polydipsia caused by intrahypothalamic injections of hypertonic nacl-solutions

2
15. IV. 1:32921 Iqurzc Mittedungen Brief l<eports 157 nomic ganglia ought to have about the same potency against Ba-induced spasm on the rat's and guinea pig's ileum. Spasmolytic compounds with ganglionic blocking properties, on the other hand, ought to have a higher inhibitory potency on guinea pig's ileum when BaC12 is used as stimulant. In order to test this hypothesis the following com- pounds were assayed against ileal spasm due to BaC12: Papaverine-HC1, (I); trasentin-6H, (II); 10-(a-diethyl- aminopropionyl)-phenothiazine, (III); Banthine, (IV), and another quarternary ammonium compound, 10- (triethyl-ammoniu macetyl)-phenothiazinebromide, (V). III has the ability to inhibit nicotine-induced convul- sions in animals1,-% In all tests the inhibitor preceded the stimulant, BaClz, by 2 min. The concentrations of BaCl 2 used in the trials were the same as mentioned above. The averaged results are given in the "fable. Conlpound I b-~ttl~ flu---id. EDs0/~g/lul bath fluid. ] EDs0/zg,,'nll Ba-stimulated guinea Ba-stimulated rat's pig's ileum. ] ileum. 100 mg 3[gCl2 per 1o0 tug MgCI 2 per I litre bath fhfid ] litre bath fhfid I I1 III IV V 2 0.6 2 0.4 0-1 1-2 0.4 2 50 3(I Using guinea pig's ileum it has been found that an additionof 5 mg/1 of C~ to the Tyrode solution used by us results in EDa0 values for (IN) and (V) which are the same as those given for rat's ileum. This concentra- tion of C 6 has a weak influence on the contraction of guinea pig's ileum caused by 10 pg/ml nicotine but prac- tically abolishes the response to 1/~g/ml. It may thus be concluded that Ba-ions are a pure muscular stimulant on the rat's ileum, as far as the specificity of C~ can be trusted. A more detailed report including studies on the effect of Mg-ions on the potency of spasmolytics will be pub- lished later. T. EDLUND and A. LOH[ hlstitute of Pharmacology, Uppsala, and Central Lab- oratories, AB Astra, S6dert/ilje, Sweden, 1)ecember 30, 1951. Zusammeu/assung FELDBERGS Befund, dass Bariumionen nicht nur die L~tngsmuskulatur des Dfinndarms, sondern auch die Ganglien stimulieren, konnte am Ileum des Meerschwein- chens best/ttigt werden. Dagegen haben Bariumionen wahrschein]ich eine rein myogene \Virkung auf das Ileum der Ratte. 1 R. DAIILBO?,t and T. EKSTRAND, Aeta ehelll. Scand. 5, 102 (I:~ai). 2 R. DAIlLBOM et al., Arch. int. Pharnlacodyn. (1952) (in press). Polydipsia Caused by Intrahypothalamic Injections of Hypertonic NaCl-Solutions According to a common theory ordinary thirst is closely correlated with cellular dehydration. Thus the sensation of thirst should be of "general origin". But the generation of primary polydipsia by injuries in the hypo- thalamus suggests that the sensation of thirst could be induced from this part of the brain stem. \VoLF~ in a paper on osmometric analysis of thirst in man and dog also states that the consequences of such a cellular dehydration hypothesis would remain substantially in- tact if it were postulated that osmoreceptors of the VERNEY °- type, rather than general body tissues, were the receptors in a thirst reflex. In order to study the effect of an increased osmotic pressure in the hypothalamus, injections of hypertonic NaCl-solutions were performed directly into this part of the brain stenl of unanaesthetized goats, lgurther work on this subject is going on. Paramedian sagittal section through the cranium of a goat with the eannula fixed on the skull. A-- Socle fixed on the skull. B = Point of injection. Hyp. :: Position of the pituitary gland. 3lethods: For tile injections 0-5 toni thick cannulac were used. HEss' a technique was applied for fixation and guidance of the cannulae, the length of which varied after the size of tile heads and the points of stimuhttion desired. X-ray pictures of the skull were taken before and after each experiment in order to secure and control the position of the cannulae. The injections were per- formed through small holes in the cannulae 3-6 mm from their tips and orally directed. The Figure shows a paramedian sagittal section through a cranium of a goat with a cannuta placed in the manner used when injecting into the anterior hypothalamus. Body warnl 1-5-2 ?,, NaCl-solutions were used, and the amountinjected was 0.1 cm a. After having finished an experiment a small amount of Indian ink or F.vans blue was injected through the A. V. WoLV, Amer. J. Physiol. 161, 75 {19~,t)). 2 E. B. VERNEV, Proe. Roy. Soc. [B] 135, °5 (1947). ;t W. R. HESS, Beitrdge zur Physiologie des Hirnslammes, I. (Georg Thieme, Leipzig 19,'1°); l)as Zwisctn,lthirlt (Benno Schwalm & (~., Ba~el 1919).

