Policy Proposals for Migration and Development

The World Bank24 April 2007

• Gaining from Migration: Policy

Proposals for a New Labour Mobility

System, September 2007

• Migration and Development: Should

They Stay or Should They Go?, October

2007

Migration at the OECD Development Centre

Gaining from Migration: Key Outputs

– Migration, employment, growth

– Challenges for integration– Diaspora networks– Migration and

development

Evaluative reviews: what do we know about…

Policy Briefs: synthesising policy

lessons regarding…

Final Report (proposals for managing a new mobility

system)

Sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, Central Europe

Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Moldova Ghana, Mali Morocco, Turkey Ecuador India

Regional and Country Case Studies

Key Messages: Policy Innovations

1. Look at migration policies through a development lens

2. Integrate international migration into development strategies

3. Overhaul the organisation of migration management

4. Make policies more coherent for more effective management

The Migration Life Cycle

Phase

Labour supply

Productivity

Remittances

Growth PovertyReduction

Exit - - 0/- 0/- -Adjustment 0/- ? 0/+ 0/- 0/-Consolidati

on 0 + + + +Networking 0 + 0/+ + +

Return + ? - ? ?

Migration’s Effect on Growth and Poverty Reduction

Source: OECD (2007)

(1) Look at migration policies through a development lens

Percent of Tertiary Educated Population in OECD Countries

<2%<5%<10%<20%>20%

Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004

Less-educated migrants don’t come from the poorest

countries

6 7 8 9 10 11

Log GDP per capita 2000

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

Lo

g lo

w s

kill

em

igra

tio

n r

ate

to

EU

Source: Data from OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004; WDI; authors’ analysis.

Mobility of the low-skilled: greater poverty reduction?

• The low skilled are more likely to be poor themselves

• Labour-market effect: creates vacancy• Remittances sent by the low-skilled:

– Benefit poorer households and regions– Insurance value, more valuable to the poor

• Low-skilled remit more

Europe attracts fewer highly educated migrants

Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004

Low

MiddleHigh

Low MiddleHigh

Europe America0

5

10

15

Mill

ion

s

Non-OECD

OECD origin

Smart visa policies for legal migration and development

• Proliferation of temporary employment schemes: joint management in 57 out of 92 countries.

• Limitations of specific duration guest worker programmes

• Multiple entry visas: device to ease return and circularity.

• Continuous and active monitoring of contracting arrangements.

• Pre-departure training and language courses.

Reported Remittances Sent per Migrant (2000)

EU

GCC

E Asia

NIC

sUS

Other O

ECD

Develo

ping R

eg.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

US

$

Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics and UN Trends in Migrant Stock.

Remittances: how to expand benefits?

• Remittances not a substitute for development assistance.

• Lower the cost of transfers: a priority for EU Member States.

• Provide improved access and innovative financial instruments.

• Codéveloppement: involve migrants and their associations

(2) Integrate international migration into development

strategies

Integrating International Migration into Development

StrategiesFor sending countries: integrate migration into

macroeconomic, human resource management, higher education, infrastructure and “South-South” policy initiatives

Major developing country diasporas in the EU

Foreign-born or foreign (*) populationsSource: OECD International Migration Outlook 2006.

Enabling Diasporas• Social and economic integration

– Knowledge of job opportunities– Accessing social services

• Vectors of trade and investment– Transnational networks create trade

opportunities– Preference for home-produced goods

• Development co-operation– Engage diasporas networks to facilitate return

migrants– Migrant networks to foster “virtual return” – Co-development projects

(3) Overhaul the organisation of migration

management

Overhauling the Organisation of Migration

Management• National level: inter-ministerial

initiatives to promote co-ordination of development and migration policies

• Supra-national level: stronger systematic consultations …

Migration management: Decision making in the EU

JHA Council(27 EU interior ministers)

General Affairs Council(27 EU foreign ministers)

SCIFA(Interior/justice reps)

High-Level Working Group onAsylum and Immigration

(Interior/justice reps)

AsylumFrontiers &False Documents

CIREFIVisa

Coreper II(Commitee of PermanentRepresentatives of the

member states)

Migration &Expulsion

Working parties

(4) Make policies more coherent for more effective

management

Complementarity of flows

Cogneau and Lambert (2006)

Policy coherence: what role for aid?

• Aid cannot really slow migration…but it can serve as a catalyst to:–diffuse the benefits of migration– facilitate adjustment

• Aid channelled to investments in infrastructure can facilitate domestic labour market integration.

• Aid channelled to capacity building can mitigate the negative impact of the brain drain.

Policy coherence: what role for trade policies?• EU and OECD trade policies have a

significant impact on living standards and income in low income countries and hence affect migration patterns.

• More coherence is needed between EU and OECD trade and migration policies.

• The international community needs to consider the scope of GATS Mode 4 to encompass low-skilled workers.

Effective partnerships

Partnerships: a vehicle for maximising gains and minimising risks of international migration?

OECD countries commit themselves to rethinking migration policies conducive to development, and development assistance for capacity building

Sending countries commit themselves to mainstream migration and remittances into national development strategies

For more info: www.oecd.org/dev/migration

Thank you for your attention!

Merci de votre attention !Bedankt !

Mnogo blagodarya!Multumesc!