THE SOCIAL ELEMENT IN THE POLITICAL SPEECH OF VENEZUELAN GOVERNANCE

Ph D. Cesar David González Pérez1

cego16@hotmail.comPh D. Dilia Monasterio2

ailidadm@gmail.com

Introduction

   Addressing the issue of managing and their conceptual implications, has been

thought since ancient times, however, the theoretical propositions known to date are

presented as insufficient to provide elements for understanding the dynamics of

management. The research3 presented is the result of investigative concern regarding the

social content as an explanatory variable of organizational practice and study to address the

issue of management4, a proposal that has retaken and appreciated the role of non-rational

elements underlying the managerial and administrative practices.

The key issue of this paper is to clarify the subject-object relationship. It is called

"subject" to know and "object" to any process or communication phenomenon on which the

subject develops its discursive activity. Thus, the problem arises in the relationship of the

knower and what is knowable through discourse.

The nature, character and the specific properties of the cognitive relation, in

understanding humans as beings spoken, involves addressing specific elements in this

1Political scientist from Universidad de los Andes. Mérida, Venezuela; Specialist in Health Management from the University of Yacambú. Barquisimeto, Venezuela, PhD of Management Sciences from the National Experimental University of the Armed Forces, Caracas Venezuela. Member of the Research Group: Management, State and Complexity. Currently, Postdoctoral course participant of Management Sciences from the UNEFA.

2Associate Professor, National Experimental University of the Armed Forces, Caracas Venezuela, Postdoctoral Management Sciences (2007), PhD in Economics and Management Sciences, University of Santa Maria (2003). MBA in Personnel Management. (Institute of the Armed Forces, 1996). Degree in Education. Mention Administration. (Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1991). Member of the Research Group: Management, State and complexity.3 This research has been developed within the framework of the activities and the support of the research group "State Management and Complexity", National Experimental University of the Armed Forces Polytechnic Bolivariana, whose researchers are active members. 4 This concern has been captured earlier by Monasterio-González y Romero-Pérez (2009) González (2010)

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relationship, that we call performative statements. The statements are one of the possible

types of statements described by John Langshaw Austin, a language philosopher author of

the book “How to Do Things with Words” (1988), which was collected posthumously for

his theory of speech acts. Austin called performative statement that not only describes a

fact but by the very fact that makes it expressed.

There are some statements that cannot be evaluated in terms of truth or falsity. This

feature is what distinguishes a performative utterance of a descriptive statement. Indeed, it

is not the sincerity of the speaker, since it exceeds the limits of linguistic analysis. The fact

of promise is made in the instant in which the statement is issued, a fact not disclosed, but

the action is performed.

Therefore, scientific theories in the field of management science have tried to gain an

understanding of the phenomena of management using reason. Economistic rationalism has

been the discursive matrix upon which have been erected managerial different languages

that have been expressed in modernity, showing a strong emphasis on the development of

proposals that explain the phenomena related to intra-organizational relationships and

productive phenomenon , as the central subject of management.

Under these assumptions there are different organizational approaches, especially

those related to the organization of the State, the Weberian´s model5 is a benchmark based

on the bureaucracy, in which reason plays an essential role in understanding managerial

action . The model has implied a formality in management style that brings a nested

hierarchy, in demanding obedience and delivery of power that brings these hierarchies.

Overvaluation and devaluation bringing social relations out of power and coercion, thus

allowing a blurring formal organizational charts with the emergence of disruptive social

relations, beyond the realm of rational understanding of management. (Maturana, 2002)

In this way the management has been viewed from the administrative´s perspective, as

an activity characterized by the dominance of reason. With a strong emphasis on

measurable aspects of management, such as including the effectiveness, efficiency, and 5 Max Weber is also known for his studies of bureaucratization of society, the rational ways in which social organizations apply the characteristics of an ideal type of bureaucracy

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planning; however, the nature of human relationships, a condition understood as biological

beings subjects of management, is required to understand the emergence of elements that

are not from traditional perspectives joint management.

This context highlights the presence of the social and the centrality of communications

as epochal condition that have been validly addressed from the discourse analysis. Interest

in the social level institutions or organizations has replaced reason in the understanding of

the human; but rather, that these are along with the reason a framework that gives meaning

to the human, including the political relations. In this sense, the objective of this study is to

analyze the political discourse of the social in Venezuelan public administration in the

period of 1999-2009.

