NCHRP 20-102 (01)

Policy and Planning Actions to

Internalize Societal Impacts of

CV and AV Systems into Market

Decisions

Smart Transport Symposium

Center for Transportation Research

August 5, 2016

Research Team

TTI • Ginger Goodin,

Johanna Zmud – Co-PIs

• Trey Baker

• Jason Wagner

• Tina Geiselbrecht

• Laura Higgins

• Maarit Moran

• Mark Burris

RAND

• Nidhi Kalra

• James Anderson

• Liisa Ecola

• Paul Avery SwRI

University of Utah

• Dan Fagnant

Shelley Row Andre Weimerskirch (UMTRI)

Objective of this research

“To identify and assess policy and planning actions that state, regional, and local agencies could take to help the externalities of automated vehicle (AV) and connected vehicle (CV) technologies be internalized in market decisions made by individuals and organizations engaged in producing and consuming these technologies”

http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3934

Key Points

• Definition of AVs and CVs

– AVs: SAE Levels 3-5

– CVs: V2V, V2I

• The team did not create operating scenarios or use cases

• “Scales of implementation” important to oversight panel

– Level of government, geography, timeframe, technology driver, ownership model

Progress to Date

Task 2

CV & AV externalities

Task 3

Policy instruments

and planning actions

Task 4 Interim Report

Task 5

In-depth evaluation of policy

instruments and

planning actions

Task 6

Final deliverables

Task 1: Project Management --------------------------------------------------------------

Current Activity

Background

• AV and CV have the potential to profoundly change travel

– As producers make and sell vehicles, and as consumers purchase them, negative externalities could diminish

– They may also create risks or drawbacks, new negative externalities

• Society would benefit if governments were to implement actions to internalize externalities into decisions made by consumers or producers

Externalities of Interest

• Traffic crashes

• Congestion

• Air/noise pollution

• Land development

• Mobility for aging adults, those with disabilities

• Economic disruption

Synthesis of Enabling Actions for AVs

• Producers need to…

– Develop and sell safe and efficient AVs

– Act upon communications with road operators to ensure infrastructure to support safe and efficient operation

• Consumers need to …

– Purchase safe AVs and use them appropriately

– Not increase their appetite for travel or vehicle size

– Use shared AVs or use vehicles in coordination with transit

Synthesis of Enabling Actions for CVs

• Producers need to…

– Implement effective safety, mobility and environmental CV applications

• Consumers need to …

– Use safety, mobility and environmental CV applications widely and appropriately

Example: Policy Instruments to

Address Traffic Crashes Externality

Actions of Producers and Consumers

Economic Instruments Regulatory and Planning Instruments

Taxes Subsidies

and Grants Quotas or Targets

Mandates on

Vehicle Equipment

Mandates on

Operator Behavior

Structure of

Private Rights

Service Provision

Information Provision

Financing

and Contracting

Producers

develop and sell safe AVs

On AVs that

do not meet

the desired

safety

specifications,

standards,

guidelines, etc.

To purchasers

of AVs that

meet the

desired safety

specifications,

standards and guidelines

To AV

producers in

order to

stimulate the

production of

AVs that meet

the desired

safety

specifications,

standards and guidelines

Establishment

of production

targets (with

associated

financial

incentives) for

vehicles with

the desired

safety

specifications,

standards and guidelines

Establish

basic safety

requirements

as prerequisite

to government

registration

and/or

licensing of vehicles

Restructuring

of liability for

vehicle

producers in

the event of safety failures

Restructuring

of liability and

insurance

requirements

for the drivers

of vehicles

with the

desired safety

specifications,

standards and guidelines

Expedited

and/or

privileged

access to

existing

services for

vehicles with

the desired

safety

specifications,

standards and guidelines

Public private

partnerships

for the

development

of

infrastructure

that will

support AV

safety applications

Aligning Activities and Instruments

with Consumer / Producer Actions

• Research team evaluated the entire data set based on basic criteria:

– Which policy, regulatory and planning instruments fall within the general purview of state, regional and local governments?

– Which policy, regulatory and planning instruments have the greatest near-term applicability?

• Produced table of strategies for in-depth review

Policy Instruments Recommended for

Further Study: Direct-base Pricing

• Taxes

– Apply road pricing to reduce growth in travel demand

• Subsidies

– Accelerate CV market penetration by subsidizing equipped vehicles

– Subsidize shared vehicle services to reduce growth in travel demand and support transit services

– Create incentives to support market penetration of shared AVs near transit nodes

Planning and Regulatory Activities

Recommended for Further Study

• Mandates for Operator Behavior – Establish, codify and enforce CV and AV operator requirements

• Structure of Private Rights – Restructure liability regimes

– Implement land use regulations and parking requirements to increase density in support of market penetration of shared AVs at transit nodes

– Enact legislations to stimulate CV or AV testing

Planning and Regulatory Activities

Recommended for Further Study

• Service Provision

– Invest in CV infrastructure

– Grant AV and CV-equipped vehicles privileged access or services

• Information

– Increase public awareness to stimulate consumer action and supportive public investment

• Financing/Contracting

– Implement new contractual mechanisms with private service providers, including shared data arrangements

Viability Assessments

Potential Policy and Planning Activity Assessment Criteria

• Effectiveness: What evidence is available to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy? What are the gaps in information? What are possible unintended consequences?

• Political: How well will the strategy likely be accepted by decision makers and the general public?

• Institutional: What are the laws and formal provisions that define roles and responsibilities of all the organizations involved in implementing the strategy?

• Operational: If the strategy is developed, will it be used? Operational issues include internal issues, such as labor objections, manager resistance, organizational conflicts, and policies.

• Geographic: At what geographic scale(s) can the strategy be implemented? Are their urban and rural differences?

• Financial: What are the rough estimates of cost to see if they match general expectations, or would have an acceptable return on investment?

• Applicability: Which technologies apply? To what levels of AV/CV market penetration would it apply? How does viability shift with market penetration levels?

• Impact on market decisions: To what degree will the strategy make a difference in market decisions made by individuals and organizations?

• Level of government: Is this strategy most appropriate at the local, regional, or state level?

• Ownership model: Is the strategy most effectively applied in a private ownership model or a subscription model?

Deliverables

• Final report, communication products

• Outcomes – How will state, regional and local agencies use the results?

• Who are the audiences?

Completion: January 2017

TTI Policy Research Center

• Challenges and Benefits of Making AV’s a Reality (primer)

• Policy Considerations for AV Testing in Texas

• Cybersecurity Considerations for CAV Policy

• Data Privacy Considerations • Liability Issues • Consumer Acceptance of AV • Implications of AV Crash Scenarios • Mobility Effects of CAV (in progress) • Vehicle Telematics as a Platform for

Road User Fees (in progress)

tti.tamu.edu/policy/technology

NCHRP 20-102 (01)

Thank you!

Ginger Goodin

g-goodin@tamu.edu