pollutant levels of the lake water in lake “tadie”

International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)

Volume 1 Issue 3, September 2014

ISSN: 2349-8862

www.ijsres.com Page 24

Pollutant Levels Of The Lake Water In Lake “TADIE”

Peter Abum Sarkodie

Antoinette Adzi

Department of Science Education, University of Education,

Winneba, Mampong Ashanti, Ghana

Collins Kuffour

Department of Environmental Health and Sanitation

Education, University of Education, Winneba, Mampong

Ashanti, Ghana

Abstract: Water is important to life as human life as well

as animals and plants life on the planet depend on water.

The growth of population of any country tends to increase

water demand and everything needed by man for survival.

Satisfying these anthropogenic needs in turn pollute some of

the existing natural resources of which water is of no

exception. The most common sources of pollution of water

are from substances used in forestry, waste and agriculture

such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides etc, and aerosols

from pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs).

Water resources assessment becomes an important issue of

research interest in order to help the inhabitants of an area

to know the effect of their activities on water quality, health

and the environment. The study was therefore conducted in

a lake locally called “Tadie” in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana to

assess the pollutant levels of the water in the lake.

Laboratory work was the main instrument used for the data

collection. The results revealed that the mean concentration

levels of these physicochemical parameters; Cu, As, NO3-,

SO42-

, TDS and temperature were within the “no effect”

range proposed by EPA and WHO whilst the levels of pH,

PO43-

, total Fe and Pb were above the recommended levels by

both EPA and WHO. Also, apart from Salmonella typhi, the

biological analysis of total coliform, faecal coliform and E.

coli counts were very high and above the WHO/EPA

standards. There should therefore be all level education

among the residents on how to balance their anthropogenic

needs with the need to protect the lake. Farmers along the

banks of the lake should also be entreated to practice the

EPA zero fertilizer form of farming along the bank of the

lake to drastically reduce the run off of acid forming

compounds into the lake.

Keywords; Lake (Tadie), anthropogenic needs, zero

fertilizer farming, pollutants and aerosols

I. INTRODUCTION

Water is important to life as human life as well as animals

and plants life on the planet depend on water (Domenico,

1972). The role of water in the lives of organisms cannot be

downplayed and it is one of the essentials that support all

forms of plant and animal life (Vanloon and Duffy, 2005).

Water on the earth can be said to be enormous in quantity

when it is considered that more than two-thirds of the earth

surface is covered by water (Abdulaziz, 2003), and it is

generally obtained from two primary natural sources; thus

surface water such as fresh water, lakes, rivers, streams etc,

and ground water such as borehole water and well water

(McMurry and Fary, 2004 and Mendie, 2005 in Tiimub and

Adu-Gyamfi, 2012). The population growth of any country

increases water demand (Adeniji and John, 1989), and

everything needed by man for survival. Satisfying these

anthropogenic needs tend to pollute some of the existing

natural resources of which water is of no exception. According

to Tiimub et al, (2012) the most common source of pollution

of water is from substances used in forestry, waste and

agriculture such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides etc, and

aerosols from pharmaceuticals and personal care products

(PPCPs). The constituents of these products are highly toxic,

even in minute amounts (Fetter, 1994). Because of farming

activities, nitrogen-based fertilizers are the most commonly

identifiable pollutant in water in rural areas (Ashbolt and Veal,

1994). Although some chemicals like nitrate are relatively

non-toxic, it can cause certain conditions such as oxygen

deficiency which reduces hemoglobin in the blood cells. This

can lead to suffocation (Offodile, 2002). Water resources

assessment becomes an important issue of research interest in

order to help the inhabitants of an area to know the effect of

their activities on water quality, health and the environment

(Cairncross and Cliff, 1987, Musa et al., 1999). In order to

determine the contaminant levels of water, the water chemistry

and physics must be known. According to Babaji and

Ndubusi, (1988) major chemical parameters including Total

Dissolves Solids (TDS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),

Iron (Fe2+

and Fe3+

), Nitrate (NO3-), Nitrite (NO2

-) and

Chloride (CI-) play significant role in classifying and assessing

water quality. The study was therefore conducted in a lake

“Tadie” in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana to assess the pollutant

levels of the water in the lake.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted at Mampong, the capital of

Mampong municipality in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

Laboratory work was the main instrument used for the data



ISSN: 2349-8862

www.ijsres.com 5

collection. Physical observation of site and community-based

response survey was also employed to support the results from

the laboratory work.

A. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AROUND THE LAKE

(TADIE)

The lake is apparently between a two simple low lying

areas (valley) within the Mampong town. It is surrounded by

whole activities ranging from agro-economic to social

activities. Most vegetable farmers grow vegetable crops like

cabbage, carrot, pepper etc at the upper bank of the lake. A

Community centre and vehicle washing bay are situated at the

southern part of the lower bank. The municipal market is also

sited at the south-eastern part to the lake. Finally, larger

portion of the upper bank serve as residential area for

inhabitants.

B. SAMPLE COLLECTION

The water samples were collected in the morning in

750ml plastic bottles at five different places in the lake. With

the hands covered with sterilized rubber gloves, the bottles

were lowered to fetch the water samples. They were sealed

and labeled immediately as point (P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5). Two

samples (P1 and P2) were fetched at the lower lake about 20-

25m apart, other two were fetched from up lake (P4 and P5)

and a sample fetched from the middle lake (P3). The samples

were transferred into an ice chest to sustain the temperature of

the water and bacteria growth and were transported to the

laboratory for analysis. The samples were analyzed for some

physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, Biological

Oxygen Demand, Total Dissolve Solids, Nitrates, Phosphates,

Sulphates, Iron, Arsenic, Copper and Lead, Others included

Total and Fecal coliforms, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia

coli.

C. QUANTITATIVE LABORATORY ANALYSIS

Total and Faecal Coliforms

The Most Probable Number (MPN) method was used to

determine total and faecal coliforms in the samples. Serial

dilutions of 10-1

to 10-4

were prepared by packing 1 ml of the

sample into 9 ml sterile distilled water. One millilitre aliquots

from each of the dilutions were inoculated into 5 ml of

MacConkey Broth incubated at 35oC for total coliforms and

44oC faecal coliforms for 18-24 hours. Tubes showing colour

change from purple to yellow and after 24 hours were

identified as positive for both total and faecal coliforms.

Counts per 100 ml were calculated from Most Probable

Number (MPN) tables.

Escherichia coli (Thermotolerant coliforms)

From each of the positive tubes identified, a drop was

transferred into a 5 ml test tube of trypton water and incubated

at 44oC for 24 hours. A drop of Kovacs’ reagents was then

added to the tube of trypton water. All tubes showing a red

ring colour development after gentle agitation denoted the

presence of indole and record as presumptive for

Thermotolerant coliforms (E. coli). Counts per 100 ml were

calculated from Most Probable Number (MPN) tables.

Salmonella typhi

Prepared 10 ml of manufactured formula of Buffered

peptone water (BPW) was in a universal bottle and serial

dilution of samples was added to it. It was incubated at 37oC

for 24 hours. Then 0.1 ml of the sample from the BPW was

placed in a 10 ml of selenite broth in universal bottle and

incubated at 44oC for 48 hours. Swaps from the bottle onto SS

agar and incubated at 37oC for 48 hours. Black colonies on the

SS agar indicated the presence of Salmonella.