From a methodological perspective, this paper is considered qualitative, conceived as a

theoretical study, supported by the method of discourse analysis, understood as a

transdiscipline of humanities and social sciences that systematically studies written and

spoken discourse as a form of language use in events such as interaction and

communication in cognitive, social, political, historical and cultural contexts.

From this point of view, research is presented as a comprehensive proposal

management phenomenon during natural human action as a particular living individual, has

a biological basis that determines the action. Share expressed in speech´s acts and has been

approached from the conception of van Dijk (1998, 1999) in relation to cultural elements,

that part of the appreciation of the "context" as the core of fundamental understanding in

the description and explanation of written and oral.

The oral and written text is considered by Bajtin as primary data of all semiotic

studies. Coming to note that the text is "the immediate reality, thought and reality of

emotions, which can only be founded these disciplines and this thought" (Bajtin, 1977:197).

This statement confirms that the best method to analyze the emotions is that of discourse

analysis.

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The unit of analysis is called discursive unity, in which there was the intention of the

speaker in language broadcasting in terms of communicative intention; this being the

element that most contributed to the axis of understanding human activity from the

revaluation of emotions. A total of 243 speeches and interviews were reviewed, , all of

them formed as discursive units of the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela,

in the period under study. Were also selected fifteen (15) documents, as a criterion for the

presence in them of traditional categories management such as planning, organizing,

directing and controlling. Search this that was guided under the conception of foucault´s

genealogy trying.

Place the event from a diverse set of more or less deep layers, of a more or less decisive, more or less rare. To do this, turns his attention to everyday documents and gray, filed as "keynote session", "notarial acts", "parish records", "port records proven year after year, week after week" (Foucault. 1970 : 55)

The investigation carried out makes use of instrumental form for discourse analysis,

starting from emergency surfaces identified by the specification grid. When discussing

Foucault grid specification is "the systems under which separates, opposes, grounded,

regrouped, classified, and derive, are different from each other" (1999:68)

The speech as a language of the political

Within the domain of public governance affairs and policy management coexistence

expresses itself technical management of the public6, aimed at the implementation of plans

and programs with the greatest attention intra-organizational focused on technical

validation of own scientific and technical discipline, also this segment of public

administration is interested in the environment only to the extent that link him to the

fulfillment of its objectives. Similar approach, in terms of political management, technical

management is traditionally associated by hegemonic administrative course of action of the

6This management can be understood as the technocracy, which seeks the rationality of modernity, as a predominantly management ideal of reason, which is expressed in the tendency to supplant political power rather than support you with their advice, assuming for itself the role for decision making. Removing the division between politics and kingdom of ends as a kingdom of technical and media, coming off the technocrat-economic and technical means of social action to get in the end and in the values, claiming that the decision of a political and discretionary, based on prudential and moral criteria, can be replaced by a non-discretionary decision, the result of calculations and predictions of a scientific, on the basis of pure efficiency criteria.

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intermediate or lower hierarchy of management, called tactical or operational. However,

this type of public management has its expression in different tiers of the organization of

the public administration of the public. Inclusively in a clear demonstration to understand

the complex phenomenon that houses the study problem, we see the juxtaposition of the

two domains of governance, technical and political, even embodied in the same actors in

different temporary locations, but close.

In the domain of public governance affairs has emerged as a way to manage the State

as a subject of the public, which seems to reject the logic of that brand modernizing

management, which is the technical management of the public. This interplay between the

two areas of management practice has manifested a predominance of political discretion in

the management of public affairs.

In this sense, it is necessary to have theoretical elements for reflection and discussion

of the relationship between society and the state. This need shows the importance of an

approach from emerging perspectives that account for the emotional dimension of human

behavior against political phenomena; in relation to traditional approaches that favor the

primacy of reason and understanding element management studies of state policy.

In the domain of political management Foucault has observed "a set of mechanisms by

means of which, what in the human species is their fundamental biological traits could be

part of a policy, a policy strategy, or a comprehensive strategy to power" (2007:17). With

this proposition Foucault7, approximates what he calls biopolitics or biopower, in

establishing hierarchical relationships, or the influence on them, in the context of our

geohistorical epochal condition that seems to erupt within the political´s artificiality of

power relations, as relations derived from the political management.

Humans, as social beings, are only in the dynamics of relations of mutual acceptance,

without it, one acts under the rejection of the other, with an emotional reactive basis. This

7 Michel Foucault is best known for his critical studies of social institutions, especially psychiatry, medicine, the humanities, the prison system, and for his work on the history of human sexuality. His work on power and the relationship between power, knowledge and discourse has been widely debated. Foucault preferred to classify his own thought as a critical history of modernity rooted in Kant.

