polymer tensile strength
DESCRIPTION
Polymer Tensile Strength. Michelle Fong and Daniel Matthews Engineering 45: Properties of Materials Santa Rosa Junior College December 5, 2005. Polymers:. A polymer is a generic term used to describe a substantially long molecule with structural and repeating units called monomers. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Polymer Tensile Strength
Michelle Fong and Daniel MatthewsEngineering 45: Properties of MaterialsSanta Rosa Junior CollegeDecember 5, 2005
Polymers:
A polymer is a generic term used to describe a substantially long molecule with structural and repeating units called monomers.
In chemistry, a monomer is a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer.
The process of converting these units to a polymer is called polymerization. Polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a
chemical reaction to form linear chains or a three-dimensional network of polymer chains. There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them.
The first ‘synthetic’ polymers of the 19th century were actually formed by modifying natural polymers. The first man-made polymer, the phenol-formaldehyde resin bakelite, was made in 1872. However, research into polymers and polymerization only really started to grow in the 1930s after the discovery of polyethylene by the chemical company ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries).
The mechanical properties of polymers can be described with much of the vocabulary introduced with metals. Tensile strength and modulus of elasticity are important design parameters for polymers as well as inorganic structural materials.
There are few natural polymers generally considered to be “plastics”.
History of the Plastic Bag1957 The first baggies and sandwich bags on a roll are introduced.
1958 Poly dry cleaning bags compete with traditional brown paper.
1966 Plastic bag use in bread packaging takes over 25 to 30 percent of the market. Plastic produce bags on a roll are introduced in grocery stores.
1969 The New York City Sanitation Department's "New York City Experiment" demonstrates that plastic refuse bag curbside pickup is cleaner, safer and quieter than metal trash can pick-up, beginning a shift to plastic can liners
among consumers.
1974/75 Retailing giants such as Sears, J.C. Penney, Montgomery Ward, Jordan Marsh, Allied, Federated and Hills make the switch to plastic merchandise bags.
1973 The first commercial system for manufacturing plastic grocery bags becomes operational.
1977 The plastic grocery bag is introduced to the supermarket industry as an alternative to paper sacks.
1982 Kroger and Safeway start to replace traditional craft sacks with polyethylene "t-shirt" bags.
1990 The first blue bag recycling program begins with curbside collection. Consumer plastic bag recycling begins through a supermarket collection-site network.
1992 Nearly half of U.S. supermarkets have recycling available for plastic bags.
1996 Four of five grocery bags used are plastic.
Has this ever happened to you?
Project Overview
Performed Tensile Tests on Kitchen/Trash/Grocery plastic bags to find:
Stress, σ Strain, ε Modulus of Elasticity, E Yield Strength, σY.S.
Tensile Strength, σT.S. Toughness Ductility Price Comparisions
Procedure: Cut a 2.54 cm x 30.48 cm strip vertically starting from the bottom crease and
cutting through both sides of the plastic bag.
Record the initial thickness with a micrometer.
Record the initial width with a metric ruler.
Clamp one end of the plastic strip to the top of the apparatus.
Record the mass of the clamp device that the hanger will be attached onto.
Record the mass of the hanger that masses will be added onto.
Clamp the other end of the plastic strip with the clamp device and record the initial length of the plastic strip before letting it hang.
Add a 20 gram mass and immediately record the new length.; Repeat until plastic strip breaks.
Calculate it’s stress ( = P/Ao) and strain ( = L/Lo) for each point recorded and graph Stress vs. Strain.
Experiment Samples:
13 Gallon Kitchen Bags: Safeway Costco Kirkland Glad Force Flex Hefty Ultra Flex
30 Gallon Trash Bags: Glad Force Flex Hefty Ultra Flex
Shopping Bags: Safeway Grocery Bag Longs Drugs Bag
Tensile Test for Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen Bag
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Strain, ε (m/m)
Str
ess,
σ (
MP
a) Modulus of Elasticity: 128.35 MPa
Yield Strength: 7.93 MPa
Tensile Strength: 10.47 MPa
Toughness: 8.69 MPa
Ductility: 89%
Tensile Test for Costco Kirkland 13-Gal Kitchen Bag
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Strain, ε (m/m)
Str
ess,
σ (
MP
a) Modulus of Elasticity: 132.83 MPa
Yield Strength: 6.64 MPa
Tensile Strength: 9.01 MPa
Toughness: 11.25 MPa
Ductility: 150%
Tensile Test for Glad Force Flex 13-Gal Kitchen Bag
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Strain, ε (m/m)
Str
ess,
σ (
MP
a)
Modulus of Elasticity: 10.75 MPa
Yield Strength: 7.11 MPa
Tensile Strength: 8.97 MPa
Toughness: 40.53 MPa
Ductility: 108%
Glad 13-Gal Kitchen Bag
Tensile Test for Hefty Ultra Flex 13-Gal Kitchen Bag
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Strain, ε (m/m)
Str
ess,
σ (
MP
a)
Modulus of Elasticity: 149.22 MPa
Yield Strength: 8.3 MPa
Tensile Strength: ~8.99 MPa
Toughness: 40.53 MPa
Ductility: ~490%
Hefty 13-Gallon Kitchen Bag
Tensile Tests for 13-Gallon Kitchen Bags
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Strain, ε (m/m)
Stre
ss, σ
(MPa
) Safeway
Glad Force Flex
Hefty Ultra Flex
Costco Kirkland
13-Gallon Kitchen BagsYield Strength, Y.S.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Yield Strength
(MP
a)
Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 13-Gal Kitchen
Hefty 13-Gal Kitchen
Costco 13-Gal Kitchen
Modulus of Elasticity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Modulus of Elasticity, E
(MP
a)
Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 13-Gal Kitchen
Hefty 13-Gal Kitchen
Costco 13-Gal Kitchen
Toughness
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Toughness
(MP
a)
Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 13-Gal Kitchen
Hefty 13-Gal Kitchen
Costco 13-Gal Kitchen
Tensile Strength, T.S.