Temperature, pH and Total Dissolved Solids

The temperature, pH and total dissolved solids of the

water were determined by multi parameter probe Sonde with

the model YSI 650 MDS. The electrode of the instrument was

lowered into the sampled water in a beaker and the readings

were recorded appropriately.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)-Dilution method

A known volume of the sample was poured into a 300ml

BOD bottle and mixed with distilled water until it overflowed

and then capped. Another standard 300ml BOD bottle was

filled with distilled water to represent the blank. The initial

dissolved oxygen concentrations of the blank and diluted

sample were determined using a DO meter. Both bottles were

stored at 20°C in the incubator for five days. After 5 days the

amount of dissolved oxygen remaining in the samples were

measured with a DO meter and BOD5 was calculated

Nitrate-N and Phosphate Determination - Low Range

Comparator CODE 3119-01

A test tube was filled to 2.5ml with sampled water and

diluted to 5ml with Mixed Acid Reagent (MAR). The mixture

was capped and kept for 2 minutes. 0.1g of Nitrate Reducing

Reagent (NRR) was added capped and shake for a minute

until it was thoroughly mixed. The test tube was inserted into

the Low Range Comparator instrument with the Nitrate-N &

Phosphate Comparator Bar. Sample colour was then matched

to the colour standard.

Phosphate

The test tube was filled to 10 ml with sampled water. 1.0

ml of Phosphate Acid Reagent was added. The test tubes were

covered and shake well. 0.1g spoon was used to add one level

measure of Phosphate Reducing Reagent. After five minutes

the test tube was placed into the Low Range Comparator

instrument with the Nitrate-N & Phosphate Low Range

Comparator Bar. The sample colour was matched to a colour

standard, and the results were recorded as parts per million

(ppm) Orthophosphate.

Sulphate

100ml water sample was measured and poured into a

250ml Erlenmeyer flask. Exactly 5 ml conditioning reagent

was added and mixed in the stirring apparatus. While the

solution was being stirred a spoon full of barium chloride

crystals was added. Some of the solution was poured into the

absorption cell of the photometer and the absorption level was

measured at the fifth minute. Maximum turbidity was

achieved within 2 minutes and the reading remained constant

thereafter for 3-10 minutes. Sulphate that was present in the

water sample was read and calculated.



ISSN: 2349-8862


Method of Determination of Iron, Lead, Arsenic and

Copper by AAS

The iron, lead, arsenic and copper in the sample were

detected by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer - AAS

(Model 210 VGP). 100 ml water sample was poured in 250 ml

volumetric flask. Then, 5 ml concentrated HNO3 (55%) was

added after which it was put on the hot plate to evaporate to 20

ml. The sample was cooled to room temperature. The solution

was then diluted to 100 ml with distilled water in 100 ml

volumetric flask.

Characteristic standard solutions for the metals were

aspirated first into flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer

to prepare the standard curve for them and then finally

samples were aspirated and the concentration of the metals

were observed and reported in mg/L. Each metal level was

then calculated.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Treatme

nts

Temp pH TDS BOD Sulphate Nitrate Phosphate

P1 28.87 6.86 73.03 15.00 28.50 1.60 0.50 P2 28.63 6.32 74.08 12.50 21.50 1.82 0.52

P3 28.54 6.23 78.05 14.00 27.50 1.65 0.50

P4 28.81 6.04 71.03 13.00 25.50 1.33 0.52 P5 28.82 6.13 73.08 15.00 28.50 1.58 0.51

Means 28.73 6.31 73.85 13.90 26.30 1.60 0.51

LSD(p≤0.05)

0.08 0.04 0.10 0.90 3.50 0.27 0.04(NS)

C.V% 0.10 0.20 0.00 2.30 4.80 6.10 2.40

WHO - 6.5-8.5

1000 - 500 50 -

EPA - 6.5-

8.5

1000 - - 50 0.05

Table 1: Physicochemical parameters

Figure 1: Graphical presentation of the physicochemical

parameters of the sampling points

Temperature

From the above table, the highest temperature of 28.87oC

was recorded at P1 followed by P5 with 28.82oC. P4 recorded

28.81oC and 28.63

oC for P2. The least temperature was

recorded at P3 with 28.54oC. Although the recorded mean

temperature (28.730C) fell within the EPA limit and the water

could be suitable for drinking and domestic purposes in

respect of temperature (EPA Ghana,1997), the least

temperature of the lake (surface water) was even higher than

some boreholes (underground water) studied in the same

catchment area (Tiimub and Kuffour, 2013). These high

temperatures in the lake could be attributed to the washing of

vehicles all the time close the lake. The heat from the engines

heat up the water and run back into the lake gradually

increasing the overall water temperature. Clearing of the

vegetation just along the lake due to market expansion and

human settlement is also a significant factor accounting for

these temperatures, because the trees could have absorbed

some of the sun rays that directly hit the water surface.