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rejection is so emotional that make us get involve in relations with others that in normal

circumstances we would reject, as always happens when opposing parties are in a political

struggle. According to the above said we could infer that acceptance is relative and even

temporary.

Consequently, in situations in which differences cannot be resolved by logical criteria,

as often happens in politics, and governance, preferences prevail; even rational syllogisms

are based on assumptions chosen in tastes or beliefs of each individual. Not accepting the

other's position when it is antagonistic8, represents an existential threat to one's belief,

which is only feasible with the disappearance of the other.

This area of policy management characterized by minimizing addressing societal

opposition has not been able to create domains of coexistence in which there is no claim to

have privileged access to absolute truth, despite the formation of ideological and religious

systems rule, are based on the existence of a revealed truth, which belongs to a group,

majority or not, and on which a push build emotional and rational exclusionary do not share

its explanatory statement taken as "truth".

The nature of human relationships, understood and conditioned as biological beings

subjects of political management, requires for understanding, the emergence of elements

that are not within the traditional perspectives of the political management of the state. Most

notably the presence of emotions and the centrality of communications as epochal

condition, elements such that as said can validly be addressed from the study of speech units.

In all the above prevailing conception of discourse as a practice among other practices,

in which the researchers analytical orientation was directed towards what the discourse

does, or rather the fact to say. In this way of understanding the speech, the receiving

8 One example is the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in which they have been involved for the last two thousand years Jews, Romans, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, British, French and the two superpowers of the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union, which godparents to Israel and Arab radicals, respectively. But the conflict between Jews, who in 1948 founded their state, after the emotion caused by the Holocaust, and Palestinians, who have no state, no end of it in the rationality of each group goes through to survive the destruction of others.

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process or dialogue was seen as an interpretive activity, diversified according to the

reception conditions and divergent intentions issuer's significant.

As clearly expressed Foucault's thinking "what exists, exists because it is said" to the

extent that saying is generated intersubjectivity. We are not speaking beings but beings

spoken, it is only the language as a phenomenon of life which enables the understanding of

the evolutionary history of humans. Maturana (2002) shows how language occurs in the

flow of consensual coordination’s of consensual coordination’s of behavior. Accordingly,

each word is a coordination thrill of doing and that takes place in the coexistence in

language which is the meaning of the words. Maturana uses the word languaging to

emphasize the dynamic relational language. While Chilean researcher conversation reserves

the term to refer to entanglement of consensual behavioral coordination’s of coordination’s

and emotions that occur by living together in language.

The "consensual coordination’s of consensual coordination’s of behavior" are the

operationality in language and what takes place in it. This view , that all human life occurs

in conversations, has an important implication for the current basic object of study to

explain human existence as taking place in a continuous flow of languaging and

emotioning9. In that domain concepts and debates are part of enormous practical

consequences.

These semiotic elements: language and speech are manifested in buildings traded on a

culture ruled by forces and stresses coming from all sides, especially from, the group who

has the power that ends up imposing its strength in dialogic correlation. Therefore, we must

take care of the drifts of the speeches of political management, as well as the fluctuations of

the concepts referred to by the practice of traditional management approaches to name

these realities.

In the situation that we have addressed temporal, political discourse in political

management, understood as observable reflection of emotions emerging praxis of political

management as human action, has taken the course of epochal condition, its radical 9 In a continuous flow of languaging and emotioning as non rational dimension of social phenomena present in policy management.

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relativization, putting brackets constitutive volatility, in short, has lapsed or vitality based

almost exclusively of performativity10 discursive actors.

  Hence, party identification has shortcomings theoretical conceptual scaffolding of

political science and management to grasp the non rational discourse emerging

management outlining government policy. The search for new proposals have navigated

from one side to another device carried in common: uncertainty, instantaneity, its

ephemeral nature, ubiquity, proxemics11, pulsions assessment 12 of thought, the ambiguity of

all certainties, the discontinuity of all uniqueness, run out, the extreme complexity of

human phenomena. Therefore, many doors have been opened for the establishment of big

players in the performativity action itself, by force of the heuristic word, the ease of

transgressive impulses, and the ethic and commitment to express the will.

In the context of the research, the speech has not been conceived only by a set of

statements, but also and mainly by a sequence of actions. This led us to an analytical

conception of discourse, which kept the activity of the subject in the enunciation of

discursive practices. This approach has allowed actional part of the investigation the

revaluation of semiotics pragmatic and extralinguistic interest in understanding the

elements of speech, in which the central element is the action, not the subjects, achieving an

understanding of the management practice politics in Venezuela from the analysis of

discourse in the period from 1999 to 2009.

