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  • Policing the lockdown: domestic abuse and vulnerability ... · Betsy Stanko and Jyoti Belur, Jill Dando Institute, UCL Katrin Hohl, City University of London The problem Domestic
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Policing the lockdown: domestic abuse and vulnerability Betsy Stanko and Jyoti Belur, Jill Dando Institute, UCL Katrin Hohl, City University of London The problem Domestic abuse (DA) is common, and includes patterns of intimidation and control, with or without the use of physical and sexual violence. It is a mainstay of response policing, where it constitutes daily calls for help from the public. What we know about domestic abuse and how we know it Using crime surveys to estimate prevalence, the Crime Survey of England and Wales (CSEW) offers a long term time series view of DA as common in women’s lives. According to the CSEW, nearly one in three women aged 16 to 59 years report having experienced some form of DA since aged 16. DA is especially common among repeat victims of crime, particularly for women. Men too experience DA and the data show that the impact and incidence is lower than women. According to the CSEW ending March 2018 only 18% of women who had experienced partner abuse in the past 12 months reported the abuse to the police. On average the police in England and Wales receive over 100 calls relating to domestic abuse every hour (HMIC, 2015). Prior to the lockdown, two women a week are killed in domestic abuse circumstances, and lethality has been slowing increasing over time. Domestic abuse can be experienced from those who live in the same household, and those where separation has occurred because domestic abuse has contributed to a breakdown in the relationship. Domestic abuse may persist after separation, and the sharing of childcare arrangements following separation is known to be a flash point for further abuse. What we think might happen in the COVID-19 pandemic Isolating the victim from family and friends is a common element in domestic abuse. Enforced isolation through the COVID-19 lockdown provides an ideal context for perpetrators, and will pose special difficulties for those in relationships where abuse behaviours exist. Financial worries, job loss or furlough, and other stressors will exacerbate tensions and may lead to the onset of violence or trap victims in situations where there is little contact with others who may help serve as a buffer or avenue to escaping abuse. Moreover, there has been a drop in the use of A&E, GPs and other health officials who are another route to safer strategies. Schools have been closed, and these too have been links to safeguarding children who may be experiencing abuse. DA charities report a dramatic rise in calls for help and presented early evidence that cases escalate more quickly to become more complex and serious, with high levels of physical violence and coercive control. Calls to police are expected to spike after lockdown, when victims have more opportunity to involve police safely. It is important during this time for the police to consider lessons learned from responding to domestic abuse during exceptional circumstances. While responding to need, use this opportunity to reflect on how to improve and flex police resources to work most closely with third sector organisations offering respite and escape. Since the lockdown domestic homicides have doubled, and there is little knowledge of the impact of the lockdown on children caught in homes where tensions and abuse are escalating. In her first COVID-19 press briefing on 11 th April, the Home Secretary stressed the urgency and importance of a national response to the emerging DA crisis, including what was promised as a robust

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Page 1: Policing the lockdown: domestic abuse and vulnerability ... · Betsy Stanko and Jyoti Belur, Jill Dando Institute, UCL Katrin Hohl, City University of London The problem Domestic

Policingthelockdown:domesticabuseandvulnerabilityBetsyStankoandJyotiBelur,JillDandoInstitute,UCLKatrinHohl,CityUniversityofLondon

TheproblemDomesticabuse(DA)iscommon,andincludespatternsofintimidationandcontrol,withorwithouttheuseofphysicalandsexualviolence.Itisamainstayofresponsepolicing,whereitconstitutesdailycallsforhelpfromthepublic. WhatweknowaboutdomesticabuseandhowweknowitUsingcrimesurveystoestimateprevalence,theCrimeSurveyofEnglandandWales(CSEW)offersalongtermtimeseriesviewofDAascommoninwomen’slives.AccordingtotheCSEW,nearlyoneinthreewomenaged16to59yearsreporthavingexperiencedsomeformofDAsinceaged16.DAisespeciallycommonamongrepeatvictimsofcrime,particularlyforwomen.MentooexperienceDAandthedatashowthattheimpactandincidenceislowerthanwomen.AccordingtotheCSEWendingMarch2018only18%ofwomenwhohadexperiencedpartnerabuseinthepast12monthsreportedtheabusetothepolice.OnaveragethepoliceinEnglandandWalesreceiveover100callsrelatingtodomesticabuseeveryhour(HMIC,2015).Priortothelockdown,twowomenaweekarekilledindomesticabusecircumstances,andlethalityhasbeenslowingincreasingovertime.Domesticabusecanbeexperiencedfromthosewholiveinthesamehousehold,andthosewhereseparationhasoccurredbecausedomesticabusehascontributedtoabreakdownintherelationship.Domesticabusemaypersistafterseparation,andthesharingofchildcarearrangementsfollowingseparationisknowntobeaflashpointforfurtherabuse.