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
Tensile Strength
(MP
a)
Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 13-Gal Kitchen
Hefty 13-Gal Kitchen
Costco 13-Gal Kitchen
Tensile Test for Glad Force Flex 30-Gal Trash Bag
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Strain, ε (m/m)
Str
ess, σ
(M
Pa)
Modulus of Elasticity: 14.57 MPa
Yield Strength: 8.56 MPa
Tensile Strength: 10.59 MPa
Toughness: 13.21 MPa
Ductility: 168%
Tensile Test for Hefty Ultra Flex 30-Gal Trash Bag
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Strain, ε (m/m)
Str
ess,
σ (
MP
a)
Modulus of Elasticity: 169.46 MPa
Yield Strength: 8.91 MPa
Tensile Strength: ~11.96 MPa
Toughness: 53.95 MPa
Ductility: ~543%
Hefty 30-Gal Trash Bag
Tensile Tests for 30-Gallon Trash Bags
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Strain, ε (m/m)
Str
ess,
σ (M
Pa)
Glad 30-Gal Trash
Hefty 30-Gal Trash
30-Gallon Trash Bags
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Yield Strength, sY.S. Tensile Strength, sT.S.
(MP
a) Glad 30-Gal Trash
Hefty 30-Gal Trash
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Modulus of Elasticity, E Toughness
(MP
a) Glad 30-Gal Trash
Hefty 30-Gal Trash
Tensile Tests for Safeway Grocery Bags
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Strain, ε (m/m)
Str
ess,
σ (
MP
a)
Safeway Trial 1(InconclusiveResults)
Safeway Trial 2
For Trial 2:
Modulus of Elasticity: 476.28 MPa
Yield Strength: 21.5 MPa
Tensile Strength: 25.99 MPa
Toughness: 18.87 MPa
Ductility: 78%
Why Safeway Trial 1 was Inconclusive:
Tensile Test for Longs Drugs Grocery Bag
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Strain, ε (m/m)
Str
ess, σ
(M
Pa)
Modulus of Elasticity: 304.95 MPa
Yield Strength: 24.4 MPa
Tensile Strength: 28.95 MPa
Toughness: 39.16 MPa
Ductility: 150%
Longs Drugs Bag
Tensile Tests for Grocery Bags
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Strain, ε (m/m)
Stre
ss, σ
(MPa
)
Safeway
Longs Drugs
Grocery Bags
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Yield Strength,sY.S.
Tensile Strength,sT.S.
Toughness
(MP
a) Safeway Grocery
Longs Drugs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Modulus of Elasticity, E
(MP
a) Safeway Grocery
Longs Drugs
Tensile Tests for Kitchen, Trash, & Grocery Bags
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Strain, (m/m)
Str
ess,
(MP
a)
Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen Glad Force Flex 13-Gal Kitchen Hefty Ultra Flex 13-Gal Kitchen
Costco Kirkland 13-Gal Kitchen Glad Force Flex 30-Gal Trash Hefty Ultra Flex 30-Gal Trash
Safeway Grocery Longs Drugs Grocery
All BagsTensile Strength, T.S.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Tensil Strength
(MP
a)
Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 13-Gal Kitchen
Hefty 13-Gal Kitchen
Costco 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 30-Gal Trash
Hefty 30-Gal Trash
Safeway Grocery
Longs Drugs
Toughness
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Toughness
(MP
a)
Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 13-Gal Kitchen
Hefty 13-Gal Kitchen
Costco 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 30-Gal Trash
Hefty 30-Gal Trash
Safeway Grocery
Longs Drugs
Yield Strength, Y.S.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Yield Strength, Y.S.
(Mp
a)
Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 13-Gal Kitchen
Hefty 13-Gal Kitchen
Costco 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 30-Gal Trash
Hefty 30-Gal Trash
Safeway Grocery
Longs Drugs
Modulus of Elasticity
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Modulus of Elasticity, E
(MP
a)
Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 13-Gal Kitchen
Hefty 13-Gal Kitchen
Costco 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 30-Gal Trash
Hefty 30-Gal Trash
Safeway Grocery
Longs Drugs
Ductility
0%
100%
200%
300%
400%
500%
600%
Ductility
(%)
Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 13-Gal Kitchen
Hefty 13-Gal Kitchen
Costco 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 30-Gal Trash
Hefty 30-Gal Trash
Safeway Grocery
Longs Drugs
Recycled Plastic
What you get for your money!Prices for Each Material Property
$0.00
$0.01
$0.02
$0.03
$0.04
$0.05
$0.06
Price per Bagper YieldStrength
Price per Bagper TensileStrength
Price per Bagper Toughness
U.S
. D
oll
ars
Safeway 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 13-Gal Kitchen
Hefty 13-Gal Kitchen
Costco 13-Gal Kitchen
Glad 30-Gal Trash
Hefty 30-Gal Trash
Safeway Grocery
Longs Drugs
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.plasticbag.com/environmental/history.html
http://www.budgetpackaging.com/inofgaba.html
http://www.santarosa.edu/~yataiiya/E45/LAB/TENSILE%20TEST.pdf
http://www.americanplasticscouncil.org/s_apc/sec.asp?CID=313&DID=931