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Page 1: Polydipsia caused by intrahypothalamic injections of hypertonic NaCl-solutions

15. IV. 1:32921 Iqurzc Mittedungen Brief l<eports 157

nomic g a n g l i a o u g h t to h a v e a b o u t t h e s a m e p o t e n c y aga in s t B a - i n d u c e d s p a s m on t h e r a t ' s a n d g u i n e a p ig ' s i leum. S p a s m o l y t i c c o m p o u n d s w i t h gang l ion i c b l o c k i n g p roper t i e s , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , o u g h t to h a v e a h i g h e r i n h i b i t o r y p o t e n c y on g u i n e a p ig ' s i l e u m w h e n BaC12 is used as s t i m u l a n t .

I n o r d e r to t e s t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s t h e fo l lowing com- p o u n d s were a s s a y e d a g a i n s t i leal s p a s m due to BaC12: Papave r ine -HC1 , (I) ; t r a s e n t i n - 6 H , ( I I ) ; 10- (a -d ie thy l - a m i n o p r o p i o n y l ) - p h e n o t h i a z i n e , ( I I I ) ; B a n t h i n e , (IV), and a n o t h e r q u a r t e r n a r y a m m o n i u m c o m p o u n d , 10- ( t r i e t h y l - a m m o n i u m a c e t y l ) - p h e n o t h i a z i n e b r o m i d e , (V). I I I h a s t h e a b i l i t y to i n h i b i t n i c o t i n e - i n d u c e d convu l - s ions in animals1,-%

I n all t e s t s t h e i n h i b i t o r p r e c e d e d t h e s t i m u l a n t , BaClz, by 2 min . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of BaCl 2 used in t h e t r i a l s were t h e s a m e as m e n t i o n e d a b o v e .

The a v e r a g e d r e su l t s a re g i v e n in t h e "fable.

Conlpound

I b-~ttl~ flu---id. EDs0/~g/lul bath fluid. ] EDs0/zg,,'nll

Ba-stimulated guinea Ba-stimulated rat's pig's ileum. ] ileum.

100 mg 3[gCl 2 per 1o0 tug MgCI 2 per I litre bath fhfid ] litre bath fhfid

I I1

I I I IV V

2 0.6 2 0.4 0-1

1-2 0.4 2

50 3(I

Using g u i n e a p ig ' s i l e u m i t ha s been f o u n d t h a t a n a d d i t i o n o f 5 mg/1 of C~ to t h e T y r o d e s o l u t i o n used b y us r e su l t s in EDa0 va lues for (IN) a n d (V) w h i c h a re the s a m e as t h o s e g i v e n for r a t ' s i l eum. Th i s c o n c e n t r a - t ion of C 6 h a s a w e a k i n f l uence on t h e c o n t r a c t i o n of gu inea p ig ' s i l eum c a u s e d b y 10 p g / m l n i co t i ne b u t p rac- t ica l ly abo l i shes t h e r e sponse to 1 /~g /ml .

I t m a y t h u s be c o n c l u d e d t h a t B a - i o n s are a pu re m u s c u l a r s t i m u l a n t on t h e r a t ' s i l eum, as fa r as t h e spec i f ic i ty of C~ c a n be t r u s t e d .

A m o r e d e t a i l e d r e p o r t i n c l u d i n g s t ud i e s on t h e e f fec t of Mg-ions on t h e p o t e n c y of s p a s m o l y t i c s will be p u b - l ished la te r .