As mentioned, the categories from the hegemonic approaches of governance do not

realize the policy management model that has prevailed in Venezuela from the political

discourse. Against which seem to emerge understanding elements that have not been

compiled and systematized, remaining vague. The unveiling of these blurring in

10 We understand the "performativity" as the ability of language to generate, induce or suggest a change in the parameters of the world.11 The term proxemics refers to employment and the perception that the human being does your physical space, your personal privacy, of how and who uses it.12 Are named pulsions forces derived from somatic tensions in man, and needs it in this sense the impulses are among the level somatic and psychic level. As the pulsions have no definitive and default objects and also have different sources and therefore forms of manifestation, including: life instinct or Eros, death instinct or Thanatos, sexual drives, drive to know.

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understanding managerial activity of the State, can identify the emergence of a new way to

manage, which rejects the standard measures sometimes advocates social elements , and

some other times less tangible. Being particular interest of the research, the emerging codes

reveal that serve as elements of understanding that no managerial practice grounded in

rational dominance shaft, which has not been sufficiently addressed.

Governance and the state in Venezuela

Reflecting on governance and knowledge founded on the basis of discourse analysis

during the period of study has allowed an interpretation of the social context where

antagonisms emerge relations of domination, political coercion, among other types of

inhomogeneous relations. Significance privileged records in the analysis, account for a

dominant rationality in the field of public administration in the period studied.

To undertake this type of study, in which we witness an epochal condition, and in

which the sum of discursive events can be rarely observed had reached such high levels,

while this knowledge tools have become generators own goals, often regardless of the

management process. The assumptions presented below can form a matrix of political

thought prevalent in Venezuela's ruling class, as a result of many cultural variables, while

potentially generating a thought a particularly managerial praxis. Therefore the notion of

management focused on the social front economist rationality management model, studied

here, is subject to the premise of the dynamic view of public management model on which

deprives the eleventh, the economy at the service of social development formula.

Understanding this symbolic universe demands managerial contributions to make

profound changes in prevailing rationality, having required the formalization and

operationalization of discourse which operates totalizations, centered from the set of

empirical uniformities. Its theoretical totalization has identified significant determinations

of reality in the form of setting up a unit complex premise.

Parliamentary action is the essence of the liberal state institution that serves primarily

to legitimize the "representation". In the democratic tradition parliaments have served as

the backdrop for the discussion of ideas, but their primary function is to serve as

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transactional space where debate is tied to the balance of power through elections

previously determined. Given this fact, the political imaginary mission repealed in the first

premise, and the obligation to a sector of society resulting from the second premise,

understanding the state as an instrument of claim, in continuing the task of Bolivar, requires

a strong executive.

The executive power conceived as discourse analysis, as set out in the political ideas of

Simon Bolivar13, is individual and exercised by the President of the Republic who

concentrates in himself the qualities of head of state and head of government. This strong

executive performative level is based on the denial of the political effectiveness of the

representation, which is opposed by the leading role. Thus, the role reserved to the legislature

is to be a support body of the executive, depending on the protest activity of the excluded.

Excluded, due to the representation that couldn’t articulate their interests, in consequence,

the indication is through performative speech to the executive to issue the guidelines for

legislation. Also, within this job is reserved to the legislature the task to serve as controller

of the executive's plans.

This executive power emerges, a discursive level, invested with legitimacy derived to

establish itself as the embodiment of the popular will, for the most patriotic people is

carrying qualitative vision of management, and in that name managerial action occurs

elevated to the status of participation Participate in management with a history of cyclical

imposition of colonial and neocolonial modernization without modernity, allows

visualizing the action of the representative of the executive power, as the popular power

with constituents in terms of attributes which can be continuous reorganization of

administrative action.

 The emergence of new traits in Venezuelan society such as the popularization of mass

culture, the pace and complexity in automation of work and increasing computerization of

everyday life, has enabled the development of governance ideological structuring elements

useful to compensate for mismatches despersonalized trends and conceptions of individual

13 See Angostura´s speech on 15 February 1819.

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and collective life. To address these gaps, the whole discourse promotes the establishment

of ideology as conscious structuring element in administrative processes.