pH

There was a significance difference (0.05) of 0.04 among

the water samples. P1 recorded pH of 6.86, followed by P2

with 6.32. P3 recorded 6.23, P5, 6.13 and the least pH of 6.04

was recorded at P4. However, the mean pH for the water in

the lake was 6.31. This means that the water in the lake was

slightly acidic and does not fall within the EPA and WHO

guideline value of 6.5-8.5. The acidic nature could be due to

the release of acid-forming substances such as sulphate,

phosphate, nitrates, etc. into the water. These substances might

have altered the acid-base equilibrium and resulted in the

reduced acid-neutralizing capacity (Abdul-Razak, 2009). True

to Razak words, vegetables farmers at the upper bank of the

lake usually apply fertilizers and pesticides on their field

which gradually run into the lake water after heavy rainfall.

These fertilizers may contain nitrate, sulphate and phosphate

components.

Total Dissolved Solids

The result from the analysis showed that there was a

significant difference (0.05) of 0.10 between the sample total

dissolved solids. The highest TDS of 78.05 mg/L was

recorded at P3 and the lowest of 71.03mg/L at P4. P2, P5 and

P1 recorded the values of 74.08mg/L, 73.08mg/L and

73.03mg/L respectively. The mean TDS for the five sampling

points was 73.85mg/L which was within the recommended

range set by both EPA and WHO (<1000mg/L) for drinking

purposes and 300mg/L recommended by WHO (2003) for

aquatic organisms. Though the TDS value was lower than

expected in respect to the physical environment around the

lake, some elements when run into water tend to accumulate

and/or bond with others and settle down the lake. According to

Water Resources Commission (WRC), (2003), Sulphates,

when added to water, tend to accumulate progressively

thereby increasing its density and causing easy sedimentation

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

The highest BOD value of 15mg/L was recorded at P5

and P1 followed by P3 recording 14.00mg/L, P4 with

13.00mg/L and the least value of 12.50mg/L at P2. There was

significance difference of 0.90 among the water samples. The

mean BOD for the lake water was 13.90mg/L. According to

Nemerow (1974), water bodies with high BOD values of

12mg/L or more are considered to be grossly polluted. The

average BOD obtained showed that the lake water was

polluted and this may be attributed to the high rate of organic

matter emanating from the market into the lake during rainfall,

chemical fertilizers and animal manure used by the farmers at

the upper bank of the lake as well as run off from the nearby

refuse dump.

Sulphate (SO42-

) Concentration



ISSN: 2349-8862


The overall mean sulphate concentration in the lake was

26.30mg/L at a significant difference of 3.512. The highest

level of 28.50mg/L was recorded at P1 and P5 and the least

value of 21.50mg/L was recorded at P2. However, the

intermediate values recorded were 27.50mg/L at P3 and

25.50mg/L at P4.The sulphate concentration in the samples

were within the “no effect” range set by WHO standards. The

reasons to this low level of sulphate in the sample could be

many though the environmental setting around the lake should

have caused high level of sulphate in the lake. Sulphate could

be used by bacteria as an oxygen source under anaerobic

conditions (Peirce et al., 1998). According to Mathuthu et al.

(1997) the lower sulphate value could be as a result of

precipitation and settlement to the bottom sediment of the

lake.