T. EDLUND a n d A. LOH[

h l s t i t u t e of P h a r m a c o l o g y , U p p s a l a , a n d C e n t r a l L a b - ora tor ies , A B As t r a , S6der t / i l je , Sweden , 1 ) e c e m b e r 30, 1951.

Z u s a m m e u / a s s u n g

FELDBERGS B e f u n d , dass B a r i u m i o n e n n i c h t n u r die L ~ t n g s m u s k u l a t u r des D f i n n d a r m s , s o n d e r n a u c h die Gang l i en s t i m u l i e r e n , k o n n t e a m I l e u m des Mee r schwe in - chens b e s t / t t i g t we rden . D a g e g e n h a b e n B a r i u m i o n e n wah r sche in ] i ch e ine re in m y o g e n e \ V i r k u n g au f das I l e u m der R a t t e .

1 R. DAIILBO?,t and T. EKSTRAND, Aeta ehelll. Scand. 5, 102 (I:~ai).

2 R. DAIlLBOM et al., Arch. int. Pharnlacodyn. (1952) (in press).

Polydipsia Caused by Intrahypothalamic Injections of Hypertonic NaCl-Solut ions

Accord ing to a c o m m o n t h e o r y o r d i n a r y t h i r s t is c losely c o r r e l a t e d w i t h ce l lu la r d e h y d r a t i o n . T h u s t h e s e n s a t i o n of t h i r s t s h o u l d be of " g e n e r a l o r i g i n " . B u t t h e g e n e r a t i o n of p r i m a r y p o l y d i p s i a b y in ju r i e s in t h e h y p o - t h a l a m u s sugges t s t h a t t h e s e n s a t i o n of t h i r s t cou ld be i n d u c e d f r o m th i s p a r t of t h e b r a i n s t em. \VoLF~ in a p a p e r on o s m o m e t r i c ana ly s i s of t h i r s t in m a n a n d dog also s t a t e s t h a t t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s of such a ce l lu la r d e h y d r a t i o n h y p o t h e s i s wou ld r e m a i n s u b s t a n t i a l l y in- t a c t if i t were p o s t u l a t e d t h a t o s m o r e c e p t o r s of t h e VERNEY °- t y p e , r a t h e r t h a n genera l b o d y t issues , were t h e r e c e p t o r s in a t h i r s t ref lex.

I n o r d e r to s t u d y t h e e f fec t of an i n c r e a s e d o s m o t i c p re s su re in t h e h y p o t h a l a m u s , i n j e c t i o n s of h y p e r t o n i c NaCl - so lu t i ons were p e r f o r m e d d i r e c t l y i n t o t h i s p a r t of t h e b r a i n s t e n l of u n a n a e s t h e t i z e d goats , l gu r the r work on t h i s s u b j e c t is go ing on.

Paramedian sagittal section through the cranium of a goat with the eannula fixed on the skull. A-- Socle fixed on the skull. B = Point of injection. Hyp. :: Position of the pituitary gland.

3le thods : F o r t i le i n j e c t i o n s 0-5 toni t h i c k c a n n u l a c were used. H E s s ' a t e c h n i q u e was app l i ed for f i x a t i o n a n d g u i d a n c e of t h e c a n n u l a e , t h e l e n g t h of w h i c h v a r i e d a f t e r t h e size of t i le h e a d s a n d t h e p o i n t s of s t i m u h t t i o n des i red . X - r a y p i c t u r e s of t h e sku l l were t a k e n before a n d a f t e r e a c h e x p e r i m e n t in o rde r to secure a n d c o n t r o l t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e c a n n u l a e . T h e i n j e c t i o n s were per - f o r m e d t h r o u g h s m a l l holes in t h e c a n n u l a e 3 -6 m m f r o m t h e i r t i p s a n d o ra l ly d i r ec ted . T h e F i g u r e shows a p a r a m e d i a n s a g i t t a l s ec t ion t h r o u g h a c r a n i u m of a g o a t w i t h a c a n n u t a p l a c e d in t h e m a n n e r used w h e n i n j e c t i n g i n t o t h e a n t e r i o r h y p o t h a l a m u s . B o d y w a r n l 1 - 5 - 2 ?,, N a C l - s o l u t i o n s were used, a n d t h e a m o u n t i n j e c t e d was 0.1 c m a. A f t e r h a v i n g f in i shed an e x p e r i m e n t a s m a l l a m o u n t of I n d i a n i n k or F .vans b lue was i n j e c t e d t h r o u g h t h e

A. V. WoLV, Amer. J. Physiol. 161, 75 {19~,t)). 2 E. B. VERNEV, Proe. Roy. Soc. [B] 135, °5 (1947). ;t W. R. HESS, Beitrdge zur Physiologie des Hirnslammes, I. (Georg

Thieme, Leipzig 19,'1°); l)as Zwisctn,lthirlt (Benno Schwalm & (~., Ba~el 1919).