Ideology has been a controversial area of study and complicated. His broad future, full

of encounters and diverse, questioning realize it. With the progressive development of

theories claimants of the significance and importance of symbolic relations of power, the

world of social representations and discourse, the ideology concept has been revitalized.

Our assumptions about ideology and its relation to language and political discourse are

the following. We understand social life as symbolic and therefore "susceptible of

distortion" (Ricoeur, 1997: 28). It is this fact that makes the form of ideological and

knowledge of reality. Basically, ideology helps to constitute "explicit belief systems,

integrated and coherent, which justify the exercise of power, explain and judge historical

events, identify what is right and what is wrong in politics, define relations between politics

and other fields of activity and provide a guide to action "(Bobbio, 1998: 758).

Additionally, ideology involves social beliefs shared by a group, beliefs that control

and organize the knowledge and opinions (attitudes) of this specific (Van Dijk, 1999: 72).

Therefore, we must understand the ideology in the four levels that compose it: the symbolic

(representations),14, the collective (group), behavioral (action) and political (power)15; these

four levels give the ideology its own profile as an object of study.

The structure and logic of ideology are at the basis of the whole process of conflict

symbolic power relations of domination that make the management of government action,

of cognitive structures and representations of social groups. Ideology thus provides the key

to understanding these phenomena integrates and articulates different levels and elements

involved in them, realize the phenomena related to the struggle for symbolic power and is

key to their understanding. Thus, requiring the transit to the radicalization of the structural

transformation that will promote operational stability.14 Understanding cognitive schemata by representations that guide the way in which the individual experiences the world, in which processes information.15 Ideology and all symbolic processes that accompany and give meaning to action lead to conflicts, which place it in the realm of power struggle. And "the notion of conflict shows how the need, desire or interest even if not given by the consciousness that experiences can take shape in the representation" (Foucault, 1968: 373).

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Premise 1. The dominance of the social to the economic

As a field of politics, the social question, ultimately, with the rules and mechanisms

that allow the exercise, maintenance or change, concentration or power distribution. The

complexity of the social field is the result of different and often contradictory factors that

determine its configuration and dynamic.

In the level of performativity, the analysis of the social speech is based on the existence of a

principle of justice that occurs as part of the social construction that is generated from

socially shared values and collective norms that guide behavior. Although social policy is

expressed as a management decision, it relies on a collective construction of a principle of

justice that guides managers of public administration in the choice of values such as

equality, solidarity, and the establishment of priorities and goals.

The speech reveals consensus building that provide a basis for political decisions

guided by the assessment of the collective over the individual values. Thus, levels of

inequality are chosen that are considered tolerable, what is meant by equality itself, and is

defined in what circumstances and in relation to which groups society should be supportive,

as well as what are the desirable levels of collective sacrifice for promoting the social.

Consequently, the social field in the speech that directs the action of the state sector, is

being faced by the struggles of different social forces in the process of establishing,

maintaining and reply address hegemonic projects of society, , understood as political

action such as confrontation.

This speech gives the corporate structure with content and policy guidance values that

define the scope of the social, in which it is assimilated to social assistance, to the extent that

the role of the state is the claim of the excluded. This process of ideological debate that is

present in the illocutionary speech level is a process of constitution of social subjects.

Similar conditioning is manifested in the discourse of alignment with the project country

that aspires to set social group to be considered legitimate, for the same reason.

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In the dispute for the meanings of social contents constitute a process of unceasing

interplay between different actors. As a result, not only, but also attribute meanings are

created strengthened and remake identities. Resulting most notorious that the immediate

environment of the organization becomes society. This corresponds to the imaginary

discourse when it comes to social responsibility, enough with the society intervention to

cover that instance. Thereby completing the juxtaposition of the social policy.

Premise II. Economy at the service of the social such as development formula

The message this management model wants to transmit, in the Venezuelan case, is the

need to put the economy at the service of man and not the human being at the service of the

economy, the main objective of the management of social needs. The discourse is oriented

to meet the conditions for sustained growth and generate new wealth, and maximize the

possibilities offered by new technologies, especially in the petrochemical field. Also , to

promote service activities and defining new ways of organizing work, this satisfies both

market needs and aspirations of workers.

From the foregoing it is shown that investment, both public and private, seems to be

aimed at preventing and combating exclusion, from the perspective chasing state

redistribution of wealth as a means to mitigate social stratification, but not it disappear. Is

worth noting that, the element class, as mobilization factor present in the speeches of

Marxist type is not seen in the speeches analyzed. State management activity on working

conditions as the discourse seeks to establish regulatory frameworks to decline, in cases

that are excessive, the burden for unskilled labor; pursuing active for reinstatement in the

active life of the most vulnerable, and adapting our tax and benefit schemes for the return

of employment results in an effective increase of income of workers.