WhatwethinkmighthappenintheCOVID-19pandemicIsolatingthevictimfromfamilyandfriendsisacommonelementindomesticabuse.EnforcedisolationthroughtheCOVID-19lockdownprovidesanidealcontextforperpetrators,andwillposespecialdifficultiesforthoseinrelationshipswhereabusebehavioursexist.Financialworries,joblossorfurlough,andotherstressorswillexacerbatetensionsandmayleadtotheonsetofviolenceortrapvictimsinsituationswherethereislittlecontactwithotherswhomayhelpserveasabufferoravenuetoescapingabuse.Moreover,therehasbeenadropintheuseofA&E,GPsandotherhealthofficialswhoareanotherroutetosaferstrategies.Schoolshavebeenclosed,andthesetoohavebeenlinkstosafeguardingchildrenwhomaybeexperiencingabuse.DAcharitiesreportadramaticriseincallsforhelpandpresentedearlyevidencethatcasesescalatemorequicklytobecomemorecomplexandserious,withhighlevelsofphysicalviolenceandcoercivecontrol.Callstopoliceareexpectedtospikeafterlockdown,whenvictimshavemoreopportunitytoinvolvepolicesafely.Itisimportantduringthistimeforthepolicetoconsiderlessonslearnedfromrespondingtodomesticabuseduringexceptionalcircumstances.Whilerespondingtoneed,usethisopportunitytoreflectonhowtoimproveandflexpoliceresourcestoworkmostcloselywiththirdsectororganisationsofferingrespiteandescape.Sincethelockdowndomestichomicideshavedoubled,andthereislittleknowledgeoftheimpactofthelockdownonchildrencaughtinhomeswheretensionsandabuseareescalating.InherfirstCOVID-19pressbriefingon11thApril,theHomeSecretarystressedtheurgencyandimportanceofanationalresponsetotheemergingDAcrisis,includingwhatwaspromisedasarobust

Page 2: Policing the lockdown: domestic abuse and vulnerability ... · Betsy Stanko and Jyoti Belur, Jill Dando Institute, UCL Katrin Hohl, City University of London The problem Domestic

Aboutthisseries:Thisisbrief6ofaseriesofshort,speculativepapersdevelopedbytheUCLJillDandoInstitutetosupportthepoliceservicesduringthecurrentpandemic.Theraisond’êtreoftheseriesisfullydescribedat:https://www.ucl.ac.uk/jill-dando-institute/research/COVID-19-special-papers

policeresponse.Whatthisresponseis,andhowwellmatchedtotheneedforhelpinDAmatters,hasbeenthesubjectofdebateandresearchforoverthreedecades.Thenuanceofhowpolicerespondtoacallforhelp,theresearchsuggests,shouldbeinformedbyanunderstandingofthehistoryoftheabuse,thefeelingofthreatanddangerthevictimfeels,whotheoffenderisandwhattheoffender’shistoryofmentalhealth,useofviolenceandcontrollingbehavioursis.WhilethedocumentationofconcernabouttheuseoftheriskassessmentforDAchallengesitsconsistentusehereandabroad,thesafetyofvictimsandchildrenduringlockdowncanbetrackedandtracedasacarefulfollowuptothisincreasedneedforhelp.On2ndMaythegovernmentannouncedafurther£76msupportforsurvivorsofdomesticabuseandtheirchildrenwhoarenow“trappedinanightmare”.Thisincludesfundingfrontlinecharitieswhohaveexperienceasurgeofrequestsforadvice,supportandaccommodationasaconsequenceofbeinglockedupduringCOVID-19.TheHomeAffairsSelectCommitteeon24thApriloutlinedthevastanddevastatingconsequencesofadomesticabusecrisis,whichmaylastagenerationifleftunaddressed.Itcalledfortheurgentdevelopmentofadomesticabusestrategy,includingapolicestrategyforandimmediatelyafterlockdown,whencallstopoliceareexpectedtospike.ItisexpectedthattheriseinDAisnottemporary;rather,theon-goingeconomicandpsychologicalstressorsoftheCOVID-19pandemicarepredictedtokeepdomesticabuseatelevatedrates.SomeideasinresponseWhiledemandforpolicehelphasbeenpersistentovertime,policethemselvesreporttheincreaseneedDAvictimshaveforpolicehelpduringthepandemiclockdownsofar.Thisisagoodtimetoconsiderwaysofworkingdifferently,orimprovingthewayofworkingwithvictimsofDA,byconsideringwhatisdifferentduringCOVID-19andwhatisthesame.COVID-19scientificobservershaveadmittedthattheyarealllearningabouttheviruswhilestudyingitsimpactonthepopulation.Policingcandothesame.ItislikelythatmorepoliceofficersacrosstheforcehavehadtorespondtoDAincidents,asreportsofothercrimehasdroppedasmuchas21%(HomeAffairsSelectCommittee2020).Itwouldbeusefultohighlighttheseincidentsforfurtherquicktime,moredetailedanalysis.Arethevictimsrepeatvictims?Arethevictimsfirsttimecallersforpolicehelp?HowcanthepoliceresponselinkvictimswithfrontlinecharitiessupportingDAvictims?Inadditiontotheissuesofhealthandsafety,aretheresituationswherethetensionsandviolenceareescalating?Canyouharnessneighbourstoactasbystandereyesandearstoalertpolicetodisruptingviolence?Thereisevidencethatalcoholusehasincreasedunderthelockdown.Areresponseofficersusingdomesticabuseriskassessmentssystematically?Inwhatcircumstancesareoffendersarrested?Doriskassessmentscontributetothesafetyofvictimsinyourforce’sresponsestoDA?Whatkindofsystematicinformationmighthelpyoureflectonthekindsofservice–andpossiblepreventionactions–yourforcemighttakeinanticipationthattherewillbemorecallsforhelpduringlockdown?Schoolsarestillopenforvulnerablechildren.ItmightbepossibletoconsiderwhethervulnerablechildreninsituationsofDAareattendingschool.SchoolscouldbethewelfarehubforchildrenlivinginconditionsofDA.Relevantresourceswww.womensaid.org.ukwww.nationaldahelpline.org.uk08082000247www.safelives.org.ukwww.whatworks.college.police.ukforresourcesondomesticabuse


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