Nitrates (NO3-) Concentration

The highest value of 1.82mg/L was recorded at P2 and the

least value of 1.30mg/L recorded at P4. P3, P1 and P5

recorded nitrate values of 1.65mg/L, 1.60mg/L and 1.58mg/L

respectively, with a significant difference of 0.27. The mean

nitrate level (1.60mg/L) of the sample in the lake was lesser

than the EPA permissible limit of 50mg/L. The presence of

nitrate in the lake water was attributable to run off after

rainfall from the farming lands at the upper bank of the lake.

Though the nitrate present in the sample was infinitesimal and

was within the “no effect” range set by both EPA and WHO,

and this low count for nitrate could be as a result of other

organism that were nitrate dependent in the water having used

it up.

Phosphate (PO43-

) Ion Concentration

High values of phosphate were recorded in the samples.

The values ranged from 0.52mg/L as the highest at P2 and the

least value of 0.50mg/L at P3 and P1. Values of 0.52mg/L and

0.51mg/L were recorded at P4 and P5 respectively. The mean

phosphate in the sample was 0.51mg/L and it was beyond the

allowable limit set by EPA. This high level of phosphate was

attributable to the use of phosphate fertilizers for vegetable

production along the banks of the lake, which was mentioned

by Abdul-Razak, (2009) that there was a possibility that

farmers had used N-P-K fertilizer, at least during the sampling

period, which has the potential to leach or wash into the river

A. HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS OF THE LAKE

WATER

Treatments As Cu Fe Pb

P1 0.082 1.290 0.675 0.040

P2 0.084 0.925 0.725 0.022

P3 0.082 0.710 0.725 0.029

P4 0.081 1.775 0.800 0.029

P5 0.091 0.525 0.925 0.025

Means 0.084 1.045 0.770 0.029

LSD(p≤0.05) 0.004 0.087 0.088 0.004

C.V% 1.6 3.00 4.1 5.5

WHO 0.01 2.00 0.3 0.01

EPA 0.01 2.00 0.3 0.0

Table 2: Heavy metals concentrations

Figure 2: Graphical presentation of the heavy metals

concentration

Arsenic (As) Concentration of the lake water

The highest concentration of arsenic was 0.091mg/L at

P5. P4 recorded the least concentration of 0.081mg/L and both

P1 and P3 recorded 0.082mg/L. P4 also recorded 0.084mg/L

and the total mean arsenic concentration for the lake was

0.084mg/L at a significance difference of 0.004

The mean arsenic concentration was higher than the

WHO recommended value of 0.01mg/L. This indicated higher

pollution of the lake water by arsenic. The high arsenic

content in the lake may be due to the release of arsenic present

in alloys, glass and in old glass paint from the nearby refuse

damp into the lake water. Also certain fertilizers and

pesticides release high amounts of arsenic on the land which

gradually leach into the lake water (Sabine and Griswold,

2009). Also to Carbonell-Barrachina et.al, 2000 arsenic is

present mainly as DMAA (dimethylarsinic acid) and as

arsenite and release into water bodies from domestic effluents

and sewage sludge

Iron (Fe) Concentration of the Lake Water

The highest level of iron of 0.925mg/L was recorded at

P5. P2 and P3 recorded the same values of 0.725mg/L and the

least value of 0.675mg/L was recorded by p1. From the

results, the mean value of iron recorded was 0.770mg/L which

was higher than the WHO/EPA recommended values of 0.3 in

drinking water and water used for domestic purposes.

According to WRC, (2003) the concentration of dissolved iron

in water is dependent on the pH, redox potential as well as the

concentration of aluminium and the occurrence of several

heavy metals, notably manganese. Hence, the high values of

iron recorded in the lake can be attributed to the pH levels

recorded and this implies that iron and pH status were from

similar pollution source. The high mean iron concentration

resulted from the activities that go on around the water body

such as discharge of domestic liquid wastes from households

and nearby refuse dump. This in fact, is further supported by



ISSN: 2349-8862


the European Commission Directorate of Environment’s

(2001) report that some portion of the high level of iron in

water bodies emanates from raw sewage and agricultural

waste discharge.