Consequently the discursive action is oriented to finding formulas for the redistribution

of wealth, boosting state aid, and increasing effectiveness. The intention expressed in the

speech is to give comprehensive treatment to the joints, where the claim of the excluded is

always above the individual interest of a group or individuality, but when they do not share

the vision of the management, is not considered people.

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The speech in response to the high demand of formal character produces a

perlocutionary intersubjective response, acknowledging openly, but not repetitive,

insufficient state resources to address political action, economic and resolution social

problems.

This response invites the participation of the private sector, social patterns, in support

of social policy. This directive derive two guidelines that have been consistent in managing

state relationship with the private sector on the one hand the support and backing to the

private sector transnational ventures not exploiters of the working class, and on the other,

the provision of public and private financial instrument in support of small and medium

industries.

Again as evidenced actions outlined in the speech-oriented public management, are

aimed at transforming the model in order to reduce the economic gap, not to eliminate it.

Leaving space for private initiative, which distinguishes it from the Marxist socialist

models.

Furthermore, and as a way of redistributing wealth, with inspiration from the

independence movement, in this case of Zamora16, proposed land redistribution, not

through land reform, but through expropriation, new understanding of political action and

struggle, with the interest in promoting agricultural development as sources of

transformation of the economic model. This brings an idea of changing demographic

patterns of land occupation.

Considering the above, the social is an essential element, and both paradoxical and

complex, of human existence. However, in the history of the systematic study of

management, research on the social and content of their actions have had little interest in

terms of a path of scientific foundation and disciplinary distinction has matched the

privilege by both subjective phenomena mid rational, cognitive or symbolically, as the

exclusion of social life plans that have been considered belong to the individual level.

16 Ezequiel Zamora was a Venezuelan military and politician, one of the main protagonists of the Federal War (1859-1863), radical leader who advocated an extensive reform in favor of farmers.

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The practice of managing the relationship within their environment, by means of

discourse, is done on a personal reference axis of the empirical subject of enunciation from

his personal experiences establishing a sketch of certain discursive and conceptual lines that

establish a network connection and practices to assemble the fabric of social ties with

society. Thus it can be said that the social as content management praxis, plays a key role

as part of the reaffirmation of the significance of personal leadership role of the subject of

enunciation over organizational support to the administrative, being first defining and decisive

speech can be dispensed at the second.

In conclusion

This speech gives the corporate structure with content and policy guidance values that

define the scope of the social, in which it is assimilated to social assistance, to the extent that

the role of the state is the claim of the excluded. This process of ideological debate that is

present in the illocutionary speech level is a process of constitution of social subjects.

Similar conditioning is manifested in the discourse of alignment with the project country

that aspires to set social group to be considered legitimate, for the same reason.

Collective association forms of expression and emotional affectivity (components such

as fear, avoidance, anger or sympathy) operates in the range of the social context in

management and control mechanism.

The conception of discourse as a practice among other practices, generating

intersubjectivity in which the analytical orientation of researchers was directed towards

what the discourse does, or rather the fact to say. Hence, party identification has

shortcomings theoretical conceptual scaffolding to apprehend the social management as

non rational discourse emerging governance in Venezuela. Without assuming that the

findings unveiled represent inexorable laws, which are not within the field of political

science, posing as proposed comprehensive governance, is the course of natural human

action as a living individual has a biological foundation determines that action.

Share expressed in speech´s acts and has been approached from the conception of van

Dijk (1998, 1999) in relation to cultural elements, that part of the appreciation of the

15

"context" as the core of fundamental understanding in the description and explanation of

written and oral. In the political discourse that has been studied, and that accounts for the

practices and discourses of the actors associated with the government, is a subject that often

is left to deal with a fearful attachment to keep the alleged scientific objectivity. To mention

it, refers to a series of great prejudice into the field of study of public management, opening

a gap in the production of knowledge from a strictly scientific perspective.

The development of this research allowed to reveal the presence of categorical

elements that outline a model of governance, where the predominance of emotion,

expressed through language, as we have seen throughout this investigation, has a

normalizing function, repressive since the signifier, which determines the actions

performativity) receptor discourse. Influence has been synthesized in the form of

assumptions of legitimizing the management of public action.

References17

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17 The translation of bibliographical sources, originally worked in Castilian, was conducted by the authors

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