruit heat damage to increase with climate change unless actively managed
Malcolm McCaskill, Graeme Thomson, Gavin Kearney, Ian Goodwin
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Sheep : pastures OK but a welfare issue
Pastures survived heatwaves well
6oC hotter at sheep height
Unadapted stock
Ryegrass staggers
29 Jan 2009
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0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00
Time
Tem
per
atu
re (
C)
Hourly average, 2.3m height
Hourly maximum, 40cm height
Hourly average, 40cm height
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Apples turned to mush in Goulburn Valley
Internal temperatures up to 60oC
Unsaleable fruit Harvestable fruit had shorter storage life “No future for Gala apples in Goulburn Valley” – marketing manager Montague Fresh
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Which industries ?
Pre-irrig before heat3783Brassica veges
Pre-irrig before heat61149Grapes – fresh & dried
Pre-irrig before heat22155Potatoes
Heat tolerant27241Stonefruit
DPI project19283Grapes - wine
Heat-sensitive50300Pome fruit
Cold warning40869Lamb/mutton
Agonomy/breeding151498Grains
“Cool Cows” done673052Dairy
CommentsVic % of Aus
Value ($m)07/08
Industry
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Cause of sunburn
High fruit temp + sunlight + UV• “Photo-oxidative sunburn” 31oC• “Sunburn browning” 41-44oC• “Sunburn necrosis” 52oCPrior heat exposure changes thresholds 1-4oCHeat shock proteins
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5-Ja
n-09
15-J
an-0
9
25-J
an-0
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4-Feb
-09
14-F
eb-0
9
24-F
eb-0
9
Temperature (C)
Tatura temperatures 2009 heatwaves
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Tatura – hotter heatwaves
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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Annual maximum
(oC)
0.06oC/year
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Tatura – temperature trends
ns0.003Annual minimum
ns0.006Daily minimum
***0.02Daily maximum
**0.06Annual maximum
SignificanceIncrease (oC/year)
Heatwaves are a higher priority than insufficient cold for vernalisation
Warm period during winter may disrupt vernalisation
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Tatura DPI weather station, Goulburn Valley
BoM CSIRO
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Data source: ARPANSA
Ultraviolet index Melbourne 2008-09
No trend in clear-sky UV since mid 1990’s
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ar
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ay
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Daily maximum
UVI
Flowering Fruit development Harvest
Gala
Pink Lady
Extreme
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Evaporative cooling
Protection from high temperature but not UV20-40% more waterTemperature thresholds & design need local R&D
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Clay sprays
Reflects sunlight → heat & UV protection
Removed in normal washing
Multiple applications needed
+ clay no clay
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Waxes
Wax sunscreen from a Brazilian tree (canouba)EdibleMultiple applications neededProtects against UV, not high temperature
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Netting
50% of new orchards now nettedReduces solar radiation, especially direct solar beamHail and bird protectionApple colour not as red
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Warning systems
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Conclusions
Pome fruit industry vulnerable to severe heatwaves
Scope to adapt using methods proven overseas
Trade-offs not yet researched under Aust conditions
Apples should be adaptable under climate change
Grow in tropics – no vernalisation, high UV