Page 2: Polydipsia caused by intrahypothalamic injections of hypertonic NaCl-solutions

158 Br~ves communications - Brevi conlunicazioui [ExPERIENTIAVOL.VI][I]4]

~annula in order to facili tate the localization. The histo- logical examinat ion of the brains has jus t started.

Results: In t rahypotha lamic injections have as ye t been under taken in 16 animals. In 8 exper iments poly- dipsia of varying intensi ty was seen as effect of the injections. These animals all refused to drink water be- fore the inject ion was made, but af ter the injection of hypertonic NaCl-solution they drank after a la tent period of ½ to 1 ½ minutes between 500 and 2500 cm a tepid water. The effect was Iihned in some of the experiments. In 6 of these exper iments the effect could be repeated 3 or 4 t imes with half an hour between the injections, but two animals became docile after the first inject ion-- one of them falling into seemingly normal s leep--and in these two animals the effect was not repeatable. In the two animals where the best effect was obtained, the injections were followed by obvious water diuresis, which s tar ted about one hour after the first inject ion cor- responding to the extensive water int~ake. The course of water diuresis of one of these animals, which had drunk 5-5 1 as a consequence of the injections, was followed for 3 h after the last injection. During this t ime it excreted 4 1 of urine with a specific grav i ty of 1.001 during the height of the water diuresis. The specific grav i ty of the urine before the exper iment s tar ted was 1.034. Next day in the morning the specific grav i ty of the animal 's urine was 1.038.

In all the 8 experiments, where posit ive results were obtained, the point of injection was si tuated medial ly in the anter ior hypothalamus, as far as can be seen from the X- ray pictures and from the brains examined up to now. Inject ions in front of the optic chiasm, and in the posterior and lateral parts of the hypotha lamus were not effective. As far as can be judged from the experiments under taken up to now, injections of isotonic or hypo- tonic salt solutions have none or very lit t le effect, but fur ther experiments are required for el iminating the possibility of possible mechanical effect.

These experiments might support the view tha t cells reacting specifically to an increased osmotic pressure of the fluid ba th ing them are si tuated in the anterior hypo- thalamus. Thus cells of this kind would, besides control- ling the l iberation of the antidiuret ic hormone from the posterior pi tui tary, be responsible also for the elicitation of thirst .

B. ANDERSSON

Depar tment of Physiology, Kungl. Veterin/irh6gsko- Ian, Stockholm, February 4, 1952.

Zusammen/assz~ng

Injekt ionen yon 0,1 cm 3 1,5- bis 2 %iger NaC1-L6sung fiihren bet Applikat ion in die mediale l~egion des vor- deren Hypotha lamus bet nichtnarkot is ier ten Ziegen nach einer Latenzzei t yon ½ bis 1 ½ min zu einer aus- gepr/igten Polydipsie. In 6 yon 8 F~illen war der Effekt wiederholbar. Zur Fixierung und Lei tung der Kaniile wurde die Hesssche Technik angewandt .

M e t h o d e z u r B e u r t e i l u n g d e r K o r o n a r -

d u r c h b l u t u n g

Bet der Durchsicht yon Radiozirkulogrammen, die von Normalpersonen und Kreislaufkranken durch In- jekt ion yon radioakt ivem I~2ochsalz in die rechte Arm- vene und Registr ierung der Radioakt iv i t i i t iiber dem

Herzen gewonnen wurden 1, ist uns folgendes aufgefallen. Naehdem das radioakt ive Blur die rechte und die linke Herzh~lfte durchflossen ha t (R und L der Herzkurve, Abbildung), sinkt bet mehr als der H/~lfte der FAlle die Akt iv i t~ t nicht sogleich auf einen konstanten Endwer t ab. In dieser Nachperiode folgen zuerst zwei kleine Ma- xima, welche deutl ich ausserhalb der statist ischen Akti- vi t~tsschwankungen liegen. Sie werden durch kleine Mengen radioakt iven Blutes verursacht , welche zu die- sen Zei tpunkten direkt unter dem Herzz~ihlr0hr lokali- siert sind. Eine Erkl~irung dafiir gibt der Koronarkreis- lauf.