Lead (Pb) Concentration of the Lake Water

Lead concentrations recorded were 0.040mg/L at P1. P3

and P4 followed with 0.029mg/L and the least value recorded

was 0.022mg/L at P2 and P5 value of 0.025. However, the

overall mean lead concentration recorded was 0.029mg/L

which was a bit higher than the WHO recommended value

0.01mg/L. Lead accumulations in the water might have been

due to discharges from vehicular exhaust from the washing

bay near the lake. Lead again might have been discharged into

the water from old batteries dumped at the refuse dump.

Copper (Cu) Concentration of the Lake Water

Concentration of copper (Cu), from the table above

revealed that P1 and P4 recorded 1.290mg/L and 1.775mg/L

respectively. P2 then followed with 0.925mg/L, P3 with

0.710mg/L and P5 recording the least value of 0.525mg/L at.

The mean value of copper concentration 1.045mg/L was

within the “no effect” standards of World Health

Organization. Its presence in the lake may be due to the

presence of the refuse dump because most of waste products

found in landfill and waste disposal site contain copper

constituting materials.

B. BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

WHO <1/100ml <1/100ml <1/100ml <1/100ml

EPA 0/100ml 0/100ml 0/100ml 0/100ml

Table 3: Microbial content of the lake water

The mean total coliform recorded was 6.763x107, mean

faecal coliform 3.703x106 while mean Escherichia coli

9.65x105 per 100cfu/ ml. There was no count for Salmonella

typhi. According to WHO and EPA; there should not be the

presence of any of these microbes in the water used for

drinking and domestic purposes. This clearly indicated that

pollution level of the lake water by microbes was significantly

high. The presence of the coliform bacteria was as a result of

faecal matter from both animals and humans that have their

way into the lake as stated by Abdul-Razak, (2009) that high

counts of faecal coliforms can be attributed to the

indiscriminate defecation along the river banks by both

humans and other animals that graze along the river banks. At

times other animals like birds also swim in the lake that might

possibly cause these pollutants levels. According to Jones &

White (1984) birds “pollute” more faecal indicators than

humans.

IV. CONCLUSION

The results revealed that the mean levels of Copper (Cu),

Arsenic (As), Nitrate (NO3-), sulphate (SO4

2-), TDS and

Temperature (physicochemical) were within the “no effect”

range proposed by EPA and WHO whiles the levels of

Phosphate (PO43-

), Total Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb) and pH were

above the recommended levels by both EPA and WHO. Also,

apart from Salmonella typhi, the biological analysis of total

coliform, faecal coliform and E. coli counts were very high

and above the WHO/EPA standards. There was an indication

therefore that the lake has been polluted to some extent. In

view of this, there should be all level education among the

residents on how to balance their anthropogenic needs with the

need to protect the lake. Again residents who direct their

effluents into the lake should be reprimanded and possibly

penalized for their actions. Furthermore farmers who farm

along the banks of the lake should be entreated by the EPA to

practice zero fertilizer form of farming to drastically reduce

the run off of acid forming compounds into the lake. The huge

refuse dump closer to the lake should also be cleared by the

Municipal Assembly. Finally, the washing bay closer to the

water body should direct it used water from the lake to a

different place in order to protect the aquatic organisms in it

and also the lake to curb the increasing levels of lake water

temperature.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors of this work wish to express their profound

gratitude to the people living around the lake for their co-

operation during the personal interview for the study.

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Treatments Total

Coliform

Fecal Coliform E. coli Salmo

nella

typhi

P1 9x106 6.65x10

5 2.3x10

5 nil

P2 2x107 5.1x10

6 4.15x10

5 nil

P3 4x107 1.5x10

6 9.15x10

5 nil

P4 3x107 9.15x10

6 2.35x10

6 nil

P5 2x108 2.1x10

6 9.15x10

5 nil

Means 6.763x107

3.703x106 9.65x10

5 nil

LSD(p≤0.05) 8165008 7431870.4(NS) 72663.9 nil

C.V% 4.3 72.3 2.7 nil



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pollutant levels of the lake water in lake “tadie”

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