Ein Teil des Aortenblutes (aus L) wird im Bereich des ZXhlrohres in die KoronargefAsse abgezweigt und im Herzmuskel verteil t . Nach einigen Sekunden sammel t es sich wieder im Sinus coronarius hinter dem Herzen, das heisst an einer vom Z~hlrohr entfernten Stelle, oder fliesst durch die vorderen Herzvenen direkt in den rech- ten Vorhof ~. Durch den Eins t rom in die dicht unter dem Z/ihlrohr gelegene K a m m e r folgt darauf der erste Koro- nargipfel (CR). Von hier aus fliesst das radioaktive ]31ut zum zweitenmal durch den Lungenkreislauf und gelangt nach Ablaut der mit t leren Lungenzeit (R-L) in die linke Kammer (zweiter Koronargipfel CL).

Aus beiden Gipfeln muss sich daher die gleiche Koro- narzeit fiir den Durchfluss des Blutes yon der linken K a m m e r durch den Anfangsteil der Aorta, die Koronar- gef/isse bis in den Sinus coronarius und den rechten Vor- hot best immen lassen. Die Zeit L -- CR entspricht der Summe aus Koronarzei t und Einflusszeit des Blutes vom Sinus coronarius in die rechte Kammer . An Stelle der le tzteren wird zur Berechnung mi t kleinem Fehler die Zeit HB-R (Einstromzeit herznahe Vena eava cranialis - rechte Kammer) eingesetzt. Zur Berechnung der Koro- narzeit L-CL muss neben derselben Einflusszeit noch die mit t lere Lungenzei t subtrahier t werden. Auch dieser Subtrahend ist aus dem vorangehenden Kurvenver lauf best immbar.

Die Auswertung yon 77 Normalkurven, aufgenomlnen bet Ruhe und liegend, Herzfrequenz 60-90, ergab im 1V[ittel eine Koronarzei t yon

4,1 i 0,21 s aus L-CR und 4,3 4- 0,21 s aus L-CL. Die innerhalb des statistischen Fehlers liegende l~lber-

e ins t immung dieser Resul ta te maeht es in hohem Masse wahrscheinlich, dass es sich bet den mit Cg und CL be- zeichneten Gipfeln um die gleiche radioakt ive Blut- menge vor und nach Durchst rbmung des Lungenkreis- Iaufes handelt. Bet dieser kleinen Kreislaufzeit yon 4,2 s kann es sich nur um Koronarblu t handeln. Alle iibrigen bisher bes t immten Kreislaufzeiten sind wesentlich 1/in- ger. Nur die Lungenzeit, vom rechten bis ins linke Herz, ist e twa gleich (4-4,5 sa).

Ers t nach ether kurzen konstantel l Periode wird der Verlauf der HerzaktivitS, t skurve wieder wellenf6rmig durch das im Herzen eintreffende rezirkulierende Blur aus den Organen und Extremit~iten. Die Aktivi t / i ten dieser verschiedenen Bluts t r6me kSnnen sich auch im Herzen treffen, so dass ein markante r Gipfel entspre- chend der mit t leren peripheren Umlaufzei t nach 40-50 s erkennbar wird (R 2 in der Abbildung).

Bet Koronarinsuffizienten haben wir nach Einnahme von Nitroglyzerin per os oder Corphyllamin intravenSs

1 P. WASER und Vv'.HUNZlNGER, Cardiologia 15, °19 (1919); Exper. 6, 109 (1950); Schweiz. Med. Vgschr. 81, 216 (1951).

2 D. E. GREGG, R. E. SHIPLEY und T. G. BIDDER, Am. J. Phy- siol. 139, 732 (1943).

3 p. X~TASER und W. I-IUNZINGER, Cardiologia 15, 219 (1949); Exper. ~,, 109 (1950); Schweiz. reed. Wschr. 81, 216 (1951).